.\n pass\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n # TODO: return Movie: <title>.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nfor item in items:\n print(item.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nfor item in items:\n print(item.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book.label() should return `Book: Dune`."},"1":{"message":"Movie.label() should return `Movie: Moana`."},"2":{"message":"Print both concrete labels."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Dune\nMovie: Moana"},"try_abstraction_with_base_interfaces_sketch2":{"title":"Use a helper that trusts the interface","prompt":"Complete `show_labels(items)` in `services/catalog_view.py`. Return one string with each item's `label()` on its own line. The helper does not need `isinstance` checks; it depends only on the shared behavior. `main.py` is already wired to print the returned string.","hint":"Collect each `item.label()` result and join them with `\"\\n\"`.","help":{"concept":"The ABC enforces the contract for this family of classes. The helper itself uses Python's duck-typing style: it only needs each object to provide `label()`.","hint_1":"Use `\"\\n\".join(...)` so there is no extra blank line.","hint_2":"Do not print inside the helper; return one string."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided script after completing show_labels.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided script after completing show_labels.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_view_py":{"content":"def show_labels(items):\n # TODO: return one string with each item.label() on its own line.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_view_py":{"content":"def show_labels(items):\n return \"\\n\".join(item.label() for item in items)\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Return both labels so main.py prints two lines."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Dune\nMovie: Moana"}},"practice":{"sc-interface-purpose":{"title":"Why use an abstract base class?","prompt":"What does `ABC` with `@abstractmethod` add to this design?","hint":"Think about what Python checks before an object can be created.","help":{"concept":"An abstract base class turns the shared method expectation into an enforceable contract.","hint_1":"Incomplete child classes cannot be instantiated.","hint_2":"Concrete children still provide their own behavior."},"options":{"a":"Python prevents instantiation until the abstract method is implemented.","b":"Every child must return identical text.","c":"The parent class can no longer have a constructor.","d":"The helper must check every exact subclass."}},"fb-interface-method-name":{"title":"Add the abstract decorator","prompt":"Fill in the decorator that marks a required method.","hint":"Import it from Python's `abc` module.","help":{"concept":"`@abstractmethod` marks a method that concrete subclasses must implement.","hint_1":"It begins with @.","hint_2":"The word combines abstract and method."},"template":"[blank1]\ndef label(self):\n pass","choices":["@abstractmethod","@staticmethod","@classmethod","@property"]},"dr-interface-build-order":{"title":"Order the ABC workflow","prompt":"Put these steps in a clear order.","hint":"Declare the contract before creating concrete child objects.","help":{"concept":"Import the ABC tools, define the abstract parent, implement the method in children, then use the objects through shared behavior.","hint_1":"Imports come first.","hint_2":"The helper comes after concrete implementations exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"Import `ABC` and `abstractmethod`","t2":"Define the abstract method on the base class","t3":"Implement the method in each concrete child","t4":"Call the shared method from a helper"}},"sc-interface-helper-focus":{"title":"Choose what the helper should care about","prompt":"When `show_labels(items)` loops through mixed objects, what should it focus on most?","hint":"Pick the shared contract, not the exact subclass.","help":{"concept":"Good interface-based code depends on shared behavior instead of subclass-specific branches.","hint_1":"The helper should not care whether the object is a Book or Movie.","hint_2":"It only needs the shared method to exist."},"options":{"a":"The order the subclasses were written in the file","b":"The exact subclass name for every object","c":"Whether each object supports `label()`","d":"How many times the constructor was called"}}}},"inheritance-for-shared-behavior":{"label":"Inheritance for Shared Behavior","summary":"Reuse parent setup, call it with `super()`, and extend inherited behavior without copying the parent code.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Shared parent setup"},"sketch1":{"title":"Call the parent with super()"},"sketch2":{"title":"Extend a parent method"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_inheritance_for_shared_behavior_sketch0":{"title":"Build the shared CatalogItem parent","prompt":"In `models/catalog_item.py`, complete `CatalogItem` so `__init__` stores `title` on `self.title` and `label(self)` returns the title. In `main.py`, create `CatalogItem(\"Hidden Figures\")` and print its label. This gives the child classes shared setup to reuse next.","hint":"Complete the model first, then finish the small main script. The starter is intentionally unfinished.","help":{"concept":"A parent/base class keeps shared setup in one place. Here, CatalogItem is the parent class that future catalog types can inherit from.","hint_1":"The constructor should save the incoming `title` on `self`.","hint_2":"The `label()` method should return that stored title."},"starterCode":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n# TODO: create one CatalogItem for \"Hidden Figures\".\n# TODO: print the item label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n# TODO: create one CatalogItem for \"Hidden Figures\".\n# TODO: print the item label.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n # TODO: store title on this object.\n pass\n\n def label(self):\n # TODO: return the stored title.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nitem = CatalogItem(\"Hidden Figures\")\nprint(item.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nitem = CatalogItem(\"Hidden Figures\")\nprint(item.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define the CatalogItem class."},"1":{"message":"CatalogItem should accept a title."},"2":{"message":"Store the title on each CatalogItem object."},"3":{"message":"label() should return the stored title."}},"expectedOutput":"Hidden Figures"},"try_inheritance_for_shared_behavior_sketch1":{"title":"Call the parent constructor with super()","prompt":"The `CatalogItem` parent already stores `title`. In `models/book.py`, make `Book` inherit from `CatalogItem`. Add `__init__(self, title, author)`, call `super().__init__(title)`, then store `author` on `self.author`. In `main.py`, create `Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\")` and print the title and author on separate lines.","hint":"Use `super().__init__(title)` before storing the Book-specific attribute.","help":{"concept":"`super()` gives the child access to the next implementation in Python's inheritance chain. Calling the parent constructor avoids repeating shared setup.","hint_1":"Write `class Book(CatalogItem):`.","hint_2":"Inside Book.__init__, call `super().__init__(title)` and then assign `self.author = author`."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create The Martian by Andy Weir, then print its title and author.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\").\n# Print the inherited title and the Book-specific author.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n # TODO: call the parent constructor for title.\n # TODO: store author on this Book.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\")\nprint(book.title)\nprint(book.author)\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\")\nprint(book.title)\nprint(book.author)\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n super().__init__(title)\n self.author = author\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define Book as a child of CatalogItem."},"1":{"message":"Book should accept title and author."},"2":{"message":"The parent constructor should provide title, and Book should store author."},"3":{"message":"Print the title and author on separate lines."}},"expectedOutput":"The Martian\nAndy Weir"},"try_inheritance_for_shared_behavior_sketch2":{"title":"Extend a parent method with super()","prompt":"Add `label(self)` to `Book`. Start with `base_label = super().label()`, then return `f\"{base_label} by {self.author}\"`. In `main.py`, create `Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\")` and print its label.","hint":"Call `super().label()` to reuse the parent result before adding the author.","help":{"concept":"A child can override a method and still reuse the parent implementation. `super().label()` gets the parent result; the child adds its specialized detail.","hint_1":"Keep the Book constructor that calls `super().__init__(title)`.","hint_2":"Return the parent label followed by ` by ` and the author."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create The Hobbit and print the extended label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\").\n# Print book.label().\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n super().__init__(title)\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n # TODO: reuse the parent label and add the author.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\")\nprint(book.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\")\nprint(book.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n super().__init__(title)\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n base_label = super().label()\n return f\"{base_label} by {self.author}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book should accept title and author."},"1":{"message":"Book.label() should extend the parent label with the author."},"2":{"message":"Create the Book object in main.py."},"3":{"message":"Print the extended label."}},"expectedOutput":"The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien"}},"practice":{"sc-inheritance-shared-work":{"title":"Choose why a base class helps here","prompt":"Book and Movie both need the same `title` setup. Why is a base class helpful?","hint":"Pick the answer about reusing shared code.","help":{"concept":"Inheritance is helpful when related classes share the same core behavior.","hint_1":"Look for the choice about storing shared setup once.","hint_2":"Avoid answers about unrelated classes or identical output forever."},"options":{"a":"It prevents any subclass from having its own behavior.","b":"It stores shared setup once so related subclasses can reuse it.","c":"It turns every object into the same subclass.","d":"It removes the need to create objects."}},"fb-inheritance-subclass-name":{"title":"Call the parent constructor","prompt":"Fill in the function used to reach the parent constructor.","hint":"It returns access to the next class in the inheritance chain.","help":{"concept":"`super()` lets a child call a parent implementation without naming the parent class directly.","hint_1":"It is followed by `.__init__(title)`.","hint_2":"Include the parentheses."},"template":"[blank1].__init__(title)","choices":["super()","self","CatalogItem()","parent"]},"dr-inheritance-build-order":{"title":"Order a child constructor","prompt":"Put these steps in a clear order.","hint":"Connect the child to the parent before adding child-only state.","help":{"concept":"The child class inherits first, then its constructor calls the parent setup, then it stores specialized state.","hint_1":"The class header comes first.","hint_2":"Call super before using the completed object."},"tokens":{"t1":"Define the child class with the parent in parentheses","t2":"Define the child constructor","t3":"Call `super().__init__(...)` for shared setup","t4":"Store the child-specific attributes"}},"sc-inheritance-method-reuse":{"title":"What does super() do here?","prompt":"Inside `Book.label()`, why call `super().label()`?","hint":"The child wants to reuse the parent result and add more detail.","help":{"concept":"`super()` can call the parent method as part of an override.","hint_1":"The child does not need to copy the parent logic.","hint_2":"It can extend the returned text."},"options":{"a":"It gets the parent label so Book can extend it.","b":"It creates an unrelated object.","c":"It deletes the parent method.","d":"It turns label into a static method."}}}},"module-9-greenhouse-sensor-project":{"label":"Module 9 Greenhouse Sensor Project","summary":"Build a greenhouse monitor with an abstract Sensor contract, child constructors that call `super()`, and one polymorphic report.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Project brief"},"project":{"title":"Greenhouse Sensor Monitor"}},"projectSteps":{"greenhouse_project_step_1_base_and_temperature":{"title":"Create Sensor and TemperatureSensor"},"greenhouse_project_step_2_add_humidity_override":{"title":"Add HumiditySensor and override reading()"},"greenhouse_project_step_3_mixed_sensor_loop":{"title":"Build one mixed sensor list"},"greenhouse_project_step_4_monitor_class_report":{"title":"Add the GreenhouseMonitor report"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"greenhouse_project_step_1_base_and_temperature":{"title":"Create an abstract Sensor and one concrete child","prompt":"Create the shared `Sensor(ABC)` base class with a constructor that stores `zone` and an abstract `reading()` method. Then complete `TemperatureSensor`: call `super().__init__(zone)`, store `celsius`, and return `Temperature: <zone> = <value> C` from `reading()`. Run `main.py` to print the North Bed reading.","hint":"Define the abstract contract first, then make TemperatureSensor concrete by implementing reading().","help":{"concept":"The ABC makes `reading()` a required method. `super().__init__(zone)` reuses the parent setup instead of copying it.","hint_1":"Import `ABC` and `abstractmethod` in models/sensor.py.","hint_2":"Implement reading() in TemperatureSensor so Python can instantiate it."},"starterCode":"# TODO: import TemperatureSensor, create the North Bed sensor, and print reading().\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: import TemperatureSensor from models.temperature_sensor.\n# Create TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5) and print sensor.reading().\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"# TODO: import ABC and abstractmethod.\n\nclass Sensor:\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n # TODO: make reading an abstract method.\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n # TODO: call the parent constructor and store celsius.\n pass\n\n def reading(self):\n # TODO: return the formatted temperature reading.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define the Sensor abstract base class."},"1":{"message":"Keep Sensor abstract instead of creating Sensor objects directly."},"2":{"message":"Store the shared zone in the parent constructor."},"3":{"message":"Define TemperatureSensor as a concrete Sensor child."},"4":{"message":"TemperatureSensor should accept zone and celsius."},"5":{"message":"TemperatureSensor should store its state and return the expected reading."}}},"greenhouse_project_step_2_add_humidity_override":{"title":"Add HumiditySensor and override reading()","prompt":"Continue from the working base and temperature sensor. Override `TemperatureSensor.reading()` so it returns `Temperature: <zone> = <celsius> C`. Add `HumiditySensor` with a `percent` value and its own `reading()` result: `Humidity: <zone> = <percent>%`. Print both readings from `main.py`.","hint":"Keep the shared method name `reading()` in both subclasses.","help":{"concept":"Overriding lets each sensor type format its own reading while callers use one method name.","hint_1":"TemperatureSensor should format its zone and celsius value.","hint_2":"HumiditySensor should inherit Sensor, store percent, and override reading()."},"starterCode":"# Add HumiditySensor and print both specialized readings.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Import HumiditySensor, create both sensors, and print both readings.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"# Override reading() with a temperature-specific result.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n # TODO: return Temperature: <zone> = <celsius> C\n pass\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"# Create a HumiditySensor with zone, percent, and reading().\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\ntemperature = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nhumidity = HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64)\nprint(temperature.reading())\nprint(humidity.reading())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\ntemperature = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nhumidity = HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64)\nprint(temperature.reading())\nprint(humidity.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"TemperatureSensor.reading() should return the specialized temperature reading."},"1":{"message":"Define the HumiditySensor class."},"2":{"message":"HumiditySensor should accept zone and percent."},"3":{"message":"HumiditySensor should store zone and percent."},"4":{"message":"HumiditySensor.reading() should return the specialized humidity reading."}}},"greenhouse_project_step_3_mixed_sensor_loop":{"title":"Build one mixed sensor list","prompt":"Continue from the two working sensor classes. Put a `TemperatureSensor` and a `HumiditySensor` in one `sensors` list. Loop through the list and print `sensor.reading()` for every object. Do not branch on the sensor type.","hint":"Use one list and one loop; the shared reading() method handles both objects.","help":{"concept":"This milestone applies polymorphism to a greenhouse monitoring problem that was not used in the lessons.","hint_1":"Create both sensor objects inside `sensors = [...]`.","hint_2":"Loop with `for sensor in sensors:` and print `sensor.reading()`."},"starterCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\n# TODO: print every reading with one shared loop.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\n# TODO: loop through sensors and print sensor.reading().\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"# Temperature implementation; keep it working.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"# Humidity implementation; keep it working.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\nfor sensor in sensors:\n print(sensor.reading())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\nfor sensor in sensors:\n print(sensor.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Create at least one TemperatureSensor object."},"1":{"message":"Create at least one HumiditySensor object."},"2":{"message":"TemperatureSensor.reading() should still return the expected reading."},"3":{"message":"HumiditySensor.reading() should still return the expected reading."},"4":{"message":"Print both readings from one shared loop."}}},"greenhouse_project_step_4_monitor_class_report":{"title":"Add the GreenhouseMonitor report","prompt":"Finish the greenhouse project by adding `GreenhouseMonitor`. It should own a `sensors` list, add sensors with `add_sensor(sensor)`, and print each sensor reading from `print_report()`. Keep `main.py` thin: create the monitor, add both sensors, and print the report.","hint":"The monitor should own the mixed collection instead of main.py managing the loop.","help":{"concept":"The final milestone gives collection ownership to a dedicated class.","hint_1":"Initialize `self.sensors` as an empty list.","hint_2":"Append in `add_sensor()` and loop over `self.sensors` in `print_report()`."},"starterCode":"# Run this greenhouse demo after completing models/greenhouse_monitor.py.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this greenhouse demo after completing models/greenhouse_monitor.py.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"# Temperature sensor; keep it unchanged.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"# Humidity sensor; keep it unchanged.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"},"models_greenhouse_monitor_py":{"content":"class GreenhouseMonitor:\n def __init__(self):\n # TODO: create an empty sensors list.\n pass\n\n def add_sensor(self, sensor):\n # TODO: append the sensor.\n pass\n\n def print_report(self):\n # TODO: print sensor.reading() for each stored sensor.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"},"models_greenhouse_monitor_py":{"content":"class GreenhouseMonitor:\n def __init__(self):\n self.sensors = []\n\n def add_sensor(self, sensor):\n self.sensors.append(sensor)\n\n def print_report(self):\n for sensor in self.sensors:\n print(sensor.reading())\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define the GreenhouseMonitor class."},"1":{"message":"GreenhouseMonitor should be constructible without arguments."},"2":{"message":"GreenhouseMonitor should own a sensors list."}},"expectedOutput":"Temperature: North Bed = 21.5 C\nHumidity: Seedling Bench = 64%"}}}},"overriding-and-specialization":{"label":"Overriding and Specialization","summary":"Keep one shared method name, then let each child class customize its own version of that method.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"One method name, shared by related classes"},"sketch1":{"title":"Override the method in one subclass"},"sketch2":{"title":"Specialize more than one subclass"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_overriding_and_specialization_sketch0":{"title":"Override label() for Book","prompt":"The lesson used delivery items. Now practice with catalog media. In `models/book.py`, override `label()` so `Book(\"Project Hail Mary\")` returns `Book: Project Hail Mary`. Then finish `main.py` by creating the book and printing its label.","hint":"Use the same method name as the base class, but return a book-specific string.","help":{"concept":"Overriding means a subclass writes its own version of a method with the same name. Callers still use `.label()`, but the subclass controls the result.","hint_1":"Write the method inside `Book`.","hint_2":"Return `Book: ` followed by `self.title`."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n# TODO: create Book(\"Project Hail Mary\").\n# TODO: print the book label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n# TODO: create Book(\"Project Hail Mary\").\n# TODO: print the book label.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# Keep models/catalog_item.py unchanged for this step: Override label() for Book.\nclass CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n # TODO: override label() so it returns \"Book: <title>\".\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"Project Hail Mary\")\nprint(book.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"Project Hail Mary\")\nprint(book.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book.label() should return the book-specific label."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Project Hail Mary"},"try_overriding_and_specialization_sketch1":{"title":"Override label() for Movie","prompt":"Use the same overriding pattern with another catalog type. In `models/movie.py`, override `label()` so `Movie(\"Inside Out\")` returns `Movie: Inside Out`. Then finish `main.py` by creating the movie and printing its label.","hint":"Book and Movie should both use `label()`, but each one can return a different kind of label.","help":{"concept":"Two subclasses can share a method name while producing different results. That sets up polymorphism in the next topic.","hint_1":"The method name should still be `label()`.","hint_2":"Return `Movie: ` followed by `self.title`."},"starterCode":"from models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create Movie(\"Inside Out\").\n# TODO: print the movie label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create Movie(\"Inside Out\").\n# TODO: print the movie label.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# Keep models/catalog_item.py unchanged for this step: Override label() for Movie.\nclass CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n # TODO: override label() so it returns \"Movie: <title>\".\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.movie import Movie\n\nmovie = Movie(\"Inside Out\")\nprint(movie.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.movie import Movie\n\nmovie = Movie(\"Inside Out\")\nprint(movie.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Movie.label() should return the movie-specific label."}},"expectedOutput":"Movie: Inside Out"},"try_overriding_and_specialization_sketch2":{"title":"Print both specialized labels","prompt":"Now use both specialized child classes. The `Book` and `Movie` classes are provided. In `main.py`, create `Book(\"Coraline\")` and `Movie(\"Coco\")`, then print each object's `label()` result on its own line.","hint":"Create one Book and one Movie. Call `.label()` on each object.","help":{"concept":"The call looks the same for both objects, but each subclass decides what its own label should look like.","hint_1":"Use `book.label()` for the first line.","hint_2":"Use `movie.label()` for the second line."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create a Book for \"Coraline\".\n# TODO: create a Movie for \"Coco\".\n# TODO: print each object's label on its own line.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create a Book for \"Coraline\".\n# TODO: create a Movie for \"Coco\".\n# TODO: print each object's label on its own line.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# Keep models/catalog_item.py unchanged for this step: Print both specialized labels.\nclass CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep models/book.py unchanged for this step: Print both specialized labels.\nfrom models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep models/movie.py unchanged for this step: Print both specialized labels.\nfrom models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nbook = Book(\"Coraline\")\nmovie = Movie(\"Coco\")\nprint(book.label())\nprint(movie.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nbook = Book(\"Coraline\")\nmovie = Movie(\"Coco\")\nprint(book.label())\nprint(movie.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book.label() should stay specialized."},"1":{"message":"Movie.label() should stay specialized."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Coraline\nMovie: Coco"}},"practice":{"sc-overriding-purpose":{"title":"Choose the reason to override","prompt":"Why would `Book` override `label()` from `CatalogItem`?","hint":"Look for the choice about changing the result while keeping the method name.","help":{"concept":"Overriding keeps a shared contract but allows subclass-specific behavior.","hint_1":"The method name stays the same.","hint_2":"The returned text becomes more specific."},"options":{"a":"To remove inheritance from the program","b":"To rename the base method everywhere","c":"To keep `label()` but return a book-specific result","d":"To stop `Book` objects from having titles"}},"fb-overriding-method-name":{"title":"Fill in the overriding method name","prompt":"Complete the method name that both subclasses share.","hint":"Use the same method name from the base class.","help":{"concept":"Overriding works when the subclass uses the same method name as the base class.","hint_1":"The method returns the display text for the item.","hint_2":"It is not the constructor name."},"template":"class Movie(CatalogItem):\n def [blank1](self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"","choices":["label","movie_label","title","__init__"]},"dr-overriding-workflow":{"title":"Order the override steps","prompt":"Put the beginner workflow in order.","hint":"Begin with the base method, then specialize it in subclasses.","help":{"concept":"It is easiest to override after the base behavior already exists.","hint_1":"The shared method comes first.","hint_2":"Printing the result comes after the subclass method is ready."},"tokens":{"t1":"Write `label()` in CatalogItem","t2":"Create `Book.label()` with a book-specific return value","t3":"Create `Movie.label()` with a movie-specific return value","t4":"Make objects and print both labels"}},"sc-overriding-shared-contract":{"title":"Keep the shared contract","prompt":"What stays the same when `Book` and `Movie` both override `label()`?","hint":"Think about what later code can still call on both objects.","help":{"concept":"The shared contract is the method name that every subclass supports.","hint_1":"The result can change, but the callable behavior stays aligned.","hint_2":"Look for the answer about one shared method name."},"options":{"a":"Later code can still call `label()` on both subclasses.","b":"Both subclasses must return the exact same string.","c":"Neither subclass can add its own behavior anymore.","d":"The base class stops mattering once one subclass overrides a method."}}}},"polymorphic-collections":{"label":"Polymorphic Collections","summary":"Use one shared method call on different child objects, so a mixed list can be handled with one clean loop.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Put different subclasses in one list"},"sketch1":{"title":"Call the shared method in a loop"},"sketch2":{"title":"Move the loop into a helper"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_polymorphic_collections_sketch0":{"title":"Create one mixed catalog list","prompt":"In `main.py`, create one `catalog` list containing `Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\")` and `Movie(\"Up\")`. Do not print yet. This step is only about storing different object types in one list.","hint":"Create both objects inside the same list and keep the variable name `catalog`.","help":{"concept":"A Python list can hold different object types. Polymorphism becomes useful because both objects provide the same `label()` method.","hint_1":"Create both objects inside the same list and keep the variable name `catalog`.","hint_2":"Inspect the requested file and account for each requirement before running the workspace."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create catalog with the two requested objects. Do not print yet.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create catalog with the two requested objects. Do not print yet.\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep this provided Book model unchanged.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep this provided Movie model unchanged.\nclass Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"), Movie(\"Up\")]\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"), Movie(\"Up\")]\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"class Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Create the requested Book object in the mixed catalog."},"1":{"message":"Create the requested Movie object in the mixed catalog."},"2":{"message":"Do not print in this first step."}}},"try_polymorphic_collections_sketch1":{"title":"Call the shared method in one loop","prompt":"Use the provided mixed `catalog` list. Loop through it and print each object's `label()` result. Do not branch on the object type; call the same method on every item.","hint":"Use `for item in catalog:` and print `item.label()` inside the loop.","help":{"concept":"Polymorphism lets one loop use the same method name on different object types.","hint_1":"Use `for item in catalog:` and print `item.label()` inside the loop.","hint_2":"Review the file path, class or function name, and output requirements together."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\n# TODO: loop through catalog and print item.label() for each item.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\n# TODO: loop through catalog and print item.label() for each item.\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Book model unchanged.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Movie model unchanged.\nclass Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor item in catalog:\n print(item.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor item in catalog:\n print(item.label())\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"class Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Book object in the mixed list."},"1":{"message":"Keep the Movie object in the mixed list."},"2":{"message":"Print both labels from the loop."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: A Wrinkle in Time\nMovie: Up"},"try_polymorphic_collections_sketch2":{"title":"Return labels from a helper","prompt":"Complete `build_labels(items)` in `services/catalog_report.py`. It must loop through the supplied items, collect each `item.label()` result in order, and return the list. `main.py` is already wired to print the returned labels.","hint":"Start with an empty list, append `item.label()` inside a loop, and return the finished list.","help":{"concept":"A reusable helper can depend on the shared `label()` behavior without knowing whether an item is a Book or Movie.","hint_1":"Start with an empty list, append `item.label()` inside a loop, and return the finished list.","hint_2":"Use the requested file boundary as part of the solution contract."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided script after completing the helper.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided script after completing the helper.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Book model unchanged.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Movie model unchanged.\nclass Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_report_py":{"content":"def build_labels(items):\n # TODO: return a list containing item.label() for every item.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"class Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_report_py":{"content":"def build_labels(items):\n labels = []\n for item in items:\n labels.append(item.label())\n return labels\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Return both labels so main.py can print two lines."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: A Wrinkle in Time\nMovie: Up"}},"practice":{"sc-polymorphism-mixed-list":{"title":"Why the mixed list works","prompt":"Why can one `catalog` list hold both `Book` and `Movie` objects?","hint":"Think about what lists can store in Python.","help":{"concept":"A list can store different objects, and later code can use shared behavior across them.","hint_1":"The objects do not need to be the same subclass.","hint_2":"The shared method name matters when the loop uses the list."},"options":{"a":"Because Python turns both objects into strings first","b":"Because a list can store different objects together","c":"Because Book secretly becomes Movie inside the list","d":"Because lists only allow subclasses of the same name"}},"fb-polymorphism-shared-call":{"title":"Choose the shared method","prompt":"Which shared method should be called on each item?","hint":"Use the method name both subclasses provide.","help":{"concept":"Polymorphism depends on one shared method name.","hint_1":"The method returns the display text for the catalog item.","hint_2":"It is not `title` or `self`."},"template":"for item in catalog:\n print(item.[blank1]())","choices":["label","title","Book","super"]},"dr-polymorphism-loop-order":{"title":"Order the loop steps","prompt":"Put these steps in order for a polymorphic helper.","hint":"Start with the list, then loop, then call the shared method.","help":{"concept":"A polymorphic helper follows a simple receive-loop-call-store pattern.","hint_1":"The list comes before the loop.","hint_2":"The append step happens after the method returns a value."},"tokens":{"t1":"Receive the mixed items list","t2":"Loop through each item","t3":"Call `item.label()`","t4":"Add the returned label to the results list"}},"sc-polymorphism-no-type-check":{"title":"Avoid the wrong pattern","prompt":"Which approach best matches polymorphism in this module?","hint":"Pick the choice that avoids class-by-class branches.","help":{"concept":"Polymorphism keeps later code generic by depending on shared method names.","hint_1":"The loop should call one shared method.","hint_2":"It should not need `if item is Book` checks."},"options":{"a":"Write a separate loop for every subclass forever","b":"Rename the method in each subclass so they are all different","c":"Check each object type before every method call","d":"Call the same method on each object in the mixed list"}}}}}},"python-data-functions":{"python-5-lists-tuples-and-dictionaries":{"creating-and-indexing-lists":{"label":"Creating and Indexing Lists","summary":"Create lists and access items by position.","cards":{"course-introduction":{"title":"Course introduction"},"sketch0":{"title":"What a list is"},"sketch1":{"title":"How indexing works"},"sketch2":{"title":"Using list values in output"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-first-index":{"title":"First item index","prompt":"Which index gets the first item from a Python list?","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"1","c":"-1","d":"first"}},"sc-whole-list":{"title":"Create a list","prompt":"Which line of code correctly creates a list with the values 3, 5, and 7?","hint":"Look for square brackets with comma-separated values.","help":{"concept":"Python lists are written with square brackets around ordered items separated by commas.","hint_1":"Parentheses and braces create different kinds of structures.","hint_2":"Choose the option that uses `[` and `]` with `3, 5, 7` inside."},"options":{"a":"numbers = [3, 5, 7]","b":"numbers = 3, 5, 7, list"}},"mc-valid-index-expressions":{"title":"Valid list access","prompt":"Choose all expressions that correctly access an item from `letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]`.","hint":"A valid access uses the list name followed by an index in square brackets.","help":{"concept":"To access a list item, Python uses the syntax `list_name[index]` with a numeric index.","hint_1":"Check which choices use square brackets after `letters`.","hint_2":"Two choices use the correct indexing pattern and refer to real positions in this three-item list."},"options":{"a":"letters[0]","b":"letters[2]","c":"letters(1)"}},"mc-true-about-lists":{"title":"Facts about lists","prompt":"Choose all true statements about Python lists.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"Lists keep items in order.","b":"The first item in a list has index 0.","c":"Lists must contain only numbers.","d":"Square brackets are used to create lists."}},"dr-build-list-line":{"title":"Build the list line","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to create a line of code that stores `\"pen\"`, `\"pencil\"`, and `\"eraser\"` in a list named `items`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"tokens":{"t1":"items","t2":"=","t3":"[","t4":"\"pen\"","t5":",","t6":"\"pencil\"","t7":"\"eraser\"","t8":"]"}},"dr-index-output-order":{"title":"Order the outputs","prompt":"A program runs this code:\n\n`colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\"]`\n`print(colors[2])`\n`print(colors[0])`\n`print(colors[1])`\n\nArrange the printed lines in the order they appear in the output panel.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"green","t2":"red","t3":"blue"}},"fb-second-item":{"title":"Pick the second item","prompt":"Complete the code to print the second item from the list.","hint":"Count list positions from zero before selecting the second item.","help":{"concept":"Python counts the first position as zero, so move forward one position to reach the second item.","hint_1":"Write the first three positions in zero-based order before choosing the middle one.","hint_2":"Use the index that points to the item after the first one."},"template":"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(letters[[blank1]])","choices":["0","1","2","3"]},"fb-list-name":{"title":"Complete the list assignment","prompt":"Choose the missing variable name so the list is stored in `numbers`.","hint":"Only the name before `=` is missing.","help":{"concept":"In an assignment, the variable name goes on the left side of `=` and receives the list value on the right.","hint_1":"The blank should be the variable that will hold `[4, 8, 12]`.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that is a sensible variable name, not a keyword or function."},"template":"[blank1] = [4, 8, 12]","choices":["numbers","print","index","list()"]},"ci-print-first-last":{"title":"Print the first and last list items","prompt":"Three fruit labels come in one at a time. Store the inputs in a list, then print the first fruit and the last fruit on separate lines.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `apple`, `banana`, and `cherry`, your program should print:\n`apple`\n`cherry`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the first and last list items\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"word1 = input()\nword2 = input()\nword3 = input()\n\n# Store the words in a list.\n# Then print the first item and the last item on separate lines.","solutionCode":"word1 = input()\nword2 = input()\nword3 = input()\n\nwords = [word1, word2, word3]\nprint(words[0])\nprint(words[2])","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use index 0 to read the first item instead of printing the input directly."},"1":{"message":"Use an index to read the last item from the list."}}},"ci-print-second-number":{"title":"Print the second number","prompt":"A scoreboard sends three numbers in order. Put them into a list, then print the second item from that list.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `4`, `9`, and `2`, your program should print:\n`9`.","hint":"The second item in a list is at index 1.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\n# Put the numbers into a list.\n# Print the second item.","solutionCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\nnumbers = [a, b, c]\nprint(numbers[1])","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use index 1 to read the second item from the list."}}},"ci-build-and-show-list":{"title":"Build a list from input","prompt":"A paint shelf needs a quick inventory. Collect the three input colors into one list and print the finished list.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `red`, `blue`, and `green`, your program should print:\n`['red', 'blue', 'green']`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"color1 = input()\ncolor2 = input()\ncolor3 = input()\n\n# Create a list with the three colors.\n# Print the whole list.","solutionCode":"color1 = input()\ncolor2 = input()\ncolor3 = input()\n\ncolors = [color1, color2, color3]\nprint(colors)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create a list with color1, color2, and color3 before printing it."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-checkpoint":{"title":"Index and print list values","prompt":"Create the list `[\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]`. Print the first name, then print the last name.","hint":"Use index `0` for the first item and `-1` for the last item.","help":{"concept":"List indexing lets you retrieve a value by position.","hint_1":"Use index `0` for the first item and `-1` for the last item.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"names = []\n\n# Create the list [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"].\n# Print the first name, then print the last name.\n","solutionCode":"names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]\nprint(names[0])\nprint(names[-1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create the names list instead of only printing the final answers."},"1":{"message":"Use names[0] to print the first name instead of typing Ava directly."},"2":{"message":"Use an index on names to print the last name instead of typing Zoe directly."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-sketch0":{"title":"Print the first and last list items","prompt":"Use list indexes to print the first and last values from `items`.","hint":"Lists keep their items in order. Start by printing the first item in items.","help":{"concept":"Lists keep their items in order. Start by printing the first item in items.","hint_1":"The first item is items[0]. The last item is items[-1].","hint_2":"Print each value on its own line: first red, then green."},"starterCode":"items = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\n\n# Print the first item.\n# Then print the last item.\n","solutionCode":"items = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\nprint(items[0])\nprint(items[-1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use items[0] for the first item instead of typing red."},"1":{"message":"Use an index on items for the last item instead of typing green."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-sketch1":{"title":"Print the second number","prompt":"Use index `1` to print the second value in `numbers`.","hint":"Print the second number in the list.","help":{"concept":"Print the second number in the list.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"numbers = [4, 9, 2]\n\n# Print the second number in the list.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [4, 9, 2]\nprint(numbers[1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers[1] instead of typing 9 directly."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-sketch2":{"title":"Build and print a list","prompt":"Create a list named `names` from the two variables, then print it.","hint":"Build a list named names with first and second.","help":{"concept":"Build a list named names with first and second.","hint_1":"Build a list named names with first and second, then print names.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"first = 'Ava'\nsecond = 'Mia'\n\n# Build a list named names with first and second.\n# Then print names.\n","solutionCode":"first = 'Ava'\nsecond = 'Mia'\nnames = [first, second]\nprint(names)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Build names from the variables first and second, not by typing the final list directly."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create the list `[\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]`. Print the first name, then print the last name."},"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use list indexes to print the first and last values from `items`."},"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use index `1` to print the second value in `numbers`."},"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create a list named `names` from the two variables, then print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"dictionary-basics":{"label":"Dictionary Basics","summary":"Store and retrieve values using keys.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a dictionary is"},"sketch1":{"title":"Looking up values by key"},"sketch2":{"title":"Creating and updating dictionary entries"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-dict-best-choice":{"title":"Choose the best collection","prompt":"Which collection is the best fit for storing a person's name, age, and city with labels for each value?","hint":"Pick the collection that stores labeled key-value pairs.","help":{"concept":"Dictionaries are designed for data where each value has a label, such as name, age, or city.","hint_1":"A list stores items by position, but this question needs labels tied to values.","hint_2":"Look for the collection that lets you write keys like \"name\" and \"age\"."},"options":{"a":"A dictionary","b":"A tuple","c":"A single string","d":"A number"}},"sc-dict-lookup":{"title":"Read a value by key","prompt":"Given `pet = {\"type\": \"cat\", \"age\": 3}`, which expression gets the value `\"cat\"`?","hint":"Use the key, not a numeric position.","help":{"concept":"Dictionary values are accessed with their keys inside square brackets.","hint_1":"The key for `\"cat\"` is `\"type\"`.","hint_2":"Use the dictionary name followed by square brackets containing the string key."},"options":{"a":"pet[0]","b":"pet(\"type\")","c":"type[\"pet\"]"}},"mc-dict-parts":{"title":"Identify dictionary parts","prompt":"Which statements about this dictionary are correct?\n\n`item = {\"name\": \"pen\", \"price\": 2}`\n\nChoose all correct answers.","hint":"Separate keys from values in each pair.","help":{"concept":"In a dictionary, each entry has a key on the left of the colon and a value on the right.","hint_1":"Check the pair `\"name\": \"pen\"` and the pair `\"price\": 2`.","hint_2":"The strings before colons are keys; the data after colons are values."},"options":{"a":"`\"name\"` is a key","b":"`\"pen\"` is a value","c":"`2` is a value","d":"`\"price\"` is a value"}},"mc-dict-operations":{"title":"Valid dictionary actions","prompt":"Which lines correctly work with a dictionary named `scores = {\"Ava\": 10, \"Ben\": 8}`? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about looking up by key and assigning by key.","help":{"concept":"You can read a dictionary value with `dict[key]` and update or add entries with `dict[key] = value`.","hint_1":"One correct pattern reads a value using a name key in square brackets.","hint_2":"Another correct pattern changes or adds a value by putting a key in square brackets on the left side of `=`."},"options":{"a":"`scores[\"Ava\"]`","b":"`scores[1]`","c":"`scores[\"Ben\"] = 9`","d":"`scores.add(\"Kai\", 7)`"}},"dr-dict-create-order":{"title":"Build a dictionary step by step","prompt":"Put these code pieces in the correct order to create a dictionary and print one value.","hint":"Create the dictionary first, then read from it.","help":{"concept":"Python must create and assign the dictionary before you can look up a value from it.","hint_1":"Start with the variable name and assignment to a dictionary literal.","hint_2":"The print line should come after the dictionary exists, and the lookup uses the key `\"name\"`."},"tokens":{"t1":"person = {","t2":"\"name\": \"Ava\"","t3":"}","t4":"print(person[\"name\"])"}},"dr-dict-update-order":{"title":"Order an update example","prompt":"Arrange these lines to create a dictionary, update a value, and print the updated result.","hint":"The dictionary must exist before the update line.","help":{"concept":"Updating a dictionary uses assignment with a key after the dictionary has already been created.","hint_1":"First create `stock`, then change the value for `\"apples\"`, then print it.","hint_2":"The print line belongs last because it should show the updated value, not the original one."},"tokens":{"t1":"stock = {\"apples\": 5}","t2":"stock[\"apples\"] = 7","t3":"print(stock[\"apples\"])"}},"fb-dict-literal":{"title":"Complete a dictionary literal","prompt":"Choose the missing value to finish the dictionary entry.","hint":"The blank should be the value paired with the key `\"color\"`.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary entry has the form `key: value`, so the missing part here is the value for one key.","hint_1":"The key is already written as `\"color\"`.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that can act as the string value stored for that key."},"template":"paint = {\"color\": [blank1]}","choices":["\"blue\"","color","Lesson notes panel","Color theme picker"]},"fb-dict-key-lookup":{"title":"Complete a key lookup","prompt":"Choose the missing key so the expression gets the age value.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"person = {\"name\": \"Ivy\", \"age\": 12}\nprint(person[[blank1]])","choices":["\"age\"","12","\"Ivy\"","0"]},"ci-make-dictionary":{"title":"Return a simple dictionary","prompt":"Write `make_book(title, pages)` so it returns one dictionary describing the book. The dictionary should use the keys `\"title\"` and `\"pages\"`.","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"def make_book(title, pages):\n # return a dictionary with keys \"title\" and \"pages\"\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_book(title, pages):\n return {\"title\": title, \"pages\": pages}"},"ci-get-score":{"title":"Look up a value in a dictionary","prompt":"Write `get_score(scores, name)` so it looks up `name` in the `scores` dictionary and returns that score.","hint":"Read the task \"Look up a value in a dictionary\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def get_score(scores, name):\n # return the score for the given name\n pass","solutionCode":"def get_score(scores, name):\n return scores[name]"},"ci-update-dictionary":{"title":"Add or update a dictionary entry","prompt":"Write `set_price(prices, item, amount)` so it updates the `prices` dictionary with the given item and amount, then returns the updated dictionary.","hint":"Read the task \"Add or update a dictionary entry\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def set_price(prices, item, amount):\n # update the dictionary and return it\n pass","solutionCode":"def set_price(prices, item, amount):\n prices[item] = amount\n return prices"},"try-dictionary-basics-checkpoint":{"title":"Create and read a dictionary","prompt":"Create a dictionary for `name` and `score`, then print the score.","hint":"Use the key `\"score\"` to read the value.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary stores values under named keys.","hint_1":"Use the key `\"score\"` to read the value.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"student = {}\n\n# Store name Ava and score 92.\n# Then print the score.\n","solutionCode":"student = {\"name\": \"Ava\", \"score\": 92}\nprint(student[\"score\"])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create a dictionary variable named student."},"1":{"message":"Use the score key to read the score from student."}}},"try-dictionary-basics-sketch0":{"title":"Print a dictionary value","prompt":"Use the key `'name'` to read a value from the dictionary.","hint":"Print the name from profile.","help":{"concept":"Print the name from profile.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"profile = {'name': 'Ava', 'age': 12}\n\n# Print the name from profile.\n","solutionCode":"profile = {'name': 'Ava', 'age': 12}\nprint(profile['name'])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use profile[\"name\"] instead of typing Ava directly."}}},"try-dictionary-basics-sketch1":{"title":"Update an age","prompt":"Assign a new value to an existing dictionary key.","hint":"Change age to 12.","help":{"concept":"Change age to 12.","hint_1":"Change age to 12, then print the profile dictionary.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"profile = {'name': 'Mia', 'age': 11}\n\n# Change age to 12.\n# Then print the profile dictionary.\n","solutionCode":"profile = {'name': 'Mia', 'age': 11}\nprofile['age'] = 12\nprint(profile)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Update profile['age'] to 12 instead of replacing the final dictionary."}}},"try-dictionary-basics-sketch2":{"title":"Create and print a score dictionary","prompt":"Build a dictionary with two key-value pairs, then print it.","hint":"Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85.","help":{"concept":"Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85.","hint_1":"Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85, then print scores.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"# Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85.\n# Then print scores.\n","solutionCode":"scores = {'Ava': 92, 'Mia': 85}\nprint(scores)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create a dictionary variable named scores."},"1":{"message":"Use Ava as a key in scores."},"2":{"message":"Use Mia as a key in scores."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_dictionary_basics_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create a dictionary for `name` and `score`, then print the score."},"try_dictionary_basics_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use the key `'name'` to read a value from the dictionary."},"try_dictionary_basics_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Assign a new value to an existing dictionary key."},"try_dictionary_basics_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build a dictionary with two key-value pairs, then print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"list-methods-and-mutation":{"label":"List Methods and Mutation","summary":"Use common list methods like append, remove, pop, and sort, and learn how they change the original list.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What mutation means for lists"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using append, remove, and pop"},"sketch2":{"title":"Sorting lists and watching for common mistakes"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Which method adds to the end?","prompt":"Which list method adds one new item to the end of a list?","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"append()","b":"remove()","c":"pop()","d":"sort()"}},"sc-2":{"title":"What does pop return?","prompt":"In Python, what does `items.pop(1)` return?","hint":"`pop()` both changes the list and gives you something back.","help":{"concept":"`pop(index)` removes the item at the given index and returns that removed item.","hint_1":"Index `1` means the second item in the list.","hint_2":"The return value is not the shortened list itself; it is the element that was taken out."},"options":{"a":"The item that was removed at index 1","b":"A copy of the whole list","c":"The length of the list after removal","d":"Nothing at all"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Methods that mutate a list","prompt":"Which of these operations change the original list? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"append(5)","b":"remove(5)","c":"sort()","d":"len(my_list)"}},"mc-2":{"title":"Valid list method uses","prompt":"Which lines are valid ways to use common list methods on `numbers = [3, 1, 2]`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Check whether each method name matches the kind of argument it expects.","help":{"concept":"Different list methods expect different inputs: `append` takes a value, `remove` takes a value, and `pop` usually takes an index.","hint_1":"Ask whether the method is removing by value or by position.","hint_2":"One choice mixes up `remove` with index behavior, and one choice uses `sort` with an argument it does not need here."},"options":{"a":"numbers.append(4)","b":"numbers.remove(1)","c":"numbers.pop(0)","d":"numbers.sort(2)"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Append then inspect","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order to add `7` to a list and display the updated list.","hint":"First create the list, then change it, then print it.","help":{"concept":"A short list program usually follows a sequence: create data, mutate data, then inspect the result with `print()`.","hint_1":"You cannot append to a list before the list exists.","hint_2":"Printing should happen after the append if you want to see the changed list."},"tokens":{"t1":"numbers = [1, 2]","t2":"numbers.append(7)","t3":"print(numbers)"}},"dr-2":{"title":"Remove, pop, then print","prompt":"Arrange the lines to produce a program that removes `\"b\"`, then pops the last remaining item into `taken`, then prints `taken`.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]","t2":"letters.remove(\"b\")","t3":"taken = letters.pop()","t4":"print(taken)"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Complete an append call","prompt":"Choose the value that makes `numbers.append(...)` add `10` to the list.","hint":"`append()` needs the item you want to add inside the parentheses.","help":{"concept":"To add one item to the end of a list, place that item as the argument to `append()`.","hint_1":"The blank is the new value being added, not the list name or method name.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that would make the list gain the number ten."},"template":"numbers = [1, 2]\nnumbers.append([blank1])","choices":["numbers","append","10","pop"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Complete a sort statement","prompt":"Choose the method name that sorts `scores` in place.","hint":"This method puts list items in order and changes the list itself.","help":{"concept":"Choose the list method that rearranges the existing list into order instead of returning a separate sorted copy.","hint_1":"The blank should be a method that works directly on a list variable.","hint_2":"It is not a method for adding or removing items."},"template":"scores = [4, 1, 3]\nscores.[blank1]()","choices":["append","remove","sort","pop"]},"ci-1":{"title":"Add an item and print the list","prompt":"A pencil case already has `pen` and `pencil`. Read one more item from input, add it to `items`, and print the updated list.\n\nFor example, if the input is `eraser`, your program should print:\n`['pen', 'pencil', 'eraser']`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"item = input()\nitems = [\"pen\", \"pencil\"]\n\n# Add the input item to the list.\n# Then print the updated list.","solutionCode":"item = input()\nitems = [\"pen\", \"pencil\"]\nitems.append(item)\nprint(items)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use items.append(item) so the list is really mutated."}}},"ci-2":{"title":"Remove a value and show the result","prompt":"The list `colors` starts as `['red', 'blue', 'green']`. Read one color from input, remove that value from the list, and print the updated list.\n\nFor example, if the input is `blue`, your program should print:\n`['red', 'green']`.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"color = input()\ncolors = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\n\n# Remove the input color from the list.\n# Then print the updated list.","solutionCode":"color = input()\ncolors = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\ncolors.remove(color)\nprint(colors)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use colors.remove(color) so the list is really mutated."}}},"ci-3":{"title":"Sort numbers from input","prompt":"Three quiz scores arrive out of order. Put the input numbers into `numbers`, sort the list from smallest to largest, and print the sorted list.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `9`, `2`, and `5`, your program should print:\n`[2, 5, 9]`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\nnumbers = [a, b, c]\n\n# Sort the list.\n# Then print the sorted list.","solutionCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\nnumbers = [a, b, c]\nnumbers.sort()\nprint(numbers)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers.sort() so the list is really sorted in place."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-checkpoint":{"title":"Append 10 to a list","prompt":"Start with `numbers = [3, 1, 2]`. Add `10` to the end of the list, then print the updated list.","hint":"Use `append()` to add one item to the end.","help":{"concept":"`append(value)` mutates the original list by adding one item to the end.","hint_1":"Use `append()` to add one item to the end.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\n\n# Add 10 to the end of the list.\n# Then print the updated list.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\nnumbers.append(10)\nprint(numbers)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers.append(10) so the list is really changed."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-sketch0":{"title":"Append 10 and print the list","prompt":"Use `append(10)` to add `10` to the list, then print the updated list.","hint":"Add 10 to the end of the list.","help":{"concept":"Add 10 to the end of the list.","hint_1":"Add 10 to the end of the list, then print the updated list.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\n\n# Add 10 to the end of the list.\n# Then print the updated list.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\nnumbers.append(10)\nprint(numbers)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers.append(10) so the list is really changed."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-sketch1":{"title":"Remove banana and pop the last item","prompt":"Use `remove()` and `pop()` to change the list and show what remains.","hint":"Remove 'banana'.","help":{"concept":"Remove 'banana'.","hint_1":"Remove 'banana' Then pop the last remaining item into last_item.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\n\n# Remove 'banana'.\n# Pop the last remaining item into last_item.\n# Print fruits, then print last_item.\n","solutionCode":"fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\nfruits.remove('banana')\nlast_item = fruits.pop()\nprint(fruits)\nprint(last_item)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Call fruits.remove('banana') instead of replacing the final list directly."},"1":{"message":"Store the result of fruits.pop() in last_item instead of typing cherry directly."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-sketch2":{"title":"Sort and print names","prompt":"Call `sort()` before printing so the original list is ordered.","hint":"Sort the list alphabetically.","help":{"concept":"Sort the list alphabetically.","hint_1":"Sort the list alphabetically, then print the sorted list.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"names = ['Zoe', 'Ava', 'Mia']\n\n# Sort the list alphabetically.\n# Then print the sorted list.\n","solutionCode":"names = ['Zoe', 'Ava', 'Mia']\nnames.sort()\nprint(names)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use names.sort() so the list is actually sorted."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_list_methods_and_mutation_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Start with `numbers = [3, 1, 2]`. Add `10` to the end of the list, then print the updated list."},"try_list_methods_and_mutation_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `append(10)` to add `10` to the list, then print the updated list."},"try_list_methods_and_mutation_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `remove()` and `pop()` to change the list and show what remains."},"try_list_methods_and_mutation_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Call `sort()` before printing so the original list is ordered."},"allowReveal":true}},"looping-through-lists":{"label":"Looping Through Lists","summary":"Process each list item and build derived results.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a list loop does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using a loop to build a new list"},"sketch2":{"title":"Choosing clear loop variable names"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-loop-item-name":{"title":"Pick the loop variable","prompt":"In this code, what does `fruit` represent?\n\n```python\nfruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"pear\"]\nfor fruit in fruits:\n print(fruit)\n```","hint":"Look at what comes after `for` and before `in`.","help":{"concept":"In a `for item in list` loop, the variable after `for` stores one current item from the list during each loop.","hint_1":"`fruit` changes as the loop moves through `\"apple\"`, then `\"banana\"`, then `\"pear\"`.","hint_2":"It is not the whole list name. It is the single value being processed on each pass."},"options":{"a":"The whole list of fruits","b":"One item from the list at a time","c":"The index number of each fruit","d":"A built-in Python keyword"}},"sc-empty-list-start":{"title":"Start a new result list","prompt":"You want to loop through a list and collect changed values into a new list. Which line correctly creates an empty list to start with?","hint":"You need the syntax for an empty list literal.","help":{"concept":"When building a derived list, you usually begin with an empty list and add items with `append()` inside the loop.","hint_1":"An empty list uses square brackets with nothing inside.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that creates a list, not a string, number, or print call."},"options":{"a":"result = ()","b":"print(result)"}},"mc-loop-uses":{"title":"What loops through a list can do","prompt":"Which actions are common reasons to loop through a list? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about tasks you repeat once for each item.","help":{"concept":"List loops are used to process each item, such as printing values, checking conditions, or building a new list from transformed items.","hint_1":"A loop is useful when the same action should happen for every item in the list.","hint_2":"Look for choices about repeated processing of items, not choices about changing Python syntax itself."},"options":{"a":"Print each item","b":"Build a new list from changed items","c":"Check whether items meet a condition","d":"Rename Python keywords"}},"mc-good-loop-names":{"title":"Choose clear loop variable names","prompt":"For the list `scores = [88, 91, 76]`, which loop variable names are clear and appropriate? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Trace the code before choosing the option that matches its actual behavior.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"score","b":"item","c":"scores","d":"score_value"}},"dr-build-derived-list":{"title":"Order the steps to build a derived list","prompt":"Arrange these steps in the correct order for building a new list from an existing list.","hint":"Start by creating the new list before the loop begins.","help":{"concept":"To build a derived list, first create an empty list, then loop through the original list, compute each new value, and append it.","hint_1":"The empty list setup happens before any items are processed.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, you first get the current item, then create the changed value, then add it to the result list."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create an empty result list","t2":"Start a loop over the original list","t3":"Compute the changed value for the current item","t4":"Append the changed value to the result list"}},"dr-read-loop-header":{"title":"Read the loop in order","prompt":"Put these parts of the loop statement in the correct order to make a valid Python loop header.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Arrange the pieces according to the structure of the statement.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Put the pieces in the order that makes the statement valid."},"tokens":{"t1":"for","t2":"color","t3":"in","t4":"colors","t5":":"}},"fb-append-call":{"title":"Complete the append line","prompt":"Fill in the missing method name to add each changed item to the result list.","hint":"Use the list method that adds one item to the end.","help":{"concept":"Choose the list method that adds one new value to the end during each iteration.","hint_1":"The method is called on the list you are building, like `result.method(value)`.","hint_2":"It is the common list method used in beginner loops to collect new values."},"template":"result.[blank1](number * 2)","choices":["append","add","insert","print"]},"fb-loop-keyword":{"title":"Complete the loop header","prompt":"Fill in the missing keyword to start a loop over a list.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"template":"[blank1] item in items:","choices":["for","if","while","def"]},"ci-print-each-item":{"title":"Print each item in a list","prompt":"A shelter roll call stores three animal names in `animals`. Loop through `animals` and print each name on its own line.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `cat`, `dog`, and `fox`, your program should print:\n`cat`\n`dog`\n`fox`.","hint":"Build the list from the three input values before the loop starts.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"first = input()\nsecond = input()\nthird = input()\n\nanimals = [first, second, third]\n\n# Loop through animals and print each one.\n","solutionCode":"first = input()\nsecond = input()\nthird = input()\n\nanimals = [first, second, third]\n\nfor animal in animals:\n print(animal)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a for loop over animals instead of printing each variable manually."}}},"ci-double-list-function":{"title":"Return a doubled list","prompt":"Write `double_numbers(numbers)` so it builds a new list containing each number doubled, then returns that new list.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def double_numbers(numbers):\n # build and return a new list\n pass","solutionCode":"def double_numbers(numbers):\n result = []\n for number in numbers:\n result.append(number * 2)\n return result"},"ci-count-long-words":{"title":"Count words longer than 4 letters","prompt":"Write `count_long_words(words)` so it returns how many words in the list are longer than 4 letters.","hint":"Read the task \"Count words longer than 4 letters\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def count_long_words(words):\n # return the number of words longer than 4 letters\n pass","solutionCode":"def count_long_words(words):\n count = 0\n for word in words:\n if len(word) > 4:\n count += 1\n return count"},"try-looping-through-lists-checkpoint":{"title":"Loop through names","prompt":"Loop through `names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]` and print each name on its own line.","hint":"Use a `for` loop.","help":{"concept":"A `for` loop can visit each value in a list.","hint_1":"Use a `for` loop.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]\n\n# Print each name on its own line.\n","solutionCode":"names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]\nfor name in names:\n print(name)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a for loop over names instead of printing each name manually."}}},"try-looping-through-lists-sketch0":{"title":"Print each animal","prompt":"Loop through the list and print each item.","hint":"Use a for loop to print each animal on its own line.","help":{"concept":"Use a for loop to print each animal on its own line.","hint_1":"Run after the edit so the connection between the statement and its effect stays visible.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'fox']\n\n# Use a for loop to print each animal on its own line.\n","solutionCode":"animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'fox']\nfor animal in animals:\n print(animal)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a for loop over animals instead of typing each animal directly."}}},"try-looping-through-lists-sketch1":{"title":"Total the scores","prompt":"Use a running total inside a loop.","hint":"Add each score to total using a loop.","help":{"concept":"Add each score to total using a loop.","hint_1":"Add each score to total using a loop, then print total.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"scores = [4, 6, 10]\ntotal = 0\n\n# Add each score to total using a loop.\n# Then print total.\n","solutionCode":"scores = [4, 6, 10]\ntotal = 0\nfor score in scores:\n total += score\nprint(total)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through scores instead of typing the final total."},"1":{"message":"Add each score into total inside the loop."}}},"try-looping-through-lists-sketch2":{"title":"Build doubled numbers","prompt":"Append a derived result for each item in the input list.","hint":"Loop through numbers and append each doubled value.","help":{"concept":"Loop through numbers and append each doubled value.","hint_1":"Loop through numbers and append each doubled value, then print doubled.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\ndoubled = []\n\n# Loop through numbers and append each doubled value.\n# Then print doubled.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\ndoubled = []\nfor number in numbers:\n doubled.append(number * 2)\nprint(doubled)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through numbers instead of typing the final doubled list."},"1":{"message":"Use doubled.append(...) to build the list."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_looping_through_lists_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through `names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]` and print each name on its own line."},"try_looping_through_lists_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through the list and print each item."},"try_looping_through_lists_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a running total inside a loop."},"try_looping_through_lists_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Append a derived result for each item in the input list."},"allowReveal":true}},"module-5-workshop-schedule-project":{"label":"Module 5 Workshop Schedule Project","summary":"A community learning center needs one schedule board built from fixed session records, an ordered list, and a fast room lookup.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Choose a structure for each job"},"project":{"title":"Workshop Schedule Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"exercise1":{"title":"Create the fixed workshop schedule"},"exercise2":{"title":"Build a room lookup"},"exercise3":{"title":"Format the schedule board"}},"quiz":{"try-workshop-schedule-sketch0":{"title":"Unpack one workshop record","prompt":"The starter defines `session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")`. Unpack it into `name` and `room`, then print `Python Basics — Room A`.","hint":"Use one unpacking assignment before the f-string.","help":{"concept":"A tuple keeps the two fields together while unpacking gives each position a readable name.","hint_1":"The left side needs two names.","hint_2":"Use the supplied tuple instead of typing the output directly."},"starterCode":"session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")\n# Unpack the tuple and print: Python Basics — Room A\n","solutionCode":"session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")\nname, room = session\nprint(f\"{name} — {room}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Unpack session into name and room."}}},"exercise1":{"title":"Create the fixed workshop schedule","prompt":"Start the workshop schedule project. In step 1 of 3, implement `create_schedule()` so it returns a list containing exactly these tuples in order: `(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")`, `(\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\")`, and `(\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")`.","hint":"Return the exact three records before adding lookup behavior.","help":{"concept":"A list can hold several fixed tuple records in a predictable order.","hint_1":"Keep every workshop record as a two-value tuple.","hint_2":"Run the helper with the sample schedule before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"def create_schedule():\n # Return the three required (session, room) tuples in a list.\n return []\n","solutionCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n"},"exercise2":{"title":"Build a room lookup","prompt":"Continue the workshop schedule project. In step 2 of 3, keep `create_schedule()` unchanged. Implement `build_room_lookup(schedule)` so it returns a dictionary mapping each workshop name to its room.","hint":"Unpack each tuple into a session name and room.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary turns a repeated search by position into a direct lookup by name.","hint_1":"Use the tuple values as the dictionary key and value.","hint_2":"Run the helper with the sample schedule before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n # Return a dictionary that maps every session name to its room.\n pass\n","solutionCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n return {name: room for name, room in schedule}\n"},"exercise3":{"title":"Format the schedule board","prompt":"Continue the workshop schedule project. In step 3 of 3, keep the schedule and lookup helpers. Implement `format_schedule(schedule)` so it returns a list of strings in the same order, using the format `<session> — <room>` for every tuple.","hint":"Build a new list in the same order as the schedule.","help":{"concept":"Formatting belongs in a separate helper so the stored records remain reusable.","hint_1":"Return strings; do not print them inside the helper.","hint_2":"Run the helper with the sample schedule before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n return {name: room for name, room in schedule}\n\ndef format_schedule(schedule):\n # Return one \"<session> — <room>\" string for every tuple.\n pass\n","solutionCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n return {name: room for name, room in schedule}\n\ndef format_schedule(schedule):\n return [f\"{name} — {room}\" for name, room in schedule]\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_workshop_schedule_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The starter defines `session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")`. Unpack it into `name` and `room`, then print `Python Basics — Room A`."},"allowReveal":true}},"nested-data-structures":{"label":"Nested Data Structures","summary":"Represent real-world data with lists of dictionaries and nested containers.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What nested data structures are"},"sketch1":{"title":"Reading values from nested containers"},"sketch2":{"title":"Looping through a list of dictionaries"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Choose the best structure","prompt":"You want to store several products, and each product has a name and a price. Which structure is the best fit?","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"A single string with all product names","b":"A list of dictionaries","c":"One number for each product","d":"A tuple with only one product"}},"sc-2":{"title":"Read a nested value","prompt":"Given `item = {\"name\": \"Pen\", \"info\": {\"price\": 2, \"stock\": 9}}`, which expression gets the value `9`?","hint":"First access the inner dictionary stored at `\"info\"`.","help":{"concept":"To read a nested dictionary value, access the outer key first, then the inner key.","hint_1":"`\"stock\"` is not at the top level of `item`; it is inside `item[\"info\"]`.","hint_2":"The correct expression uses two bracket lookups in order: outer key, then inner key."},"options":{"a":"item[\"stock\"]","b":"item[\"info\"][\"stock\"]","c":"item[\"name\"][\"stock\"]","d":"item[0][\"stock\"]"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Valid nested structures","prompt":"Which of these are examples of nested data structures in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"A structure is nested when one collection is stored inside another.","help":{"concept":"Nested data structures contain collections inside collections, such as a list inside a dictionary or dictionaries inside a list.","hint_1":"Check whether each option includes one container placed inside another container.","hint_2":"A plain number or plain string alone is not nested; combinations like list-of-dicts or dict-with-list are."},"options":{"a":"[{\"name\": \"Ava\"}, {\"name\": \"Ben\"}]","b":"{\"scores\": [10, 20, 30]}","c":"42","d":"\"hello\""}},"mc-2":{"title":"Useful access patterns","prompt":"Suppose `players = [{\"name\": \"Mia\", \"points\": 7}, {\"name\": \"Leo\", \"points\": 5}]`. Which expressions are valid ways to read data from this structure? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Start by deciding whether you need a list index first or a dictionary key first.","help":{"concept":"For a list of dictionaries, you use a numeric index to choose one dictionary, then a string key to read a value from that dictionary.","hint_1":"`players` is a list first, so expressions that begin with a string key on `players` are not correct.","hint_2":"Look for expressions that use `[0]` or `[1]` before `['name']` or `['points']`."},"options":{"a":"players[0][\"name\"]","b":"players[1][\"points\"]","c":"players[\"name\"]","d":"players[0][0]"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Access a city name","prompt":"Put these tokens in order to build the expression that gets `\"Paris\"` from `trip = {\"destination\": {\"city\": \"Paris\"}}`.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"trip","t2":"[\"destination\"]","t3":"[\"city\"]"}},"dr-2":{"title":"Build a loop over records","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a loop that prints each student's name from `students`, a list of dictionaries.","hint":"The loop header comes first, and the indented print line comes after it.","help":{"concept":"To loop through a list of dictionaries, write a `for` loop that takes one dictionary at a time, then access a key from that dictionary inside the loop.","hint_1":"Use `student` as the loop variable for each dictionary in `students`.","hint_2":"After the loop header, the print line should use `student[\"name\"]`."},"tokens":{"t1":"for student in students:","t2":"print(student[\"name\"])"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Fill the missing key","prompt":"Complete the expression so it reads the score from the first dictionary in the list.","hint":"The first part `records[0]` gives you one dictionary.","help":{"concept":"After selecting one dictionary from a list, use the correct key name to read the needed value.","hint_1":"You already have the first record. Now choose the key that stores the numeric result.","hint_2":"Use the dictionary key that names the requested field, not a list index or an unrelated variable."},"template":"records[0][\"[blank1]\"]","choices":["score","records","0","name"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Fill the missing outer key","prompt":"Complete the expression so it reads the list stored inside the dictionary `data = {\"items\": [1, 2, 3]}`.","hint":"You need the key that points to the inner list.","help":{"concept":"When a dictionary stores a list, you use the dictionary key first to get that list.","hint_1":"The list `[1, 2, 3]` is stored under one named key in `data`.","hint_2":"Choose the key that matches the label attached to the list value."},"template":"data[\"[blank1]\"]","choices":["items","data","list","0"]},"code-1":{"title":"Return all names","prompt":"Each item in `records` stores a person's data. Finish `get_names(records)` by adding every record's `\"name\"` value to the `names` list, then return `names`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def get_names(records):\n names = []\n # add each record's name to names\n return names","solutionCode":"def get_names(records):\n names = []\n for record in records:\n names.append(record[\"name\"])\n return names"},"code-2":{"title":"Count total stock","prompt":"Finish `total_stock(items)` so it loops through the item dictionaries, adds each `\"stock\"` value into `total`, and returns the final total.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def total_stock(items):\n total = 0\n # update total using each item's stock\n return total","solutionCode":"def total_stock(items):\n total = 0\n for item in items:\n total += item[\"stock\"]\n return total"},"code-3":{"title":"Find the highest score","prompt":"Finish `highest_score(players)` so it compares each later player's `\"score\"` with `best` and returns the highest score in the list.","hint":"Read the task \"Find the highest score\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def highest_score(players):\n best = players[0][\"score\"]\n # compare later scores with best\n return best","solutionCode":"def highest_score(players):\n best = players[0][\"score\"]\n for player in players:\n if player[\"score\"] > best:\n best = player[\"score\"]\n return best"},"try-nested-data-structures-checkpoint":{"title":"Read nested data","prompt":"Use a list of dictionaries. Print the second student’s name and score.","hint":"Use index `1`, then dictionary keys.","help":{"concept":"Nested data combines containers, such as a list of dictionaries.","hint_1":"Use index `1`, then dictionary keys.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"students = [{\"name\": \"Ava\", \"score\": 88}, {\"name\": \"Mia\", \"score\": 91}]\n\n# Print Mia and her score on separate lines.\n","solutionCode":"students = [{\"name\": \"Ava\", \"score\": 88}, {\"name\": \"Mia\", \"score\": 91}]\nprint(students[1][\"name\"])\nprint(students[1][\"score\"])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use students[1] to reach Mia instead of typing Mia directly."},"1":{"message":"Use the name key from the student dictionary."},"2":{"message":"Use the score key from the student dictionary."}}},"try-nested-data-structures-sketch0":{"title":"Read a nested value","prompt":"Use a list index first, then a dictionary key.","hint":"Print the first student's name.","help":{"concept":"Print the first student's name.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\n\n# Print the first student's name.\n","solutionCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\nprint(students[0]['name'])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use students[0] to reach the first student instead of typing Ava directly."},"1":{"message":"Use the name key from the student dictionary."}}},"try-nested-data-structures-sketch1":{"title":"Print names and scores","prompt":"Loop through a list of dictionaries.","hint":"Loop through students and print: name: score.","help":{"concept":"Loop through students and print: name: score.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\n\n# Loop through students and print: name: score\n","solutionCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\nfor student in students:\n print(f\"{student['name']}: {student['score']}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through students instead of typing each line directly."},"1":{"message":"Use the name key while building each line."},"2":{"message":"Use the score key while building each line."}}},"try-nested-data-structures-sketch2":{"title":"Add a nested value","prompt":"Add a new value to the list stored inside the dictionary, then print the updated record.","hint":"Add 'Mia' to the students list.","help":{"concept":"Add 'Mia' to the students list.","hint_1":"Add 'Mia' to the students list, then print course.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"course = {'title': 'Python', 'students': ['Ava']}\n\n# Add 'Mia' to the students list.\n# Then print course.\n","solutionCode":"course = {'title': 'Python', 'students': ['Ava']}\ncourse['students'].append('Mia')\nprint(course)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the students key in the course dictionary."},"1":{"message":"Append Mia to course['students'] instead of replacing the whole course."},"2":{"message":"Call course['students'].append('Mia')."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_nested_data_structures_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a list of dictionaries. Print the second student’s name and score."},"try_nested_data_structures_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a list index first, then a dictionary key."},"try_nested_data_structures_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through a list of dictionaries."},"try_nested_data_structures_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Add a new value to the list stored inside the dictionary, then print the updated record."},"allowReveal":true}},"tuple-records-and-unpacking":{"label":"Tuple Records and Unpacking","summary":"Use tuples when a small record should keep a fixed shape, then unpack each position into a meaningful name.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A fixed record has a clear shape"},"sketch1":{"title":"Unpack positions into names"},"quiz":{"title":"Check your tuple understanding"}},"quiz":{"try-tuple-records-sketch0":{"title":"Create a location tuple","prompt":"In `main.py`, create `location` as the tuple `(\"Austin\", \"TX\")`. Print the city from index 0 and the state from index 1 on separate lines.","hint":"Use parentheses for the fixed pair, then read each position with square brackets.","help":{"concept":"A tuple stores an ordered record whose positions should not be changed after creation.","hint_1":"The first position uses index 0.","hint_2":"Print the two fields separately."},"starterCode":"# Create a fixed location record and print both fields.\n","solutionCode":"location = (\"Austin\", \"TX\")\nprint(location[0])\nprint(location[1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create location as the required two-value tuple."},"1":{"message":"Read the first tuple position with location[0]."}}},"try-tuple-unpacking-sketch1":{"title":"Unpack an event tuple","prompt":"The starter defines `event = (\"Workshop\", 24)`. Unpack it into `title` and `seats`, then print the two variables on separate lines.","hint":"Place both new names on the left side of one assignment.","help":{"concept":"Tuple unpacking gives a meaningful name to each position in a fixed record.","hint_1":"The number of names must match the number of tuple values.","hint_2":"Print the unpacked variables, not hard-coded literals."},"starterCode":"event = (\"Workshop\", 24)\n# Unpack event into title and seats, then print both values.\n","solutionCode":"event = (\"Workshop\", 24)\ntitle, seats = event\nprint(title)\nprint(seats)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Unpack event into title and seats in one assignment."}}},"sc-tuple-purpose":{"title":"Choose the fixed record","prompt":"Which value is the best tuple when a coordinate should keep exactly two ordered positions?","options":{"a":"[4, 9]","b":"(4, 9)","c":"{\"x\": 4, \"y\": 9}"},"hint":"Look for the ordered collection whose structure is intended to stay fixed.","help":{"concept":"Tuples are useful for compact ordered records that should not be mutated.","hint_1":"Parentheses distinguish this literal from a list.","hint_2":"A dictionary names fields rather than relying on positions."}},"mc-tuple-facts":{"title":"Recognize tuple behavior","prompt":"Which statements about tuples are true?","options":{"a":"Tuple positions use zero-based indexes.","b":"append() adds a value to an existing tuple.","c":"A tuple can be unpacked into multiple names.","d":"Tuples can contain only strings."},"hint":"Separate how a tuple is read from whether its structure can be mutated.","help":{"concept":"Tuples are ordered and indexable, but they do not support list-style mutation methods.","hint_1":"Unpacking follows position order.","hint_2":"A tuple may hold values of different types."}},"fb-tuple-index":{"title":"Read the first tuple field","prompt":"Complete the expression that reads `\"North\"` from `direction = (\"North\", 12)`: `direction[___]`","options":{"a":"0","b":"1","c":"-2 + 1"},"hint":"Tuple indexing begins at the same position as list and string indexing.","help":{"concept":"Every Python sequence begins with the zero index.","hint_1":"The requested value is the first field.","hint_2":"Use the simplest direct index."}},"dr-tuple-unpack":{"title":"Build an unpacking assignment","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to unpack `record` into `name` and `score`.","tokens":{"t1":"name","t2":",","t3":"score","t4":"=","t5":"record"},"hint":"Put the target names on the left and the tuple variable on the right.","help":{"concept":"Unpacking is one assignment with one target name per tuple position.","hint_1":"The comma separates the two target names.","hint_2":"The tuple variable appears after the equals sign."}}},"tryIt":{"try_tuple_records_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create and read a location tuple."},"try_tuple_unpacking_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Unpack an event tuple into two names."},"allowReveal":true}},"updating-and-looping-dictionaries":{"label":"Updating and Looping Dictionaries","summary":"Add, update, remove, and loop through dictionary data.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Adding, changing, and removing dictionary entries"},"sketch1":{"title":"Looping through keys and values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Common dictionary patterns"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-dict-update-existing":{"title":"Updating an existing key","prompt":"What happens in Python when you run `profile[\"age\"] = 13` and the key `\"age\"` is already in the dictionary?","hint":"Assignment with an existing key replaces that key's old value.","help":{"concept":"Dictionary assignment uses the key to decide where the value goes. If the key already exists, Python keeps the key and changes only its stored value.","hint_1":"This is not a list index operation. Python looks up the key `\"age\"` in the dictionary.","hint_2":"Ask whether the key is new or already present. Existing keys are changed, not duplicated."},"options":{"a":"It updates the value stored for `\"age\"`","b":"It creates a second separate `\"age\"` entry","c":"It removes the `\"age\"` key","d":"It turns the dictionary into a list"}},"sc-loop-direct-dict":{"title":"Looping over a dictionary directly","prompt":"If `colors = {\"red\": 1, \"blue\": 2}`, what does `for item in colors:` give you on each loop?","hint":"Looping over a dictionary by itself gives one part of each key-value pair, not both parts.","help":{"concept":"A plain `for` loop over a dictionary iterates through its keys. To get both keys and values together, you use `.items()`.","hint_1":"Think about what `item` would be first: a color name or a number?","hint_2":"The loop variable matches the dictionary's lookup labels, the parts you use inside square brackets."},"options":{"a":"Each key, such as `\"red\"` and `\"blue\"`","b":"Each value, such as `1` and `2`","c":"Each key and value together automatically","d":"The dictionary length each time"}},"mc-valid-dict-changes":{"title":"Ways to change a dictionary","prompt":"Which statements can change the contents of a dictionary named `stock`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about adding or updating with square brackets, and removing with `del`.","help":{"concept":"Dictionaries can be changed by assigning to a key or deleting a key. Reading a value or printing the dictionary does not modify it.","hint_1":"Look for statements that either store a value into `stock[...]` or remove a key from `stock`.","hint_2":"One correct choice adds or updates a key, and another correct choice removes a key entirely."},"options":{"a":"`stock[\"pens\"] = 12`","b":"`del stock[\"pens\"]`","c":"`print(stock[\"pens\"])`","d":"`len(stock)`"}},"mc-items-loop":{"title":"Using `.items()`","prompt":"Which statements about `for key, value in data.items():` are correct? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Focus on what `.items()` provides to the loop.","help":{"concept":"The `.items()` method gives key-value pairs, so the loop can unpack each pair into two variables.","hint_1":"Check whether the loop receives one thing or two things from each dictionary entry.","hint_2":"Two statements are true: one about getting both parts of each entry, and one about the meaning of `key` and `value`."},"options":{"a":"It lets you work with both the key and the value in each loop","b":"`key` stores the dictionary key for the current pair","c":"It only works for lists, not dictionaries","d":"It removes entries as it loops"}},"dr-update-sequence":{"title":"Order the dictionary changes","prompt":"Put these lines in the correct order to create a dictionary, update one value, add one new key, and print the result.","hint":"Start by creating the dictionary before trying to change it.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary must exist before you can update or add entries. After the changes, printing shows the final state.","hint_1":"The dictionary literal line comes first, and `print` comes last.","hint_2":"Between those, update the existing `\"tea\"` key and add the new `\"juice\"` key."},"tokens":{"t1":"drinks = {\"tea\": 2}","t2":"drinks[\"tea\"] = 3","t3":"drinks[\"juice\"] = 1","t4":"print(drinks)"}},"dr-loop-items-order":{"title":"Build a loop with `.items()`","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make a loop that prints each key and value from `scores`.","hint":"The loop header comes first, then the indented print line.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary loop with `.items()` uses `for key, value in scores.items():` and then an indented statement inside the loop.","hint_1":"Use `.items()` in the loop header so both variables receive data.","hint_2":"After the colon, the next line should be indented and print both loop variables."},"tokens":{"t1":"for name, score in scores.items():","t2":"print(name, score)"}},"fb-remove-key":{"title":"Remove a dictionary entry","prompt":"Choose the missing code to remove the key `\"done\"` from the dictionary.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"[blank1] tasks[\"done\"]","choices":["del","print","return","for"]},"fb-items-method":{"title":"Complete the loop method","prompt":"Choose the missing method so the loop gets both keys and values.","hint":"Use the dictionary method that returns key-value pairs.","help":{"concept":"Choose the dictionary method that yields key-value pairs so each pair can be unpacked into two loop variables.","hint_1":"Methods like `.keys()` and `.values()` give only one part each.","hint_2":"You need the method that matches `for key, value in ...`."},"template":"for key, value in data.[blank1]():","choices":["items","keys","values","append"]},"ci-update-score":{"title":"Update one score and return the dictionary","prompt":"Write `update_score(scores, name, new_score)` so it updates the existing entry for `name` or adds it if it is missing, then returns the `scores` dictionary.","hint":"Trace the code before choosing the option that matches its actual behavior.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def update_score(scores, name, new_score):\n # update or add the score, then return the dictionary\n pass","solutionCode":"def update_score(scores, name, new_score):\n scores[name] = new_score\n return scores"},"ci-remove-key":{"title":"Remove a key if it exists","prompt":"Write `remove_item(data, key_name)` so it removes `key_name` from the dictionary when that key is present, then returns the dictionary.","hint":"Read the task \"Remove a key if it exists\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def remove_item(data, key_name):\n # remove the key when it is present, then return the dictionary\n pass","solutionCode":"def remove_item(data, key_name):\n if key_name in data:\n del data[key_name]\n return data"},"ci-format-items":{"title":"Build lines from dictionary pairs","prompt":"Write `format_inventory(items)` so it builds and returns a list of strings in the format `\"name: count\"`, such as `\"pens: 3\"`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def format_inventory(items):\n # return a list like [\"pens: 3\", \"paper: 2\"]\n result = []\n \n return result","solutionCode":"def format_inventory(items):\n result = []\n for name, count in items.items():\n result.append(f\"{name}: {count}\")\n return result"},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-checkpoint":{"title":"Update and loop through scores","prompt":"Update Mia’s score to `91`, then print each name and score as `name: score`.","hint":"Assign to `scores[\"Mia\"]`, then loop with `.items()`.","help":{"concept":"Dictionaries can be updated by assigning to an existing key.","hint_1":"Assign to `scores[\"Mia\"]`, then loop with `.items()`.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"scores = {\"Ava\": 88, \"Mia\": 79}\n\n# Update Mia to 91.\n# Print each name and score.\n","solutionCode":"scores = {\"Ava\": 88, \"Mia\": 79}\nscores[\"Mia\"] = 91\nfor name, score in scores.items():\n print(f\"{name}: {score}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Update scores['Mia'] to 91 instead of printing the final result directly."}}},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-sketch0":{"title":"Update a count","prompt":"Read, update, and store a dictionary value.","hint":"Increase apples by 3.","help":{"concept":"Increase apples by 3.","hint_1":"Increase apples by 3, then print counts.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"counts = {'apples': 2, 'bananas': 1}\n\n# Increase apples by 3.\n# Then print counts.\n","solutionCode":"counts = {'apples': 2, 'bananas': 1}\ncounts['apples'] += 3\nprint(counts)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Increase counts['apples'] by 3 instead of replacing the final dictionary."}}},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-sketch1":{"title":"Print inventory lines","prompt":"Use `.items()` to loop through keys and values together.","hint":"Loop through inventory and print lines like: pens: 3.","help":{"concept":"Loop through inventory and print lines like: pens: 3.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"inventory = {'pens': 3, 'markers': 2}\n\n# Loop through inventory and print lines like: pens: 3\n","solutionCode":"inventory = {'pens': 3, 'markers': 2}\nfor item, count in inventory.items():\n print(f'{item}: {count}')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through inventory instead of typing the inventory lines directly."}}},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-sketch2":{"title":"Build a length dictionary","prompt":"Loop through a list and fill a dictionary.","hint":"Store each word's length in lengths.","help":{"concept":"Store each word's length in lengths.","hint_1":"Store each word's length in lengths, then print lengths.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"words = ['red', 'blue']\nlengths = {}\n\n# Store each word's length in lengths.\n# Then print lengths.\n","solutionCode":"words = ['red', 'blue']\nlengths = {}\nfor word in words:\n lengths[word] = len(word)\nprint(lengths)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through words instead of typing the final lengths dictionary."},"1":{"message":"Use len(word) to calculate each word length."},"2":{"message":"Store each length with lengths[word] = len(word)."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Update Mia’s score to `91`, then print each name and score as `name: score`."},"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read, update, and store a dictionary value."},"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `.items()` to loop through keys and values together."},"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through a list and fill a dictionary."},"allowReveal":true}}},"python-6-functions-and-modularity":{"decomposition-and-refactoring":{"label":"Decomposition and Refactoring","summary":"Break a larger task into clear helper functions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why break a program into helper functions?"},"sketch1":{"title":"Spotting repeated code"},"sketch2":{"title":"Make each function do one clear job"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Best reason to extract a helper","prompt":"Which situation is the strongest reason to move code into a helper function?","hint":"Look for repeated logic that does the same job in more than one place.","help":{"concept":"Helper functions are especially useful when the same logic appears multiple times, because one function can replace repeated code and make updates easier.","hint_1":"Compare the choices and find the one where the same steps would otherwise be copied.","hint_2":"A helper is most valuable when one reusable task appears in several places, not just because a program has many lines."},"options":{"a":"A variable name is short","b":"The same cleanup steps are written in several places","c":"The program uses input() once","d":"A print statement appears at the end"}},"sc-2":{"title":"What refactoring should preserve","prompt":"When you refactor a working program, what should stay the same?","hint":"Refactoring changes structure, not the program's intended result.","help":{"concept":"Refactoring improves readability or organization while preserving behavior, so the program should still produce the same results for the same inputs.","hint_1":"Think about what users notice: the program should still solve the same problem correctly.","hint_2":"The code layout may change, but the output and behavior for the same input should not change."},"options":{"a":"The number of functions must decrease","b":"The variable names must stay identical","c":"The program's behavior for the same input should remain correct","d":"Every line must stay in the same order"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Signs a function is doing too much","prompt":"Which choices suggest a function should be split into smaller helpers? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for mixed responsibilities and repeated chunks of logic.","help":{"concept":"A function often needs decomposition when it handles several different jobs or contains repeated logic that could be reused elsewhere.","hint_1":"One clue is that the function both transforms data and formats final output in a long block.","hint_2":"Another clue is seeing nearly identical code chunks or a function that tries to clean, calculate, and display all at once."},"options":{"a":"It cleans text, calculates a result, and formats a message in one long block","b":"It contains repeated code chunks with only small changes","c":"It has one short return statement for one clear task","d":"It is hard to describe the function's job in one sentence"}},"mc-2":{"title":"Benefits of helper functions","prompt":"Which are real benefits of breaking code into helper functions? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about readability, reuse, and testing.","help":{"concept":"Helper functions improve organization by giving small tasks clear names, reducing duplication, and making logic easier to test separately.","hint_1":"Useful helpers usually make code easier to read and let you reuse one piece of logic in multiple places.","hint_2":"They also help you test one small behavior at a time; they do not automatically make every program shorter in line count."},"options":{"a":"You can reuse the same logic from multiple places","b":"Small pieces are easier to test one at a time","c":"Every program will always use fewer total lines","d":"Function names can explain what each step does"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Refactor repeated cleanup","prompt":"Put these steps in the best order for refactoring repeated text-cleaning code into a helper function.","hint":"First identify the repeated task, then define the helper, then replace the duplicates.","help":{"concept":"A clean refactor usually starts by noticing repeated logic, extracting it into a function, and then calling that function where needed.","hint_1":"You should not replace old code with helper calls before the helper exists.","hint_2":"The repeated behavior must be identified first, then moved into a function, then used from the original locations."},"tokens":{"t1":"Notice the same cleanup logic appears more than once","t2":"Write a helper function for that cleanup task","t3":"Replace the repeated code with calls to the helper","t4":"Run the program and confirm the behavior still matches"}},"dr-2":{"title":"How a helper-based program flows","prompt":"Arrange the steps in the order they happen when this pattern runs: input is cleaned, then used to build a message, then printed.","hint":"A helper returns a value before the next function uses it.","help":{"concept":"In decomposed code, one function often returns a cleaned value, another function uses that value to build a result, and then the main code prints the final result.","hint_1":"The cleaned text must exist before a greeting or summary can be built from it.","hint_2":"Printing is usually the last step after helper functions have returned the needed values."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call the cleaning helper with the original text","t2":"Receive the cleaned text as a return value","t3":"Use the cleaned text to build the final message","t4":"Print the final message"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Call the helper","prompt":"Choose the function call that uses the helper to clean the variable `name`.","hint":"The blank should be a call that passes `name` into the helper.","help":{"concept":"To use a helper function, write its name followed by parentheses and pass the needed argument inside.","hint_1":"You are filling the right side of an assignment, so the blank should produce a value.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that calls `clean_name` with `name` inside the parentheses."},"template":"nice_name = [blank1]","choices":["clean_name(name)","name = clean_name","print(name)","return clean_name"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Return from a helper","prompt":"Choose the missing word that sends the computed value back from the function.","hint":"Inside a function, one keyword sends a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"A helper function should send its result back so other code can store, display, or combine that value.","hint_1":"`print` shows text in the output panel, but it does not send a reusable value back to the caller.","hint_2":"The missing word is the keyword used before an expression like `text.strip()` when the function should produce a value."},"template":"def clean_text(text):\n [blank1] text.strip().lower()","choices":["return","print","input","def"]},"ci-1":{"title":"Extract a cleaning helper","prompt":"Write `clean_name(name)` so it returns the cleaned version of `name`. This helper should do the name-cleaning work instead of leaving it repeated elsewhere.","hint":"Read the task \"Extract a cleaning helper\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def clean_name(name):\n # return the cleaned version of name\n pass","solutionCode":"def clean_name(name):\n return name.strip().title()"},"ci-2":{"title":"Build a summary with helpers","prompt":"Split this job into two helpers. `word_count(text)` should return the number of words, and `summary(text)` should call that helper and return a string like `Words: 3`.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a summary with helpers\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def word_count(text):\n # return the number of words\n pass\n\n\ndef summary(text):\n # return a string like: Words: 3\n pass","solutionCode":"def word_count(text):\n return len(text.split())\n\n\ndef summary(text):\n count = word_count(text)\n return f\"Words: {count}\""},"ci-3":{"title":"Refactor repeated math into helpers","prompt":"Finish `double(number)` and `triple(number)`, then use those helper functions inside `combined_total(a, b)` instead of repeating the math there.","hint":"Read the task \"Refactor repeated math into helpers\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def double(number):\n pass\n\n\ndef triple(number):\n pass\n\n\ndef combined_total(a, b):\n # use the helper functions here\n pass","solutionCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\n\ndef triple(number):\n return number * 3\n\n\ndef combined_total(a, b):\n return double(a) + triple(b)"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-checkpoint":{"title":"Use a helper function","prompt":"Define `clean_title(text)` that strips spaces and title-cases the text. Print the cleaned version of `\" python helper \"`.","hint":"Use `.strip().title()` inside a helper function.","help":{"concept":"Decomposition means moving one clear step into a helper function.","hint_1":"Use `.strip().title()` inside a helper function.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def clean_title(text):\n # Return the cleaned title.\n pass\n\nprint(clean_title(\" python helper \"))\n","solutionCode":"def clean_title(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n\nprint(clean_title(\" python helper \"))\n"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-sketch0":{"title":"Clean text with a helper","prompt":"Move one clear step into a helper function.","hint":"Strip whitespace and lowercase the text.","help":{"concept":"Strip whitespace and lowercase the text.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"def clean_text(text):\n # Strip whitespace and lowercase the text.\n pass\n\nprint(clean_text(' HELLO '))\n","solutionCode":"def clean_text(text):\n return text.strip().lower()\n\nprint(clean_text(' HELLO '))\n"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-sketch1":{"title":"Split a full name","prompt":"A helper can hide a small string-processing step.","hint":"Return the first word from full_name.","help":{"concept":"Return the first word from full_name.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"def get_first_name(full_name):\n # Return the first word from full_name.\n pass\n\nprint(get_first_name('Ava Smith'))\n","solutionCode":"def get_first_name(full_name):\n return full_name.split()[0]\n\nprint(get_first_name('Ava Smith'))\n"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-sketch2":{"title":"Combine two helpers","prompt":"One helper can call another helper.","hint":"Return 'Badge: ' plus the cleaned name.","help":{"concept":"Return 'Badge: ' plus the cleaned name.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"def clean(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n\ndef badge(name):\n # Return 'Badge: ' plus the cleaned name.\n pass\n\nprint(badge(' ava '))\n","solutionCode":"def clean(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n\ndef badge(name):\n return 'Badge: ' + clean(name)\n\nprint(badge(' ava '))\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use clean(name) inside badge instead of hard-coding one example."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `clean_title(text)` that strips spaces and title-cases the text. Print the cleaned version of `\" python helper \"`."},"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Move one clear step into a helper function."},"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A helper can hide a small string-processing step."},"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"One helper can call another helper."},"allowReveal":true}},"defining-and-calling-functions":{"label":"Defining and Calling Functions","summary":"Create functions and call them with arguments.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a function does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Calling functions with arguments"},"sketch2":{"title":"Functions can return values"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-function-call":{"title":"Recognize a function call","prompt":"Which line calls a function named `greet`?","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"def greet():","b":"greet()","c":"print = greet","d":"return greet"}},"sc-parameter-meaning":{"title":"Understand a parameter","prompt":"In `def greet(name):`, what is `name`?","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"A printed message","b":"A parameter","c":"A return value","d":"A list"}},"mc-valid-calls":{"title":"Pick the valid function calls","prompt":"A function is defined as `def greet(name):`. Which calls are valid? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"The function expects exactly one argument.","help":{"concept":"When a function has one parameter, each call must provide one argument inside the parentheses.","hint_1":"Check how many values each call passes to `greet(...)`.","hint_2":"Valid calls have exactly one value between the parentheses, not zero and not two."},"options":{"a":"greet(\"Ava\")","b":"greet()","c":"greet(\"Ava\", \"Leo\")","d":"greet(\"Mina\")"}},"mc-return-uses":{"title":"Ways to use a returned value","prompt":"A function `double(x)` returns a number. Which lines use that returned value correctly? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"A returned value can be stored or printed.","help":{"concept":"When a function returns a value, you can place the call anywhere a normal value can be used, such as in an assignment or inside `print(...)`.","hint_1":"Look for lines where `double(4)` is treated like a value.","hint_2":"The correct lines either store the result in a variable or pass the result into another function like `print`."},"options":{"a":"result = double(4)","b":"print(double(4))","c":"return = double(4)","d":"def double(4):"}},"dr-define-then-call":{"title":"Order a simple function program","prompt":"Put these lines in the correct order to define a function and then call it.","hint":"The function must be defined before it is called.","help":{"concept":"Python reads code from top to bottom. A function definition comes first, its body stays indented under it, and the call comes after the definition.","hint_1":"Start with the `def` line, then place the indented body line under it.","hint_2":"After the two definition lines are together, put the function call last."},"tokens":{"t1":"def say_hi():","t2":"print(\"Hi\")","t3":"say_hi()"}},"dr-call-with-argument":{"title":"Order a function with one parameter","prompt":"Arrange the lines to define `show_name` and call it with `\"Ava\"`.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"def show_name(name):","t2":"print(name)","t3":"show_name(\"Ava\")"}},"fb-def-keyword":{"title":"Complete a function definition","prompt":"Choose the word that starts a function definition.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"[blank1] greet():","choices":["def","print","call","return"]},"fb-call-argument":{"title":"Fill in the argument","prompt":"Choose the value that completes the function call.","hint":"The function call should pass the name shown in quotes.","help":{"concept":"An argument is the value placed inside the parentheses when calling a function.","hint_1":"Look at the quotes already shown in the call.","hint_2":"The missing part is the exact text value between the parentheses, including the capital letter."},"template":"greet([blank1])","choices":["\"Ava\"","name","greet","print"]},"ci-make-greeting":{"title":"Write a greeting function","prompt":"Write `make_greeting(name)` so it returns a greeting string for that name.","hint":"Read the task \"Write a greeting function\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n # return a greeting string\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n return \"Hello, \" + name"},"ci-square-number":{"title":"Return the square","prompt":"Write `square(number)` so it returns the square of `number`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def square(number):\n # return the square of number\n pass","solutionCode":"def square(number):\n return number * number"},"ci-full-name":{"title":"Combine first and last name","prompt":"Write `full_name(first, last)` so it returns the first and last name joined into one string.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n # return the full name as one string\n pass","solutionCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n return first + \" \" + last"},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-checkpoint":{"title":"Define and call a function","prompt":"Define `say_hello()` so it prints `Hello from a function!`, then call it.","hint":"Put the `print()` inside the function body, then call the function below it.","help":{"concept":"A function groups statements that can be run by calling the function name.","hint_1":"Put the `print()` inside the function body, then call the function below it.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Define say_hello() below.\n\n","solutionCode":"def say_hello():\n print(\"Hello from a function!\")\n\nsay_hello()\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Define a function named say_hello()."},"1":{"message":"Call say_hello() after defining it."}}},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-sketch0":{"title":"Define and call greet","prompt":"Define the function before you call it.","hint":"Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name.","help":{"concept":"Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name.","hint_1":"Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name, then print greet('Ava').","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"# Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name.\n# Then print greet('Ava').\n","solutionCode":"def greet(name):\n return 'Hello, ' + name\n\nprint(greet('Ava'))\n"},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-sketch1":{"title":"Call a square function","prompt":"Call the function and print its return value.","hint":"Print square(5).","help":{"concept":"Print square(5).","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def square(number):\n return number * number\n\n# Print square(5).\n","solutionCode":"def square(number):\n return number * number\n\nprint(square(5))\n"},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-sketch2":{"title":"Use a helper function twice","prompt":"Reuse the same function for two different inputs.","hint":"Print shout('go') and shout('team'), one per line.","help":{"concept":"Print shout('go') and shout('team'), one per line.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"def shout(text):\n return text.upper()\n\n# Print shout('go') and shout('team'), one per line.\n","solutionCode":"def shout(text):\n return text.upper()\n\nprint(shout('go'))\nprint(shout('team'))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_defining_and_calling_functions_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `say_hello()` so it prints `Hello from a function!`, then call it."},"try_defining_and_calling_functions_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define the function before you call it."},"try_defining_and_calling_functions_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Call the function and print its return value."},"try_defining_and_calling_functions_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Reuse the same function for two different inputs."},"allowReveal":true}},"docstrings-and-function-contracts":{"label":"Docstrings and Function Contracts","summary":"Document what a function expects, what it returns, and how to use it correctly.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a docstring and contract do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Writing clear docstrings"},"sketch2":{"title":"Contracts should say return vs print"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-docstring-location":{"title":"Where a docstring goes","prompt":"Where should a function's docstring be placed?","hint":"Look for the string that appears immediately inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A function docstring is the first string literal inside the function body, directly under the `def` line.","hint_1":"It is not placed before the function definition or after the return statement.","hint_2":"Choose the option where the triple-quoted string comes right after `def ...:`."},"options":{"a":"Directly under the function definition as the first statement","b":"Inside the parameter list","c":"After the return statement","d":"Only at the end of the program"}},"sc-contract-purpose":{"title":"What a function contract explains","prompt":"What is the main purpose of a function contract?","hint":"Think about inputs and outputs.","help":{"concept":"A function contract tells other programmers what values a function expects and what result or behavior it provides.","hint_1":"A contract is about how to use the function correctly, not about changing Python syntax.","hint_2":"Pick the option that mentions expected arguments and returned result."},"options":{"a":"It explains what inputs the function expects and what it returns","b":"It automatically fixes bugs in the function","c":"It makes the function run faster","d":"It replaces the need for function names"}},"mc-good-docstring-features":{"title":"Features of a helpful docstring","prompt":"Which statements describe a helpful function docstring? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for statements that make the function easier to use correctly.","help":{"concept":"Helpful docstrings are specific, match the code, and explain the function's behavior clearly enough for someone to call it correctly.","hint_1":"Good docstrings usually mention what the function returns or does with its inputs.","hint_2":"Select the choices that are clear and accurate, not vague or unrelated."},"options":{"a":"It clearly says what the function returns or does","b":"It matches the actual behavior of the code","c":"It should be as vague as possible so it works for any function","d":"It can mention important input expectations"}},"mc-return-vs-print-contract":{"title":"Return vs print in a contract","prompt":"A docstring says a function returns a value. Which code patterns fit that contract? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for functions that send a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"When a contract says a function returns a value, the function should use `return` so the caller can store or reuse the result.","hint_1":"Printing shows output, but it does not give the caller a reusable value.","hint_2":"Choose the options that use `return` to produce the result."},"options":{"a":"`return a + b`","b":"`return name.upper()`","c":"`print(a + b)`","d":"`print(\"Done\")`"}},"dr-docstring-order":{"title":"Order of a documented function","prompt":"Put these parts in the correct order for a simple documented function.","hint":"Start with the function header, then the docstring, then the body.","help":{"concept":"A documented function is written in a standard order: definition line first, docstring next, then the executable code.","hint_1":"The docstring belongs inside the function, not before the `def` line.","hint_2":"After the docstring, place the statement that computes or returns the result."},"tokens":{"t1":"`def double(number):`","t2":"`\"\"\"Return twice number.\"\"\"`","t3":"`return number * 2`"}},"dr-contract-reading":{"title":"Read a function contract in order","prompt":"Arrange these ideas in a sensible order for understanding a function contract.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"Inputs the function expects","t2":"What the function does","t3":"Value the function returns"}},"fb-return-word":{"title":"Complete the docstring wording","prompt":"Choose the word that best completes the docstring.","hint":"The sentence describes giving a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"A docstring should describe the value sent back to the caller when the function does not merely print.","hint_1":"Choose the verb used in function documentation for a value sent back to the caller.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that means the function gives a result back to the caller."},"template":"`\"\"\"[blank1] the sum of two numbers.\"\"\"`","choices":["Return","Print","Loop through","Import"]},"fb-docstring-position":{"title":"Complete the function example","prompt":"Choose the line that correctly fills the blank.","hint":"The missing line should be the docstring, not code that runs the calculation.","help":{"concept":"The docstring is a descriptive string placed as the first statement inside the function body.","hint_1":"The blank comes right after the function header.","hint_2":"Choose the triple-quoted string that describes the function's result."},"template":"```python\ndef square(number):\n [blank1]\n return number * number\n```","choices":["`\"\"\"Return the square of number.\"\"\"`","`print(number * number)`","`number * number`","`square(number)`"]},"ci-add-docstring":{"title":"Add a matching docstring","prompt":"Add a docstring under `make_lower(text)` that clearly says what the function returns.","hint":"Read the task \"Add a matching docstring\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def make_lower(text):\n # Add a docstring below.\n return text.lower()","solutionCode":"def make_lower(text):\n \"\"\"Return the lowercase version of text.\"\"\"\n return text.lower()"},"ci-write-contract-function":{"title":"Write a documented function with a clear contract","prompt":"Write `repeat_word(word, times)` so it returns the repeated text, and add a docstring that explains that contract clearly.","hint":"Read the task \"Write a documented function with a clear contract\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def repeat_word(word, times):\n # Add a docstring and return the repeated word.\n pass","solutionCode":"def repeat_word(word, times):\n \"\"\"Return word repeated times times.\"\"\"\n return word * times"},"ci-fix-print-vs-return":{"title":"Fix the contract mismatch","prompt":"The docstring says `total_price(price, tax)` should return the total, but the starter code prints it instead. Fix the function so its behavior matches the docstring.","hint":"Read the task \"Fix the contract mismatch\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def total_price(price, tax):\n \"\"\"Return the total of price and tax.\"\"\"\n print(price + tax)","solutionCode":"def total_price(price, tax):\n \"\"\"Return the total of price and tax.\"\"\"\n return price + tax"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-checkpoint":{"title":"Write a documented helper","prompt":"Define `square(number)` with a docstring and return the square of the number. Print `square(5)`.","hint":"Place a triple-quoted string as the first line inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A docstring describes the function contract for readers and tools.","hint_1":"Place a triple-quoted string as the first line inside the function.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def square(number):\n # Add a docstring and return the square.\n pass\n\nprint(square(5))\n","solutionCode":"def square(number):\n \"\"\"Return number multiplied by itself.\"\"\"\n return number * number\n\nprint(square(5))\n"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-sketch0":{"title":"Write a documented helper","prompt":"A docstring explains what the function expects and returns.","hint":"Add a docstring and return text stripped and title-cased.","help":{"concept":"Add a docstring and return text stripped and title-cased.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"def clean_name(text):\n # Add a docstring and return text stripped and title-cased.\n pass\n\nprint(clean_name(' ava '))\n","solutionCode":"def clean_name(text):\n \"\"\"Return text stripped of extra space and converted to title case.\"\"\"\n return text.strip().title()\n\nprint(clean_name(' ava '))\n"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-sketch1":{"title":"Return the documented result","prompt":"Make the code match the contract described in the docstring.","hint":"Finish the return statement.","help":{"concept":"Finish the return statement.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"def fahrenheit_to_celsius(temp):\n \"\"\"Return Celsius for a Fahrenheit temperature.\"\"\"\n # Finish the return statement.\n pass\n\nprint(round(fahrenheit_to_celsius(32), 1))\n","solutionCode":"def fahrenheit_to_celsius(temp):\n \"\"\"Return Celsius for a Fahrenheit temperature.\"\"\"\n return (temp - 32) * 5 / 9\n\nprint(round(fahrenheit_to_celsius(32), 1))\n"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-sketch2":{"title":"Use a contract-style check","prompt":"The implementation should follow the stated contract exactly.","hint":"Start with the first missing line.","help":{"concept":"Start with the first missing line.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"def is_valid_score(score):\n \"\"\"Return True when score is between 0 and 100 inclusive.\"\"\"\n pass\n\nprint(is_valid_score(105))\nprint(is_valid_score(95))\n","solutionCode":"def is_valid_score(score):\n \"\"\"Return True when score is between 0 and 100 inclusive.\"\"\"\n return 0 <= score <= 100\n\nprint(is_valid_score(105))\nprint(is_valid_score(95))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `square(number)` with a docstring and return the square of the number. Print `square(5)`."},"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A docstring explains what the function expects and returns."},"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Make the code match the contract described in the docstring."},"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The implementation should follow the stated contract exactly."},"allowReveal":true}},"module-6-name-badge-package":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Name Badge Package","summary":"Build the welcome-table badge app one helper at a time so it grows from name cleanup into a polished multi-file package.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A club needs badges before the event starts"},"project":{"title":"Name Badge Package"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Create the name cleaner module"},"mp_2":{"title":"Add the badge helper module"},"mp_3":{"title":"Document and clean the badge helper"},"mp_4":{"title":"Print the final welcome badge"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-create-clean-name-module":{"title":"Create the name cleaner module","prompt":"Start the badge app by moving name cleanup into its own helper file. Create `tools/names.py` with `clean_name(text)`, import it in `main.py`, read one name from input, and print the cleaned result.","hint":"Put the reusable cleaning logic in `tools/names.py`, then let `main.py` call it.","help":{"concept":"A helper module keeps reusable logic out of `main.py`, which makes the badge app easier to grow.","hint_1":"In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)` and return `text.strip().title()`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `clean_name`, read input, and print the cleaned name."},"starterCode":"raw_name = input()\n\n# Start the badge app by moving name cleanup into tools/names.py.\n# Import clean_name, then print the cleaned version of raw_name.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name(text) inside tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip whitespace."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"mp-2-add-badge-helper":{"title":"Add the badge helper module","prompt":"Keep the working `clean_name` helper from the last step. Now add `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`, import it in `main.py`, read a role too, and print the finished badge.","hint":"Leave `tools/names.py` working, add one new helper file, then connect it in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"This step adds a second helper file so each module has one clear job: names clean names, badges format badge text.","hint_1":"Create `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, clean the name first, then pass `name` and `role` into `make_badge(...)`."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\n\n# Keep the name cleaner working, then add tools.badges.\n# Import make_badge and print the finished badge for this cleaned name and role.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":""},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"# Add make_badge(name, role) here.\n# Return one formatted string for the badge.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.badges."},"1":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"2":{"message":"make_badge should uppercase the role."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"mp-3-document-badge-helper":{"title":"Document and clean the badge helper","prompt":"Start from the working two-helper badge app. Keep the output the same, but improve `tools/badges.py` by adding a docstring and cleaning the role before uppercasing it.","hint":"This step refines the helper in place instead of changing the overall app flow.","help":{"concept":"Small helper functions are easier to maintain when they explain themselves and handle messy input cleanly.","hint_1":"Add a triple-quoted docstring under `def make_badge(name, role):`.","hint_2":"Store `role.strip().upper()` in a variable before returning the badge text."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n\n# Keep this badge flow working.\n# Add the next improvement inside tools/badges.py.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":""},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n # Add a docstring that explains what this helper returns.\n # Then clean role before uppercasing it so extra spaces do not reach the badge.\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n \"\"\"Return a formatted badge label for a cleaned name and role.\"\"\"\n clean_role = role.strip().upper()\n return f\"{clean_role} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Add a docstring to make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"1":{"message":"Clean the role before uppercasing it."},"2":{"message":"Uppercase the role in make_badge."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"mp-4-package-welcome-message":{"title":"Print the final welcome badge","prompt":"Start from the documented badge app. Keep both helpers, store the badge in a variable, and replace the direct badge print with one friendly final line that begins with `Welcome!`.","hint":"Reuse the existing helper flow, but make the final output feel like a polished handoff.","help":{"concept":"The final app uses small helper modules to make the main program read like a simple story: get input, clean it, build the badge, print the welcome message.","hint_1":"Use `badge = make_badge(name, role)` after cleaning the name.","hint_2":"Print one line that starts with `Welcome!` and includes the badge text."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n\n# Replace the line above with one polished welcome message.\n# Store the badge in a variable, then print a line that starts with Welcome!.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":""},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n \"\"\"Return a formatted badge label for a cleaned name and role.\"\"\"\n clean_role = role.strip().upper()\n return f\"{clean_role} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(f\"Welcome! {badge}\")\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n \"\"\"Return a formatted badge label for a cleaned name and role.\"\"\"\n clean_role = role.strip().upper()\n return f\"{clean_role} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Build the badge with make_badge() instead of hard-coding the final text."},"1":{"message":"Print the final welcome message."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(f\"Welcome! {badge}\")\n"},"try-module-6-name-badge-package-sketch0":{"title":"Create the first badge helper file","prompt":"Set up the first helper for the badge app.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print the cleaned version of `\" ava \"`.","hint":"Put `clean_name` in `tools/names.py`, then import it in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"The badge project starts by moving name-cleaning into its own helper file.","hint_1":"In `tools/names.py`, return `text.strip().title()` from `clean_name(text)`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `clean_name` and print `clean_name(\" ava \")`."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/names.py with clean_name(text).\n# Then import clean_name from tools.names and print clean_name(\" ava \").\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import clean_name from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name in tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip spaces."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_6_name_badge_package_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Set up the first helper for the badge app.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print the cleaned version of `\" ava \"`."},"allowReveal":true}},"parameters-and-return-values":{"label":"Parameters and Return Values","summary":"Pass data into functions and return results.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Parameters let a function work with different values"},"sketch1":{"title":"Returning a value is different from printing it"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-parameter-role":{"title":"What a parameter does","prompt":"In `def greet(name):`, what is `name`?","hint":"Look at the value that gets passed into the function call.","help":{"concept":"A parameter is a variable in a function definition that receives a value when the function is called.","hint_1":"`name` appears inside the parentheses of the function definition, so it is part of the function's input.","hint_2":"Ask which choice describes a placeholder that gets its value from a call like `greet(\"Ava\")`."},"options":{"a":"A parameter that receives an argument value","b":"A printed output line","c":"A list method","d":"A return statement"}},"sc-return-purpose":{"title":"Why use return","prompt":"What does `return` do in a Python function?","hint":"Think about how a function sends a result back to the code that called it.","help":{"concept":"The `return` statement ends the function call and gives a value back to the caller.","hint_1":"Unlike `print`, `return` does not mainly display text in the output panel.","hint_2":"Choose the option about sending a result out of the function so it can be stored or used later."},"options":{"a":"It repeats the function automatically","b":"It sends a value back to the caller","c":"It creates a new parameter","d":"It renames the function"}},"mc-return-uses":{"title":"Ways to use a returned value","prompt":"Which statements correctly use a function's returned value? Choose all that apply.","hint":"A returned value can be stored, printed, or used inside another expression.","help":{"concept":"Returned values behave like regular values, so they can be assigned, printed, or combined in expressions.","hint_1":"Look for lines where the function call appears where a normal value could appear.","hint_2":"A function call that returns a number can go on the right side of `=` or inside `print(...)`."},"options":{"a":"`total = add(2, 3)`","b":"`print(add(2, 3))`","c":"`return = add(2, 3)`","d":"`def add = (2, 3)`"}},"mc-print-vs-return":{"title":"Print versus return","prompt":"Which statements about `print` and `return` are true? Choose all that apply.","hint":"One shows output now, and the other gives a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"`print` displays text in the output panel, while `return` passes a value back from the function.","hint_1":"Think about whether the result can be reused later in another variable or expression.","hint_2":"Choose the statements that match these roles: visible output for `print`, reusable result for `return`."},"options":{"a":"`print` sends visible text to the output panel","b":"`return` can give a result back to the caller","c":"`print` and `return` always do exactly the same job","d":"`return` can only be used outside functions"}},"dr-function-flow":{"title":"Order of a function call","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for what happens when a function with parameters is called.","hint":"Start with the call, then think about values entering the function and a result coming back.","help":{"concept":"A function call follows a sequence: call the function, pass arguments into parameters, run the body, then return a result.","hint_1":"The function body cannot run until the arguments have been matched to the parameters.","hint_2":"The returned value comes after the body finishes its calculation."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call the function with argument values","t2":"Those values are assigned to the parameters","t3":"The function body runs using those parameter values","t4":"The function returns a result to the caller"}},"dr-build-function":{"title":"Build a simple return function","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a function that takes one parameter and returns double the value.","hint":"The function header comes first, then the return line, then the call that uses the result.","help":{"concept":"A basic function definition needs a header, an indented body, and then any code that calls the function.","hint_1":"The `return` line must be inside the function, so it belongs directly under the `def` line.","hint_2":"The line that prints the result should come after the function has been defined."},"tokens":{"t1":"def double(number):","t2":"return number * 2","t3":"result = double(5)","t4":"print(result)"}},"fb-call-argument":{"title":"Fill the argument","prompt":"Complete the function call so the function receives the number 7.","hint":"The blank is the value being passed into the function call.","help":{"concept":"An argument is the actual value you place inside the parentheses when calling a function.","hint_1":"The function name is already written, so the missing part is the value inside the parentheses.","hint_2":"Choose the number that would be passed into `show_score` as its input."},"template":"show_score([blank1])","choices":["show_score","7","return"]},"fb-return-expression":{"title":"Complete the return line","prompt":"Choose the expression that makes the function return the sum of `price` and `tax`.","hint":"The blank should be the value expression after `return`.","help":{"concept":"A return statement can send back the result of an expression, such as adding two parameters together.","hint_1":"Both `price` and `tax` are already available as parameter names in the function.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that adds the two parameter values instead of naming a keyword or only one variable."},"template":"return [blank1]","choices":["price + tax","def","price"]},"ci-make-label":{"title":"Return a label string","prompt":"Write `make_label(item, count)` so it returns a label string like `Apples: 3`.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def make_label(item, count):\n # return a string like \"Apples: 3\"\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_label(item, count):\n return item + \": \" + str(count)"},"ci-calculate-tip":{"title":"Return a tip amount","prompt":"Write `calculate_tip(bill, percent)` so it returns just the tip amount for that bill and percent.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def calculate_tip(bill, percent):\n # return the tip amount\n pass","solutionCode":"def calculate_tip(bill, percent):\n return bill * percent / 100"},"ci-first-item":{"title":"Return the first list item","prompt":"Write `first_item(items)` so it returns the first element from the list.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def first_item(items):\n # return the first element from the list\n pass","solutionCode":"def first_item(items):\n return items[0]"},"try-parameters-and-return-values-checkpoint":{"title":"Return a doubled number","prompt":"Define `double(number)` so it returns twice the input. Print `double(7)`.","hint":"Use `return number * 2`.","help":{"concept":"A return value sends a result back to the caller.","hint_1":"Use `return number * 2`.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def double(number):\n # Return twice the number.\n pass\n\nprint(double(7))\n","solutionCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\nprint(double(7))\n"},"try-parameters-and-return-values-sketch0":{"title":"Return a sum","prompt":"Use parameters to receive values and `return` to send back the result.","hint":"Return the sum of a and b.","help":{"concept":"Return the sum of a and b.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"def add(a, b):\n # Return the sum of a and b.\n pass\n\nprint(add(3, 4))\n","solutionCode":"def add(a, b):\n return a + b\n\nprint(add(3, 4))\n"},"try-parameters-and-return-values-sketch1":{"title":"Format a full name","prompt":"Return a string built from two parameters.","hint":"Return first and last with one space between them.","help":{"concept":"Return first and last with one space between them.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n # Return first and last with one space between them.\n pass\n\nprint(full_name('Ava', 'Smith'))\n","solutionCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n return first + ' ' + last\n\nprint(full_name('Ava', 'Smith'))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_parameters_and_return_values_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `double(number)` so it returns twice the input. Print `double(7)`."},"try_parameters_and_return_values_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use parameters to receive values and `return` to send back the result."},"try_parameters_and_return_values_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Return a string built from two parameters."},"allowReveal":true}},"print-vs-return":{"label":"Print vs Return","summary":"Understand when to display output and when to return data from a function so other code can keep using the result.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Printing shows a value; returning gives it back"},"sketch1":{"title":"A worked comparison: same output, different usefulness"},"sketch2":{"title":"When should you print, and when should you return?"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"pvrs-sc-1":{"title":"Which statement describes return?","prompt":"Which statement best describes what `return` does in a function?","hint":"Think about whether the value is only shown or sent back to the code that called the function.","help":{"concept":"`return` gives a result back to the caller so it can be stored, reused, or combined with other values.","hint_1":"A returned value can be assigned to a variable like `result = my_function()`.","hint_2":"Look for the option about sending a value back from the function, not just displaying it."},"options":{"a":"It sends a value back from the function to the caller.","b":"It always prints a value in the output panel.","c":"It repeats the function from the beginning.","d":"It creates a new parameter automatically."}},"pvrs-sc-2":{"title":"Which function result can be reused?","prompt":"A function should calculate a number and let later code multiply that number by 10. Which approach is best?","hint":"The later code needs the function's result as a value, not just visible output.","help":{"concept":"When later code must keep using a result, the function should return that result instead of only printing it.","hint_1":"If the function only prints, another expression cannot directly use that printed value in a calculation.","hint_2":"Choose the option where the function gives the number back so another line can store it and multiply it."},"options":{"a":"Use `return` inside the function and store the result in a variable.","b":"Use `print()` inside the function and assume later code can multiply the printed text.","c":"Add more parameters until the function becomes reusable.","d":"Put the multiplication inside the function even if other code needs the original result."}},"pvrs-mc-1":{"title":"Choose the true statements","prompt":"Which statements about `print()` and `return` are true? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Separate what the user sees in the output panel from what the rest of the program can keep using.","help":{"concept":"`print()` is for display, while `return` is for producing a value that calling code can use.","hint_1":"A returned value can be assigned to a variable; printed output is just displayed.","hint_2":"Pick the options that describe display versus reusable results correctly."},"options":{"a":"`print()` displays output for the user to see.","b":"`return` can send a value back to the code that called the function.","c":"A function can never use both `print()` and `return`.","d":"If a function only prints a value, that printed value is automatically stored in a variable."}},"pvrs-mc-2":{"title":"Ways to use a returned value","prompt":"A function `make_label(name)` returns a string. Which lines use that returned value correctly? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for lines where the function call becomes part of another expression or is stored for later use.","help":{"concept":"A returned value behaves like any other value, so it can be stored, printed, or combined with other strings.","hint_1":"If the function returns text, valid uses include assignment and string concatenation.","hint_2":"Choose the lines where the function call is treated like a string value produced by the function."},"options":{"a":"`label = make_label(\"Mia\")`","b":"`print(make_label(\"Mia\"))`","c":"`message = make_label(\"Mia\") + \"!\"`","d":"`return = make_label(\"Mia\")`"}},"pvrs-dr-1":{"title":"Order the return flow","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for code that returns a value and then prints it.","hint":"Start with the function call, then think about what the function sends back, then what gets displayed.","help":{"concept":"When a function returns a value, the call runs first, the value comes back to the caller, it can be stored, and then it may be printed.","hint_1":"The function must run before a variable can receive its returned value.","hint_2":"The displayed output happens after the returned value has already come back and been used by the calling code."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call the function.","t2":"The function computes a result.","t3":"The function returns the value.","t4":"The caller stores or uses that value.","t5":"`print()` can display it."}},"pvrs-dr-2":{"title":"Build a reusable pattern","prompt":"Arrange these code pieces into a sensible pattern for using a returned value.","hint":"First define the function, then call it, then store the result, then display or reuse it.","help":{"concept":"A common pattern is define a function with `return`, call it, save the returned value, and then use that value later.","hint_1":"The function definition must come before the call that uses it.","hint_2":"After the call returns a value, that value should be assigned before a later `print()` uses the variable."},"tokens":{"t1":"`def add_one(n):`","t2":"` return n + 1`","t3":"`result = add_one(4)`","t4":"`print(result)`"}},"pvrs-fb-1":{"title":"Complete the keyword","prompt":"Choose the word that correctly completes the function so it sends a value back.","hint":"The missing word should give the result back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"A function uses a dedicated statement to send a computed value back to its caller.","hint_1":"`print` shows output, but this blank needs the keyword that hands the value back.","hint_2":"Choose the Python keyword used before an expression like `n * 2` when a function should produce a reusable result."},"template":"def double(n):\n [blank1] n * 2","choices":["print","return","input","def"]},"pvrs-fb-2":{"title":"Complete the display line","prompt":"Choose the code that displays the returned value from `get_name()` in the output panel.","hint":"The function already returns the value, so the missing part should show that value.","help":{"concept":"If a function returns a value and you want to display it, wrap the function call in `print()`.","hint_1":"The blank is not inside the function definition; it is the line that shows the returned result.","hint_2":"Choose the option that calls the function and sends its result to the output panel."},"template":"[blank1]","choices":["print(get_name())","return get_name()","def get_name()","get_name = print()"]},"pvrs-code-1":{"title":"Return a doubled value","prompt":"Write `double_number(n)` so it returns double the input instead of printing it.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def double_number(n):\n # return double the input\n pass","solutionCode":"def double_number(n):\n return n * 2"},"pvrs-code-2":{"title":"Return a greeting string","prompt":"Write `make_greeting(name)` so it returns a greeting string like `Hello, Ava`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n # return a greeting like Hello, Ava\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n return \"Hello, \" + name"},"pvrs-code-3":{"title":"Return a total instead of printing it","prompt":"Write `add_prices(price1, price2)` so it returns the total of the two prices instead of printing it.","hint":"Trace the code before choosing the option that matches its actual behavior.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def add_prices(price1, price2):\n # return the total of the two prices\n pass","solutionCode":"def add_prices(price1, price2):\n return price1 + price2"},"try-print-vs-return-checkpoint":{"title":"Return, then print","prompt":"Define `add(a, b)` so it returns the sum. Then print `add(3, 4)`.","hint":"The function should return the value; the call site should print it.","help":{"concept":"Returning a value and printing a value are separate actions.","hint_1":"The function should return the value; the call site should print it.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def add(a, b):\n # Return the sum.\n pass\n\n# Print the result of add(3, 4).\n","solutionCode":"def add(a, b):\n return a + b\n\nprint(add(3, 4))\n"},"try-print-vs-return-sketch0":{"title":"Return then print","prompt":"The function returns the value; the caller prints it.","hint":"Return 'Hi, ' + name instead of printing inside the function.","help":{"concept":"Return 'Hi, ' + name instead of printing inside the function.","hint_1":"Run after the edit so the connection between the statement and its effect stays visible.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def make_message(name):\n # Return 'Hi, ' + name instead of printing inside the function.\n pass\n\nmessage = make_message('Ava')\nprint(message)\n","solutionCode":"def make_message(name):\n return 'Hi, ' + name\n\nmessage = make_message('Ava')\nprint(message)\n"},"try-print-vs-return-sketch1":{"title":"Use a returned number","prompt":"Returned values can be stored and used in more expressions.","hint":"Store double(6) in result, then print result + 1.","help":{"concept":"Store double(6) in result, then print result + 1.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\n# Store double(6) in result, then print result + 1.\n","solutionCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\nresult = double(6)\nprint(result + 1)\n"},"try-print-vs-return-sketch2":{"title":"Avoid printing None","prompt":"Print the returned string, not the function object.","hint":"Print label('zoe').","help":{"concept":"Print label('zoe').","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"def label(name):\n return name.upper()\n\n# Print label('zoe').\n","solutionCode":"def label(name):\n return name.upper()\n\nprint(label('zoe'))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_print_vs_return_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `add(a, b)` so it returns the sum. Then print `add(3, 4)`."},"try_print_vs_return_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The function returns the value; the caller prints it."},"try_print_vs_return_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Returned values can be stored and used in more expressions."},"try_print_vs_return_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Print the returned string, not the function object."},"allowReveal":true}},"scope-and-local-variables":{"label":"Scope and Local Variables","summary":"Understand where variables exist and why local scope matters.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What local scope means"},"sketch1":{"title":"Inside a function is different from outside"},"sketch2":{"title":"Parameters are local too"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-q1":{"title":"Find the local variable","prompt":"In this code, which name is local to the function?\n\n```python\ncolor = \"blue\"\n\ndef paint():\n shade = \"dark\"\n return color + \" \" + shade\n```","hint":"Look for the name created inside `paint()`.","help":{"concept":"A local variable is created inside a function and is meant to be used only during that function call.","hint_1":"`color` is assigned before the function starts. Check which name is assigned inside the function body.","hint_2":"The local name is the one introduced on the line `... = \"dark\"` inside `paint()`."},"options":{"a":"color","b":"paint","c":"shade","d":"return"}},"sc-q2":{"title":"Parameter scope","prompt":"What is true about a parameter like `name` in `def greet(name):`?","hint":"Think about where the parameter can be used directly.","help":{"concept":"Parameters are local names created for a function call, so they belong to that function's scope.","hint_1":"A parameter gets its value when the function is called, not everywhere in the program.","hint_2":"Ask whether `name` is meant to exist only inside `greet(...)` or in all code automatically."},"options":{"a":"It exists only inside the function call unless returned or passed elsewhere.","b":"It automatically becomes a global variable.","c":"It can only store numbers.","d":"It disappears before the function starts."}},"mc-q1":{"title":"Choose the local names","prompt":"Which names are local in this code? Choose all that apply.\n\n```python\ntax = 5\n\ndef total(price):\n fee = 2\n final_price = price + fee + tax\n return final_price\n```","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"tax","b":"price","c":"fee","d":"final_price"}},"mc-q2":{"title":"Why local scope helps","prompt":"Why are local variables useful? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about how functions stay organized and avoid name mix-ups.","help":{"concept":"Local scope helps functions stay independent, readable, and safer because temporary names do not leak into the rest of the program.","hint_1":"A good answer should mention keeping function work separate or preventing accidental reuse of temporary names.","hint_2":"Look for benefits like reducing conflicts and making each function manage its own temporary data."},"options":{"a":"They help prevent temporary names inside one function from interfering with other code.","b":"They make it easier for a function to keep its own working values.","c":"They force every variable in a program to have the same name.","d":"They automatically print returned values."}},"dr-q1":{"title":"Order a function call","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for what happens when `double(4)` runs in a function that returns `number * 2`.","hint":"Start with the call, then the parameter gets a value, then the calculation happens, then the result is returned.","help":{"concept":"A function call gives values to parameters, runs the function body, computes a result, and then returns that result.","hint_1":"The parameter cannot be used until the function is called with an argument.","hint_2":"After `number` gets `4`, the multiplication happens before the value is sent back."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call `double(4)`","t2":"Set local parameter `number` to `4`","t3":"Compute `number * 2`","t4":"Return the result"}},"dr-q2":{"title":"Trace local variable creation","prompt":"Arrange the steps to describe this function call correctly.\n\n```python\ndef greet(person):\n message = \"Hi \" + person\n return message\n```","hint":"The argument fills the parameter first, then the local variable is built, then the function returns it.","help":{"concept":"During a function call, the argument becomes the parameter value, local variables are created from that value, and the return statement sends the final result back.","hint_1":"`person` gets its value before `message` can be created.","hint_2":"The returned value comes last, after the string has been built inside the function."},"tokens":{"t1":"Pass an argument into `person`","t2":"Create local variable `message`","t3":"Build the text `\"Hi \" + person`","t4":"Return `message`"}},"fb-q1":{"title":"Complete the local assignment","prompt":"Choose the missing word to make `score` a local variable inside the function.","hint":"The blank should be the variable name being assigned inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A variable assigned inside a function becomes local to that function call.","hint_1":"The line is creating a new name inside the function body.","hint_2":"Match the blank to the variable described as belonging only to the function call."},"template":"def show_score():\n [blank1] = 10\n return score","choices":["score","return","show_score","def"]},"fb-q2":{"title":"Complete the parameter use","prompt":"Fill the blank with the correct local name.","hint":"Use the parameter name from the function header.","help":{"concept":"A parameter is a local name, so code inside the function should use that parameter name directly.","hint_1":"The function header already tells you the local name to use.","hint_2":"Look at the parameter position inside the function header and choose the same name used by the function body."},"template":"def triple(value):\n return [blank1] * 3","choices":["value","triple","return","3"]},"code-q1":{"title":"Return a local calculation","prompt":"Write `add_tax(price)` so it calculates `price + 5`, stores that result in a local variable named `total`, and then returns `total`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def add_tax(price):\n # store the result in a local variable named total\n # then return it\n pass","solutionCode":"def add_tax(price):\n total = price + 5\n return total","checks":{"0":{"message":"add_tax should return price plus 5."},"1":{"message":"add_tax should work for a different number too."},"2":{"message":"Return the value instead of printing it."}}},"code-q2":{"title":"Use a parameter as a local name","prompt":"Write `make_label(word)` so it builds the finished string in a local variable named `label`, then returns `label`.","hint":"Read the task \"Use a parameter as a local name\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def make_label(word):\n # create a local variable named label\n # return the finished string\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_label(word):\n label = \"Item: \" + word\n return label","checks":{"0":{"message":"make_label should prefix the word with `Item: `."},"1":{"message":"make_label should work with another input word."},"2":{"message":"Return the string instead of printing it."}}},"code-q3":{"title":"Compute with two local variables","prompt":"Write `rectangle_area(width, height)` so it computes the area, stores it in a local variable named `area`, and returns `area`.","hint":"Read the task \"Compute with two local variables\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def rectangle_area(width, height):\n # create a local variable named area\n # return the area\n pass","solutionCode":"def rectangle_area(width, height):\n area = width * height\n return area","checks":{"0":{"message":"rectangle_area should multiply width by height."},"1":{"message":"rectangle_area should work for another pair of numbers."},"2":{"message":"Return the area instead of printing it."}}},"try-scope-and-local-variables-checkpoint":{"title":"Use a local variable","prompt":"Define `make_message(name)` with a local variable named `message`, then return it. Print the result for `Ava`.","hint":"Create the message inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A local variable exists inside the function where it is created.","hint_1":"Create the message inside the function.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def make_message(name):\n # Create a local variable named message.\n pass\n\nprint(make_message(\"Ava\"))\n","solutionCode":"def make_message(name):\n message = f\"Hello, {name}!\"\n return message\n\nprint(make_message(\"Ava\"))\n"},"try-scope-and-local-variables-sketch0":{"title":"Use a local variable","prompt":"A local variable exists inside the function that creates it.","hint":"Create local variable total = price + 2.","help":{"concept":"Create local variable total = price + 2.","hint_1":"Create local variable total = price + 2 Then return total.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def add_tax(price):\n # Create local variable total = price + 2.\n # Return total.\n pass\n\nprint(add_tax(8))\n","solutionCode":"def add_tax(price):\n total = price + 2\n return total\n\nprint(add_tax(8))\n"},"try-scope-and-local-variables-sketch1":{"title":"Pass data as a parameter","prompt":"Pass the outside value into the function as an argument.","hint":"Return 'Welcome, ' + person.","help":{"concept":"Return 'Welcome, ' + person.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"name = 'Ava'\n\ndef welcome(person):\n # Return 'Welcome, ' + person.\n pass\n\nprint(welcome(name))\n","solutionCode":"name = 'Ava'\n\ndef welcome(person):\n return 'Welcome, ' + person\n\nprint(welcome(name))\n"},"try-scope-and-local-variables-sketch2":{"title":"Keep variables separate","prompt":"A parameter can have the same name but still be local to the function.","hint":"Return count plus one.","help":{"concept":"Return count plus one.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"count = 5\n\ndef add_one(count):\n # Return count plus one.\n pass\n\nprint(add_one(count))\nprint(count)\n","solutionCode":"count = 5\n\ndef add_one(count):\n return count + 1\n\nprint(add_one(count))\nprint(count)\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_scope_and_local_variables_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `make_message(name)` with a local variable named `message`, then return it. Print the result for `Ava`."},"try_scope_and_local_variables_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A local variable exists inside the function that creates it."},"try_scope_and_local_variables_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Pass the outside value into the function as an argument."},"try_scope_and_local_variables_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A parameter can have the same name but still be local to the function."},"allowReveal":true}},"using-imports-and-helper-files":{"label":"Building a Multi-File Python App","summary":"Create module files inside a folder, import your own functions into main.py, and connect the pieces into a small app.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your app can have more than one file"},"sketch1":{"title":"Import from a file inside a folder"},"sketch2":{"title":"Build a small tool folder"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"Why split code into files?","prompt":"Why would a Python project put reusable functions in files such as `tools/names.py` instead of putting every line in `main.py`?","hint":"Think about keeping the main app readable and reusing the same logic later.","help":{"concept":"A module file can hold reusable functions. `main.py` can stay focused on the app flow: read input, call functions, and print results.","hint_1":"Look for the option about organization and reuse.","hint_2":"The goal is not to make more work. The goal is to keep each file responsible for a clear job."},"options":{"a":"It keeps reusable code organized and lets `main.py` import it","b":"It makes Python ignore errors in the imported file","c":"It means the project can only run with one input value","d":"It prevents functions from returning values"}},"q2":{"title":"Choose the direct import","prompt":"You created `tools/names.py` with a function named `clean_name`. Which line imports that function into `main.py`?","hint":"The path uses the folder name, then the file name without `.py`, then the function name.","help":{"concept":"To import from a module inside a folder, use `from folder.file import function`. For `tools/names.py`, the module path is `tools.names`.","hint_1":"Do not include `.py` in the import line.","hint_2":"The correct form starts with `from tools.names import ...`."},"options":{"a":"from tools.names import clean_name","b":"from tools/names.py import clean_name","c":"import clean_name from tools.names","d":"from clean_name import tools.names"}},"q3":{"title":"Good module responsibilities","prompt":"Choose all examples that are good jobs for a small module file in this lesson.","hint":"Pick jobs that are reusable and focused.","help":{"concept":"Good module files usually hold related functions, such as text cleanup, formatting, scoring, or report building.","hint_1":"A module should have a clear purpose.","hint_2":"Avoid choices that put unrelated random code into one file."},"options":{"a":"`tools/names.py` cleans and formats names","b":"`tools/badges.py` builds badge text from a name and role","c":"`tools/random_everything.py` mixes unrelated code with no clear job","d":"`main.py` must copy every function from every module before it can run"}},"q4":{"title":"Valid imported calls","prompt":"Which calls are valid after the matching import? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Match the call style to the import style.","help":{"concept":"After `from tools.names import clean_name`, call `clean_name(...)` directly. After `import tools.badges as badges`, call `badges.make_badge(...)`.","hint_1":"Direct imports use the function name directly.","hint_2":"Alias imports use the alias before the dot."},"options":{"a":"After `from tools.names import clean_name`, use `clean_name(\" ava \")`","b":"After `import tools.badges as badges`, use `badges.make_badge(\"Ava\", \"coder\")`","c":"After `from tools.names import clean_name`, use `tools.names.clean_name(\"Ava\")` without importing `tools`","d":"After `import tools.badges as badges`, use `make_badge.badges(\"Ava\")`"}},"q5":{"title":"Order the module workflow","prompt":"Put these steps in the order you would use when adding your own module file to a small app.","hint":"Create the file before importing from it.","help":{"concept":"Python can import a module only after the file exists in the expected folder path. Then `main.py` can call functions from that file.","hint_1":"The folder and file come before the import.","hint_2":"The function call happens after the import line."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create the `tools` folder","t2":"Create a module file such as `tools/names.py`","t3":"Define a function inside that module file","t4":"Import and call the function from `main.py`"}},"q6":{"title":"Build the import flow","prompt":"Arrange these lines so `main.py` imports a formatter and prints the returned result.","hint":"Import first, then call, then print.","help":{"concept":"A main file usually imports the function it needs, calls it with data, and prints or stores the returned value.","hint_1":"The import line must run before the function call.","hint_2":"Print the stored message after the function returns it."},"tokens":{"t1":"from tools.reports import mission_report","t2":"message = mission_report(\"SCOUT badge: Zoe\", 18)","t3":"print(message)"}},"q7":{"title":"Complete the function import","prompt":"Fill in the missing function name to import it from `tools.names`.","hint":"This is the function that cleans extra spaces and capitalization.","help":{"concept":"`from tools.names import clean_name` imports the `clean_name` function from the `names.py` file inside the `tools` folder.","hint_1":"The missing word is the function name, not the folder name.","hint_2":"Choose the name that describes cleaning a name."},"template":"from tools.names import [blank1]","choices":["clean_name","tools","names.py","input"]},"q8":{"title":"Complete the module path","prompt":"Fill in the missing folder name in this import line.","hint":"The module files for this project live inside one folder.","help":{"concept":"The import path `tools.badges` means Python should look for `badges.py` inside the `tools` folder.","hint_1":"Do not type `.py` in the import path.","hint_2":"Choose the folder that contains `badges.py`."},"template":"from [blank1].badges import make_badge","choices":["tools","badges.py","main","print"]},"q9":{"title":"Create a name-cleaning module","prompt":"This project is starting a small helper package. Create a `tools` folder, add `tools/names.py`, and define `clean_name(text)` there. Then import `clean_name` from `tools.names` in `main.py`, clean the input name, and print it.\n\nFor example, if the input is `aVA`, your program should print:\n`Ava`.","hint":"The required path is `tools/names.py`. The import line in `main.py` should be `from tools.names import clean_name`.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Inside it, create tools/names.py.\n# Define clean_name(text) in that file.\n\nraw_name = input()\n\n# Import clean_name from tools.names.\n# Print the cleaned name.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name(text) inside tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip whitespace."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"q10":{"title":"Add a badge module","prompt":"The helper folder needs one more tool. Create `tools/badges.py`, import `make_badge` from `tools.badges`, clean the input name, build the badge text, and print it.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `lina` and `artist`, your program should print:\n`ARTIST badge: Lina`.","hint":"Create `tools/badges.py`, then import with `from tools.badges import make_badge`.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\n\n# Create tools/badges.py.\n# Import make_badge from tools.badges.\n# Clean the name, build the badge, and print it.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.badges."},"1":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"2":{"message":"make_badge should uppercase the role."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"q11":{"title":"Build a mission report module","prompt":"Now connect the helper modules into one final report. Create `tools/reports.py`, import `mission_report` from `tools.reports`, and print the finished mission report.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `zoe`, `scout`, and `18`, your program should print:\n`Mission report: SCOUT badge: Zoe has 18 points`.","hint":"This step combines three files: `tools/names.py`, `tools/badges.py`, and your new `tools/reports.py`.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\npoints = int(input())\n\n# Create tools/reports.py.\n# Import mission_report from tools.reports.\n# Print the final mission report.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\nfrom tools.reports import mission_report\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\npoints = int(input())\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(mission_report(badge, points))\n"},"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"},"tools_reports_py":{"content":"def mission_report(badge, points):\n return f\"Mission report: {badge} has {points} points\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.reports."},"1":{"message":"Define mission_report in tools/reports.py."},"2":{"message":"Call mission_report() from main.py."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\nfrom tools.reports import mission_report\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\npoints = int(input())\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(mission_report(badge, points))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-checkpoint":{"title":"Import from a helper file","prompt":"Build this as a small two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py`.\n2. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import `clean_name` with `from tools.names import clean_name`.\n4. Read one name with `input()`, clean it, and print the result.","hint":"Create `tools/names.py` first, then import `clean_name` in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"A helper module lets `main.py` stay short while another file handles one focused job.","hint_1":"Put `clean_name(text)` in `tools/names.py`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `clean_name`, call it with the raw input, and print the cleaned name."},"starterCode":"raw_name = input()\n\n# Import clean_name from tools.names.\n# Print the cleaned name.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name(text) inside tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip whitespace."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-sketch0":{"title":"Create and import a name helper","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print `clean_name(\" ava \")`.","hint":"Put `clean_name` in `tools/names.py`, then import it in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"This card is about moving the helper out of `main.py`, not keeping everything in one file.","hint_1":"In `tools/names.py`, return `text.strip().title()` from `clean_name(text)`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, use `from tools.names import clean_name`, then print `clean_name(\" ava \")`."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/names.py with clean_name(text).\n# Then import clean_name from tools.names and print clean_name(\" ava \").\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import clean_name from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name in tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip spaces."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-sketch1":{"title":"Create and import a badge helper","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/badges.py`.\n2. In `tools/badges.py`, define `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. Return `ROLE badge: Name` with the role uppercased.\n4. In `main.py`, import `make_badge`.\n5. Print a student badge for Ava.","hint":"Create `tools/badges.py`, then import `make_badge` in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"The formatting helper belongs in its own module so `main.py` only connects the pieces.","hint_1":"In `tools/badges.py`, return `f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `make_badge` and print `make_badge(\"Ava\", \"student\")`."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/badges.py with make_badge(name, role).\n# Then import make_badge from tools.badges and print a student badge for Ava.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.badges import make_badge\n\nprint(make_badge(\"Ava\", \"student\"))\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import make_badge from tools.badges."},"1":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"2":{"message":"Uppercase the role inside make_badge."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.badges import make_badge\n\nprint(make_badge(\"Ava\", \"student\"))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-sketch2":{"title":"Connect two helper modules","prompt":"Build this as a small multi-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py` with `clean_name(text)`.\n2. Create `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import both helpers.\n4. Clean `\" mia \"`.\n5. Build a mentor badge from the cleaned name and print it.","hint":"Import both helpers in `main.py`, then clean the name before calling `make_badge`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices the full pattern: helper files do the work, and `main.py` wires them together.","hint_1":"Use `from tools.names import clean_name` and `from tools.badges import make_badge`.","hint_2":"Clean `\" mia \"`, pass the result into `make_badge(..., \"mentor\")`, and print the badge."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/names.py with clean_name(text).\n# Create tools/badges.py with make_badge(name, role).\n# Then import both helpers, clean \" mia \", and print a mentor badge.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nname = clean_name(\" mia \")\nprint(make_badge(name, \"mentor\"))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import clean_name from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Import make_badge from tools.badges."},"2":{"message":"Define clean_name in tools/names.py."},"3":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"4":{"message":"Call clean_name in main.py."},"5":{"message":"Call make_badge in main.py."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nname = clean_name(\" mia \")\nprint(make_badge(name, \"mentor\"))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a small two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py`.\n2. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import `clean_name` with `from tools.names import clean_name`.\n4. Read one name with `input()`, clean it, and print the result."},"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print `clean_name(\" ava \")`."},"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/badges.py`.\n2. In `tools/badges.py`, define `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. Return `ROLE badge: Name` with the role uppercased.\n4. In `main.py`, import `make_badge`.\n5. Print a student badge for Ava."},"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a small multi-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py` with `clean_name(text)`.\n2. Create `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import both helpers.\n4. Clean `\" mia \"`.\n5. Build a mentor badge from the cleaned name and print it."},"allowReveal":true}}},"python-7-files-exceptions-and-data-cleaning":{"module-7-clean-student-records":{"label":"Module Project: Clean Student Records","summary":"Grow one small cleaner from a raw file preview into a shareable cleaned output file.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A messy student file lands in your inbox"},"project":{"title":"Clean Student Records"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Read the student file"},"mp_2":{"title":"Clean and validate one row"},"mp_3":{"title":"Skip bad rows and collect records"},"mp_4":{"title":"Write cleaned records"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-read-student-file":{"title":"Read the student file","prompt":"A student group emailed you `data/students.csv` and asked what is inside it. Read the file and print every raw row without extra blank lines so you can inspect the data before cleaning it.","hint":"Open the file, loop through each line, and print the stripped line.","help":{"concept":"A real cleaning job usually starts by inspecting the raw file before changing anything.","hint_1":"Use `with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:`.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, print `line.strip()` to avoid extra blank lines."},"starterCode":"# Read data/students.csv and print every line without extra blank lines.\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read data/students.csv instead of typing the file contents."}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"mp-2-clean-one-row":{"title":"Clean and validate one row","prompt":"Start from the raw-file preview you already built. Keep that context, then add `clean_row(line)` so one row becomes a dictionary with a cleaned name and integer score. Read the first row again and print the cleaned dictionary.","hint":"Leave the file shape familiar: define one helper, then reuse the file to test it on the first row.","help":{"concept":"A cleaning function gives the rest of the program one dependable shape for each valid row.","hint_1":"Split the row with `line.strip().split(\",\")`.","hint_2":"Return `{\"name\": ..., \"score\": ...}` with a title-cased name and an integer score."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n# Keep the raw-file preview above as your starting point.\n# Next, write clean_row(line) so one row becomes a cleaned dictionary.\ndef clean_row(line):\n # Split the row, clean the name, and convert the score to int.\n pass\n\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\n# Print the cleaned first row dictionary.\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n"},"mp-3-skip-bad-rows":{"title":"Skip bad rows and collect records","prompt":"Keep `clean_row(line)` from the last step. Now build a list named `records` by looping through the file, appending valid cleaned rows, and skipping `ValueError` rows so the cleaner keeps moving.","hint":"Reuse `clean_row(line)` inside the loop instead of re-cleaning the pieces by hand.","help":{"concept":"In real data files, some rows are broken. A cleaner should keep good rows and quietly move past bad ones.","hint_1":"Start with `records = []` before the loop.","hint_2":"Append inside `try`, then skip `ValueError` rows in `except`."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n # Keep using clean_row(line), but only save the rows that work.\n # Skip ValueError rows so the project keeps moving.\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(records)\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use try/except to skip bad rows."}},"solutionCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"mp-4-write-clean-records":{"title":"Write cleaned records","prompt":"Start from the cleaned-record builder you already have. Keep that logic, then write the valid rows to `output/clean_students.csv` and replace the preview print with a short completion message.","hint":"Turn the working `records` list into a deliverable file and a quick confirmation.","help":{"concept":"The final step of a cleaning job is delivering a clean artifact, not just printing data to the screen.","hint_1":"Create `output/` if needed, then open `output/clean_students.csv` in write mode.","hint_2":"Write one cleaned record per line, then print how many clean records were saved."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n\n# Replace the preview print with the shareable output file.\n# Create output/, write output/clean_students.csv, and print how many clean records were saved.\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\nPath(\"output\").mkdir(exist_ok=True)\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nwith open(\"output/clean_students.csv\", \"w\") as file:\n for record in records:\n file.write(f\"{record['name']},{record['score']}\\n\")\n\nprint(f\"Wrote {len(records)} clean records\")\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write the clean records file."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to create the output CSV."}},"solutionCode":"from pathlib import Path\nPath(\"output\").mkdir(exist_ok=True)\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nwith open(\"output/clean_students.csv\", \"w\") as file:\n for record in records:\n file.write(f\"{record['name']},{record['score']}\\n\")\n\nprint(f\"Wrote {len(records)} clean records\")\n"},"try-module-7-clean-student-records-sketch0":{"title":"Clean the first row from the file","prompt":"Open `data/students.csv`, read the first row, clean the name and score, and print `Ava:92`.","hint":"Read the first line from the file, split it, clean both pieces, and print them with a colon.","help":{"concept":"This card practices cleaning a real row from the same file shape used in the project.","hint_1":"Use `with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:` and `first_row = file.readline()`.","hint_2":"Split the row, use `.strip().title()` for the name, and print `name:score`."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\n# Clean the first row and print Ava:92.\n","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\nname, score = first_row.split(\",\")\nprint(f\"{name.strip().title()}:{score.strip()}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read the row from data/students.csv."},"1":{"message":"Split the row into name and score."},"2":{"message":"Strip spaces from the name and score."},"3":{"message":"Title-case the student name."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_module_7_clean_student_records_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `data/students.csv`, read the first row, clean the name and score, and print `Ava:92`."},"allowReveal":true}},"reading-text-files":{"label":"Reading Text Files","summary":"Open files, read text, and close resources safely.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why read text files?"},"sketch1":{"title":"Reading all text or line by line"},"sketch2":{"title":"Relative paths and safe file access"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-read-mode":{"title":"Read mode","prompt":"Which file mode is used to open a text file for reading?","hint":"Use the question wording and the lesson example to narrow the choices.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Compare each option to the exact topic named in the question.","hint_2":"Remove options that do not match the concept or evidence named in the question."},"options":{"a":"r","b":"w","c":"a","d":"x"}},"sc-relative-path":{"title":"Relative path example","prompt":"Which path correctly refers to a file named `story.txt` inside a folder named `data`?","hint":"Use the folder name, then the file name.","help":{"concept":"A relative path describes a file's location from the current workspace location using folder names separated by `/`.","hint_1":"The folder should come before the file name.","hint_2":"Choose the option that looks like folder slash file."},"options":{"a":"story.txt/data","b":"data/story.txt","c":"/data/story.txt","d":"data-story.txt"}},"mc-with-open-benefits":{"title":"Why use with open","prompt":"Choose all true statements about using `with open(...) as file:` when reading text files.","hint":"Think about what `with` does for the file resource and how you access the file inside the block.","help":{"concept":"`with open(...) as file:` creates a managed file block. You use the file variable inside the block, and Python handles closing the file afterward.","hint_1":"Look for statements about automatic closing and using the variable after `as`.","hint_2":"Two statements are correct: one about cleanup and one about the file variable name."},"options":{"a":"It helps make sure the file is closed after the block ends.","b":"It creates a variable like `file` that you can call `.read()` on.","c":"It always writes new text into the file before reading.","d":"It only works for files in the same folder, not nested folders."}},"mc-read-methods":{"title":"Reading methods","prompt":"Choose all statements that are true about `read()` and `readlines()`.","hint":"One returns a single string, and the other returns a list of lines.","help":{"concept":"`read()` gets the whole file as one string, while `readlines()` returns a list where each item is a line, often including newline characters.","hint_1":"Look for the options describing one big string and a list of lines.","hint_2":"Two options are correct: one mentions a single string, and one mentions newline characters in line items."},"options":{"a":"`read()` can return the whole file as one string.","b":"`readlines()` returns a list of lines.","c":"`read()` always removes every newline character automatically.","d":"`readlines()` returns one number for each line."}},"dr-read-file-steps":{"title":"Order the reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for reading and printing a file's contents.","hint":"Start by opening the file, then read, then print.","help":{"concept":"A basic file-reading flow is: open the file, read its contents into a variable, then use that value such as by printing it.","hint_1":"The file must be opened before `.read()` can be used.","hint_2":"After reading into a variable, the last step is showing the result in the output panel."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open the file with `with open(..., \"r\") as file:`","t2":"Read the text with `file.read()`","t3":"Store the result in a variable","t4":"Print the variable"}},"dr-build-path":{"title":"Build a relative path","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make the relative path to `report.txt` inside the `data` folder.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"data","t2":"/","t3":"report.txt"}},"fb-read-call":{"title":"Complete the read call","prompt":"Fill in the missing method name to read all text from an open file.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"template":"text = file.[blank1]()","choices":["read","write","close","open"]},"fb-open-mode":{"title":"Complete the open mode","prompt":"Fill in the missing mode so the file is opened for reading.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"[blank1]\") as file:","choices":["r","w","a","x"]},"ci-read-and-print":{"title":"Print a file's contents","prompt":"Open `data/message.txt`, read the file's contents, and print the text you find there.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Hello from file reading!`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print a file's contents\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/message.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # read the file and print its contents\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/message.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n text = file.read()\n print(text)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/message.txt to read the file."}}},"ci-first-line":{"title":"Print only the first line","prompt":"Open `data/notes.txt`, read only the first line, and print it without the ending newline character.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Apples`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print only the first line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/notes.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # read the first line only\n # print it without the ending newline\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/notes.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n first = file.readline().rstrip(\"\\n\")\n print(first)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/notes.txt to read the file."}}},"ci-count-lines":{"title":"Count lines in a text file","prompt":"Open `data/list.txt`, count how many lines are in the file, and print that number.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`3`.","hint":"Read the task \"Count lines in a text file\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/list.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # count the lines and print the number\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/list.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n lines = file.readlines()\n print(len(lines))","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/list.txt to count the lines."}}},"try-reading-text-files-checkpoint":{"title":"Read a text file","prompt":"Read `data/note.txt` and print its contents without adding extra text.","hint":"Use `with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:` and `file.read()`.","help":{"concept":"Open the file, read the text, and print exactly what was stored there.","hint_1":"Use `with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:`.","hint_2":"Call `file.read()` and print the result without adding extra words."},"starterCode":"# Read data/note.txt and print its contents.\n","starterFiles":{"data_note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file!\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n"},"data_note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file!\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/note.txt instead of typing the file contents."}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n"},"try-reading-text-files-sketch0":{"title":"Read and print a note file","prompt":"Open `note.txt`, read all of its text, and print exactly what is in the file.","hint":"Use `with open(\"note.txt\") as file:` and print `file.read()`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices reading one whole file at once.","hint_1":"Open `note.txt` first, then call `file.read()` inside the `with` block.","hint_2":"Print only the saved text from the file."},"starterCode":"# Read note.txt and print its contents without extra blank lines.\n","starterFiles":{"note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open('note.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"},"note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open note.txt instead of typing the file contents."}},"solutionCode":"with open('note.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"},"try-reading-text-files-sketch1":{"title":"Print each line from a file","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, loop through the file, and print each name on its own line.","hint":"Use `for line in file:` and print `line.strip()`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices reading one line at a time with a loop.","hint_1":"Open `names.txt`, then use `for line in file:`.","hint_2":"Print `line.strip()` so each name shows once without extra blank lines."},"starterCode":"# Read names.txt and print each line without extra blank lines.\n","starterFiles":{"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open names.txt instead of typing the names directly."}},"solutionCode":"with open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"try-reading-text-files-sketch2":{"title":"Count file lines","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, count how many lines it has, and print the number.","hint":"Start with `count = 0`, then add 1 for each line in the file.","help":{"concept":"This card practices using a counter while you read a file line by line.","hint_1":"Open `names.txt`, loop through it, and increase `count` inside the loop.","hint_2":"After the loop ends, print the final count."},"starterCode":"count = 0\n\n# Read names.txt, count the lines, and print count.\n","starterFiles":{"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"count = 0\nwith open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n count += 1\nprint(count)\n"},"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read names.txt instead of typing the final count."},"1":{"message":"Loop through the file lines to count them."},"2":{"message":"Use open(...) to read the file."}},"solutionCode":"count = 0\nwith open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n count += 1\nprint(count)\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_reading_text_files_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read `data/note.txt` and print its contents without adding extra text."},"try_reading_text_files_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `note.txt`, read all of its text, and print exactly what is in the file."},"try_reading_text_files_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, loop through the file, and print each name on its own line."},"try_reading_text_files_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, count how many lines it has, and print the number."},"allowReveal":true}},"simple-csv-processing":{"label":"Simple CSV Processing","summary":"Use the csv module to read comma-separated rows, access values by column name, and clean simple data while processing rows safely.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Reading CSV rows as dictionaries"},"sketch1":{"title":"Cleaning values from CSV rows"},"sketch2":{"title":"Skipping bad rows safely"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-import-csv":{"title":"Why import csv?","prompt":"Why do you write `import csv` before using `csv.DictReader`?","hint":"Think about where `DictReader` comes from.","help":{"concept":"`DictReader` is part of Python's standard library `csv` module, so the module must be imported before you can use `csv.DictReader`.","hint_1":"Look for the choice that says the code is making CSV tools available from a module.","hint_2":"Without the import, Python does not know what `csv` refers to."},"options":{"a":"It makes the `csv` module available so you can use `csv.DictReader`.","b":"It automatically cleans spaces from every CSV value.","c":"It turns every CSV value into an integer.","d":"It creates a new CSV file if one does not exist."}},"sc-dictreader-row-type":{"title":"What does DictReader produce?","prompt":"When you loop through `csv.DictReader(file)`, what is each `row` most like?","hint":"Think about accessing values with column names like `row[\"name\"]`.","help":{"concept":"`csv.DictReader` uses the header row as keys, so each row behaves like a dictionary mapping column names to text values.","hint_1":"If you can use a column name inside square brackets, the row is key-based.","hint_2":"The header labels become keys such as `name` and `score`."},"options":{"a":"A dictionary that maps column names to values","b":"A single integer from the row","c":"A list of file names","d":"A function that cleans the row"}},"mc-clean-score-steps":{"title":"Clean a score value","prompt":"A CSV row has `row[\"score\"] == \" 12 \"`. Which steps correctly prepare it for math? Choose all that apply.","hint":"You need a number, not spaced text.","help":{"concept":"CSV values are read as strings. To use a numeric field in math, remove extra spaces if needed and convert the cleaned text to an integer.","hint_1":"One correct step removes surrounding spaces, and another converts text to a number.","hint_2":"Methods like `.strip()` clean text, while `int(...)` changes the type."},"options":{"a":"Use `.strip()` on the score text","b":"Use `int(...)` on the cleaned score text","c":"Leave it as text and add 1 directly","d":"Use `dict(row)` to turn the score into a number"}},"mc-good-csv-processing":{"title":"Useful CSV processing patterns","prompt":"Which snippets are good beginner patterns for simple CSV processing? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for patterns that use the csv module and column names clearly.","help":{"concept":"Good beginner CSV processing uses `import csv`, `csv.DictReader`, and clear access by header names. Printing `dict(row)` is also useful for inspecting a row safely.","hint_1":"One correct option reads rows with `csv.DictReader`, and another prints a full row dictionary for inspection.","hint_2":"Avoid choices that claim CSV values become numbers automatically or that skip importing the module."},"options":{"a":"`import csv` followed by `reader = csv.DictReader(file)`","b":"`print(dict(row))` inside a loop to inspect each row","c":"Using `row[\"score\"]` to access a named column","d":"Assuming `row[\"score\"]` is already an integer without conversion"}},"dr-read-csv-order":{"title":"Order the CSV reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for reading a CSV file with `DictReader` and printing one column.","hint":"Start by making the csv tools available, then open the file, then create the reader.","help":{"concept":"A CSV-reading script usually follows a sequence: import the module, open the file, create a `DictReader`, loop through rows, then access values by column name.","hint_1":"The loop happens after the reader is created.","hint_2":"Accessing `row[\"name\"]` must happen inside the loop, after a row exists."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(row[\"name\"])","t2":": for row in reader","t3":"reader = csv.DictReader(file)","t4":"with open(\"names.csv\") as file","t5":"import csv"}},"dr-clean-row-order":{"title":"Order the row-cleaning steps","prompt":"Arrange these actions in the order that cleans a score and then uses it in math.","hint":"Get the text first, clean it, convert it, then calculate.","help":{"concept":"When cleaning numeric CSV data, first read the text value, then strip spaces, then convert to `int`, and only after that use it in arithmetic.","hint_1":"Arithmetic should happen after conversion to an integer.","hint_2":"`.strip()` belongs before `int(...)`, because it cleans the text that `int` will read."},"tokens":{"t1":"add 1 to the integer score","t2":"convert the cleaned text with `int(...)`","t3":"read `row[\"score\"]`","t4":"remove spaces with `.strip()`"}},"fb-dictreader-name":{"title":"Choose the CSV reader tool","prompt":"Complete the code so rows can be accessed by column name.","hint":"Use the csv tool that creates dictionary-like rows.","help":{"concept":"Choose the csv reader that uses the header row as dictionary keys for every later record.","hint_1":"The missing value is the reader class name after `csv.`.","hint_2":"It is not `reader` or `split`; it is the CSV helper that starts with `Dict`."},"template":"reader = csv.[blank1](file)","choices":["DictReader","reader","split","Writer"]},"fb-strip-choice":{"title":"Choose the cleaning method","prompt":"Fill in the missing method to remove spaces around a CSV value.","hint":"This string method removes spaces from both ends.","help":{"concept":"Choose the string-cleaning method that removes whitespace from both ends before conversion.","hint_1":"The missing method is called on a string like `row[\"name\"]`.","hint_2":"It is the method that turns `\" Ava \"` into `\"Ava\"`."},"template":"clean_name = row[\"name\"].[blank1]()","choices":["strip","append","write","read"]},"ci-print-clean-names":{"title":"Print cleaned names from a CSV file","prompt":"Read `students.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, clean each name as you loop through the rows, and print the cleaned names.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Ava`\n`Ben`.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"students.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n # print the cleaned name\n pass","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"students.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n print(row[\"name\"].strip())","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Strip each CSV name before printing it."}}},"ci-sum-valid-scores":{"title":"Sum valid scores from CSV","prompt":"Read `scores.csv`, clean each score, try to convert it to an integer, and add only the valid numbers to `total`. Print `total` after the loop.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`16`.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n # try to convert the cleaned score and add it to total\n pass\n\nprint(total)","solutionCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n try:\n total += int(row[\"score\"].strip())\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(total)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use try/except for invalid score values."},"1":{"message":"Convert score text with int()."}}},"ci-write-summary-file":{"title":"Write a CSV summary file","prompt":"Build a short report from `scores.csv`. As you loop, update `valid_rows` and `total_score` for rows with valid integer scores, then write those results to `summary.txt` and print the file contents.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`valid_rows: 2`\n`total_score: 16`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\nvalid_rows = 0\ntotal_score = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n # update valid_rows and total_score for rows with valid integer scores\n pass\n\n# write summary.txt, then print its contents","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nvalid_rows = 0\ntotal_score = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n try:\n score = int(row[\"score\"].strip())\n valid_rows += 1\n total_score += score\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nwith open(\"summary.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(f\"valid_rows: {valid_rows}\\n\")\n file.write(f\"total_score: {total_score}\\n\")\n\nwith open(\"summary.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use try/except for invalid score values."},"1":{"message":"Write the summary to summary.txt."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-checkpoint":{"title":"Read the first CSV row","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, and print the name on one line and the score on the next line.","hint":"Import `csv`, create `csv.DictReader(file)`, then use the first row.","help":{"concept":"This card starts the lesson with a real CSV file instead of a hard-coded string row.","hint_1":"Use `import csv` and `with open(\"scores.csv\") as file:`.","hint_2":"Create `reader = csv.DictReader(file)`, get the first row, and print `row[\"name\"]` and `row[\"score\"]`."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Print the first row name, then the first row score.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n row = next(reader)\n print(row[\"name\"])\n print(row[\"score\"])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read scores.csv."},"1":{"message":"Open scores.csv for this step."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-sketch0":{"title":"Clean one CSV row from a file","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, strip spaces from the `name` and `score`, and print each cleaned value on its own line.","hint":"Read the first row from `csv.DictReader`, then use `.strip()` on both values.","help":{"concept":"This card practices cleaning text values after reading them from a CSV file.","hint_1":"Use `row[\"name\"].strip()` and `row[\"score\"].strip()`.","hint_2":"Print the cleaned name first, then the cleaned score."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Read the first row, strip the name and score, and print them on separate lines.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n row = next(reader)\n print(row[\"name\"].strip())\n print(row[\"score\"].strip())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read the row."},"1":{"message":"Strip spaces from the CSV values."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-sketch1":{"title":"Loop through CSV rows","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, loop through every row, and print each one as `name: score`.","hint":"Loop through the reader and build one formatted line from each row.","help":{"concept":"This card practices row-by-row CSV processing with named columns.","hint_1":"Use `for row in reader:` after you create `csv.DictReader(file)`.","hint_2":"Print `f\"{row[\"name\"]}: {row[\"score\"]}\"` for each row."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Loop through the rows and print each one as name: score.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n print(f'{row[\"name\"]}: {row[\"score\"]}')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read the rows."},"1":{"message":"Loop through the CSV rows instead of hard-coding the output."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-sketch2":{"title":"Add CSV scores","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, convert each score to an integer, add the scores into `total`, and print `total`.","hint":"Loop through the reader, convert `row[\"score\"]` with `int(...)`, and add it to `total`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices the full CSV pattern: read rows, convert score text, and do math safely.","hint_1":"Start with `total = 0`, then loop through `csv.DictReader(file)`.","hint_2":"Use `int(row[\"score\"])` inside the loop before adding to `total`."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Convert each score to int, add it into total, and print total.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n total += int(row[\"score\"])\n\nprint(total)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read the rows."},"1":{"message":"Loop through the CSV rows instead of hard-coding the total."},"2":{"message":"Convert the score text with int()."},"3":{"message":"Add each numeric score into total."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_simple_csv_processing_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, and print the name on one line and the score on the next line."},"try_simple_csv_processing_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, strip spaces from the `name` and `score`, and print each cleaned value on its own line."},"try_simple_csv_processing_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, loop through every row, and print each one as `name: score`."},"try_simple_csv_processing_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, convert each score to an integer, add the scores into `total`, and print `total`."},"allowReveal":true}},"try-except-basics":{"label":"Try/Except Basics","summary":"Catch expected errors and keep programs usable.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What try/except does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Only the risky line needs protection"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use exceptions to keep programs usable"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"What happens after a caught conversion error?","prompt":"A program runs this pattern:\n\n```python\ntry:\n number = int(text)\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Bad number\")\n```\n\nIf `text` is `\"cat\"`, what happens?","hint":"Think about what `int()` does with text that is not a valid whole number.","help":{"concept":"`except ValueError` handles failures from `int()` when text cannot be converted to an integer.","hint_1":"`int(\"cat\")` cannot produce a number, so Python raises a `ValueError`.","hint_2":"Because that specific error is caught, the program runs the `except` block instead of stopping immediately."},"options":{"a":"The `except` block runs and prints `Bad number`","b":"The `try` block prints the converted number","c":"Python ignores the bad text and uses 0","d":"The program always stops before reaching `except`"}},"q2":{"title":"Which error fits int conversion?","prompt":"Which exception type should you catch when `int(user_text)` might fail because the text is not a valid integer?","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"NameError","b":"ValueError","c":"IndexError","d":"SyntaxError"}},"q3":{"title":"Why use try/except here?","prompt":"Choose all true reasons to use `try/except` around `int(text)` when cleaning messy input.","hint":"Look for benefits related to handling bad numeric text safely.","help":{"concept":"`try/except` is useful when some values may be invalid and you want the program to respond safely instead of crashing.","hint_1":"Think about what happens when one item is bad in a larger set of inputs.","hint_2":"Correct choices should mention graceful handling and continued program flow, not guaranteed conversion success."},"options":{"a":"It lets the program handle invalid numeric text without crashing immediately","b":"It can show a fallback message when conversion fails","c":"It guarantees every string will become an integer","d":"It can help a loop continue processing later values after one bad value"}},"q4":{"title":"Which inputs would trigger ValueError?","prompt":"Choose all values that would raise `ValueError` in `int(value)`.","hint":"Pick the strings that are not valid whole-number text.","help":{"concept":"`int()` accepts strings like `\"12\"` or `\"-3\"`, but rejects text with letters or decimal points in string form for plain integer conversion.","hint_1":"A minus sign with digits is still a valid integer string.","hint_2":"Look for values containing letters or a decimal point as text."},"options":{"a":"\"18\"","b":"\"blue\"","c":"\"4.5\"","d":"\"-2\""}},"q5":{"title":"Order of execution when conversion fails","prompt":"Put these steps in the order they happen when `int(text)` raises `ValueError` inside a `try/except` block.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"Python enters the `try` block","t2":"`int(text)` raises `ValueError`","t3":"The rest of the `try` block is skipped","t4":"The matching `except` block runs"}},"q6":{"title":"Build a basic try/except pattern","prompt":"Arrange these code pieces into a correct basic pattern that converts input text to an integer and handles bad input.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"try:","t2":"number = int(text)","t3":"print(number)","t4":"except ValueError:","t5":"print(\"Invalid input\")"}},"q7":{"title":"Name the catching keyword","prompt":"Complete the code keyword that handles the error after `try`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"try:\n number = int(text)\n[blank1] ValueError:\n print(\"Bad input\")","choices":["except","return","while","import"]},"q8":{"title":"Choose the risky conversion","prompt":"Fill in the expression that can raise `ValueError` when the text is not a valid integer.","hint":"Use the built-in conversion from text to integer.","help":{"concept":"The risky step in this pattern is converting text with `int(...)`, because some strings are not valid integers.","hint_1":"The missing code should attempt to turn `user_text` into a whole number.","hint_2":"Choose the expression that calls Python's integer conversion function on the variable."},"template":"try:\n number = [blank1]\n print(number)\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid\")","choices":["int(user_text)","print(user_text)","len(user_text)","str(user_text)"]},"q9":{"title":"Catch a bad integer input","prompt":"A number scanner might receive invalid text. Convert the input inside a `try` block, then print either the formatted number or an invalid message.\n\nFor example, if the input is `27`, your program should print:\n`Number: 27`.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# Convert the text to an integer inside try.\n# Print either the converted result or an invalid message.","solutionCode":"text = input()\n\ntry:\n number = int(text)\n print(f\"Number: {number}\")\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid number\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"q10":{"title":"Add two inputs safely","prompt":"Two score entries arrive as text. Convert both values inside `try`, then print the sum or an invalid message if either value cannot be turned into an integer.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `8` and `5`, your program should print:\n`Sum: 13`.","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"first_text = input()\nsecond_text = input()\n\n# Convert both values inside try.\n# Print the sum or an invalid message.","solutionCode":"first_text = input()\nsecond_text = input()\n\ntry:\n first_number = int(first_text)\n second_number = int(second_text)\n print(f\"Sum: {first_number + second_number}\")\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid input\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"q11":{"title":"Count valid numbers","prompt":"A comma-separated list may contain bad entries. Loop through each part, try to convert it to `int`, count only the valid integers, and print the final count.\n\nFor example, if the input is `3,7,bad,10`, your program should print:\n`Valid count: 3`.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split(\",\")\nvalid_count = 0\n\n# Loop through each part.\n# Try to convert each one to int.\n# Count only the valid integers.\n# Print the final count.","solutionCode":"parts = input().split(\",\")\nvalid_count = 0\n\nfor part in parts:\n try:\n int(part)\n valid_count += 1\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(f\"Valid count: {valid_count}\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through each part."},"1":{"message":"Use try/except around the int conversion."},"2":{"message":"Convert each value with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-checkpoint":{"title":"Handle a bad number","prompt":"Read input and try to convert it to an integer. Print `Valid` if it works, otherwise print `Invalid`.","hint":"Use `try`, `except ValueError`.","help":{"concept":"A `try/except` block handles errors without crashing the program.","hint_1":"Use `try`, `except ValueError`.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# Print Valid for an integer, otherwise Invalid.\n","solutionCode":"text = input()\ntry:\n int(text)\n print(\"Valid\")\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-sketch0":{"title":"Catch a ValueError","prompt":"Catch the specific error caused by an invalid integer conversion.","hint":"Try to convert text to int. Print 'bad number' if it fails.","help":{"concept":"Try to convert text to int. Print 'bad number' if it fails.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"text = 'abc'\n\n# Try to convert text to int. Print 'bad number' if it fails.\n","solutionCode":"text = 'abc'\ntry:\n number = int(text)\n print(number)\nexcept ValueError:\n print('bad number')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-sketch1":{"title":"Use else after try","prompt":"The `else` block runs when no exception happened.","hint":"Convert text to int and print 'ok' only if conversion succeeds.","help":{"concept":"Convert text to int and print 'ok' only if conversion succeeds.","hint_1":"Add the requested statement and run the program to observe its effect.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"text = '42'\n\n# Convert text to int and print 'ok' only if conversion succeeds.\n","solutionCode":"text = '42'\ntry:\n number = int(text)\nexcept ValueError:\n print('bad number')\nelse:\n print('ok')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-sketch2":{"title":"Keep looping after a bad value","prompt":"Use try/except inside the loop so one bad value does not stop the program.","hint":"Print only the values that can be converted to int.","help":{"concept":"Print only the values that can be converted to int.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"values = ['10', 'bad', '3']\n\n# Print only the values that can be converted to int.\n","solutionCode":"values = ['10', 'bad', '3']\nfor value in values:\n try:\n print(int(value))\n except ValueError:\n pass\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through values instead of typing 10 and 3 directly."},"1":{"message":"Use try/except around the int conversion."},"2":{"message":"Convert each value with int()."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_try_except_basics_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read input and try to convert it to an integer. Print `Valid` if it works, otherwise print `Invalid`."},"try_try_except_basics_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Catch the specific error caused by an invalid integer conversion."},"try_try_except_basics_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The `else` block runs when no exception happened."},"try_try_except_basics_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use try/except inside the loop so one bad value does not stop the program."},"allowReveal":true}},"validating-and-cleaning-input":{"label":"Validating and Cleaning Input","summary":"Clean text values, detect missing data, and reject invalid rows without crashing your program.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What validation and cleaning do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Missing values vs invalid values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Put cleaning rules in functions"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-valid-row":{"title":"Which row is valid after cleaning?","prompt":"A program strips spaces from both fields, then requires a non-empty name and an age that can be converted with `int()`. Which row would be accepted?","hint":"Look for a row where spaces can be removed and the age text still becomes a whole number.","help":{"concept":"A row is valid only if cleaning with `strip()` leaves a real name and an age string that `int()` can convert.","hint_1":"Check each option after removing leading and trailing spaces from both values.","hint_2":"Reject rows with an empty cleaned name or an age like a word instead of digits."},"options":{"a":"[' Ava ', ' 12 ']","b":"[' ', '9']","c":"['Leo', 'ten']","d":"['Mia', '4.5']"}},"sc-except-flow":{"title":"What does except catch here?","prompt":"In a `try`/`except ValueError` block, what kind of problem is the `except` meant to handle during `int(age_text)`?","hint":"Think about what happens when text cannot be turned into an integer.","help":{"concept":"`ValueError` is raised when a conversion function like `int()` receives a value of the right general type but with unusable content.","hint_1":"`int()` works for strings like `'7'`, but not for strings that contain words or decimal text in this beginner context.","hint_2":"The problem is not a missing variable name or a syntax mistake in the code editor; it is bad input content during conversion."},"options":{"a":"A text value such as 'ten' that cannot be converted to an integer","b":"A missing `print()` statement","c":"A list index being too large","d":"A file path always being relative"}},"mc-clean-steps":{"title":"Useful cleaning steps","prompt":"Choose all steps that help clean a text row before validation.","hint":"Think about operations that remove formatting noise or standardize text values.","help":{"concept":"Cleaning prepares raw text for validation by removing extra spaces or making formatting more consistent before rule checks happen.","hint_1":"Methods like `strip()` and case normalization help; actions that only display data do not clean it.","hint_2":"Pick the options that change messy input into a more consistent form before checking whether it is valid."},"options":{"a":"Use `strip()` to remove extra spaces around a value","b":"Convert a name like 'aVA' to a consistent case such as title case","c":"Print the row without changing it","d":"Keep all spaces exactly as they were so validation sees the mess"}},"mc-reject-row":{"title":"Which rows should be rejected?","prompt":"A cleaned row is valid only when the name is not empty and the score is an integer from 0 to 100. Choose all rows that should be rejected.","hint":"Check each row after trimming spaces, then test both rules.","help":{"concept":"Validation can involve more than one rule: presence, type conversion, and allowed numeric range.","hint_1":"A row fails if the cleaned name is empty, if the score cannot become an integer, or if the integer is outside 0 to 100.","hint_2":"Look closely at the rows with only spaces for the name, word-based scores, and numbers above the allowed maximum."},"options":{"a":"['Ava', '90']","b":"[' ', '75']","c":"['Leo', 'ten']","d":"['Mia', '105']"}},"dr-clean-order":{"title":"Order the cleaning process","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for cleaning and validating one text value that should become an integer.","hint":"Clean formatting before conversion, and only use the number after conversion succeeds.","help":{"concept":"A reliable cleaning flow removes extra spaces first, then attempts conversion, then uses the converted value for later checks.","hint_1":"If you try `int()` before removing spaces and checking the raw text, your code is harder to reason about.","hint_2":"Start with the original text, clean it, convert it, then continue with numeric validation."},"tokens":{"t1":"Read the text value","t2":"Remove extra spaces with `strip()`","t3":"Convert the cleaned text with `int()`","t4":"Use the integer in later checks"}},"dr-try-except-order":{"title":"Order the try/except flow","prompt":"Arrange these parts to show the usual flow when converting cleaned text to an integer safely.","hint":"The risky conversion belongs inside `try`, and the error handling comes after it.","help":{"concept":"`try` contains code that may fail, while `except` handles a specific error if that failure happens.","hint_1":"Place the conversion attempt after entering `try`, and place the fallback action inside `except ValueError`.","hint_2":"The successful path uses the converted number before the error-handling path appears."},"tokens":{"t1":"Start `try:`","t2":"Attempt `age = int(age_text)`","t3":"Use `age` if conversion worked","t4":"Handle bad input in `except ValueError:`"}},"fb-strip-name":{"title":"Fill the cleaning method","prompt":"Complete the code so it removes extra spaces around the name.","hint":"Use the string method that trims spaces from both ends.","help":{"concept":"Choose the string method that removes whitespace from both ends without changing internal spaces.","hint_1":"The missing value is a method name used like `name.[blank1]()` in Python.","hint_2":"It is the method that turns `' Ava '` into `'Ava'` without changing letters in the middle."},"template":"clean_name = name.[blank1]()","choices":["split","strip","append","write"]},"fb-empty-check":{"title":"Fill the missing comparison","prompt":"Complete the condition so it detects a missing cleaned value.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"if cleaned_name == [blank1]:","choices":["0","None","\"\"","False"]},"ci-clean-name":{"title":"Write a name cleaning function","prompt":"Write `clean_name(text)` so it returns a cleaned version of the name text.","hint":"Read the task \"Write a name cleaning function\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def clean_name(text):\n # return the cleaned name\n pass","solutionCode":"def clean_name(text):\n cleaned = text.strip()\n return cleaned.title()"},"ci-parse-age":{"title":"Parse an age safely","prompt":"Write `parse_age(text)` so it returns an `int` for valid age text and `None` when the text cannot be used as an age.","hint":"Read the task \"Parse an age safely\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def parse_age(text):\n # return an int or None\n pass","solutionCode":"def parse_age(text):\n cleaned = text.strip()\n try:\n return int(cleaned)\n except ValueError:\n return None"},"ci-clean-row":{"title":"Validate and clean one row","prompt":"Write `clean_row(row)` for rows shaped like `[name_text, score_text]`. Return a cleaned dictionary when both values are valid, or `None` when the row should be rejected.","hint":"Read the task \"Validate and clean one row\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(row):\n # row looks like [name_text, score_text]\n # return a cleaned dictionary or None\n pass","solutionCode":"def clean_row(row):\n name = row[0].strip()\n score_text = row[1].strip()\n\n if name == \"\":\n return None\n\n try:\n score = int(score_text)\n except ValueError:\n return None\n\n return {\"name\": name.title(), \"score\": score}"},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-checkpoint":{"title":"Clean and validate a name","prompt":"Read a name. Strip spaces and title-case it. If the cleaned name is empty, print `Missing`; otherwise print the cleaned name.","hint":"Use `.strip()` before checking whether the value is empty.","help":{"concept":"Cleaning input before validation helps programs handle messy text.","hint_1":"Use `.strip()` before checking whether the value is empty.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"name = input()\n\n# Clean and validate the name.\n","solutionCode":"name = input().strip().title()\nif name:\n print(name)\nelse:\n print(\"Missing\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Strip whitespace from the name."},"1":{"message":"Title-case the cleaned name."}}},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-sketch0":{"title":"Clean a name","prompt":"Clean whitespace and capitalization before using user data.","hint":"Strip extra spaces, convert to title case, and print the result.","help":{"concept":"Strip extra spaces, convert to title case, and print the result.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"raw = ' aVA smith '\n\n# Strip extra spaces, convert to title case, and print the result.\n","solutionCode":"raw = ' aVA smith '\nclean = raw.strip().title()\nprint(clean)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use strip() to remove extra spaces."},"1":{"message":"Use title() to normalize the name."}}},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-sketch1":{"title":"Validate a score","prompt":"Check numeric ranges after conversion.","hint":"Convert score_text to int. Print 'valid' if it is from 0 to 100.","help":{"concept":"Convert score_text to int. Print 'valid' if it is from 0 to 100.","hint_1":"Run after the edit so the connection between the statement and its effect stays visible.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"score_text = '92'\n\n# Convert score_text to int. Print 'valid' if it is from 0 to 100.\n","solutionCode":"score_text = '92'\nscore = int(score_text)\nif 0 <= score <= 100:\n print('valid')\nelse:\n print('invalid')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Convert score_text to an integer."},"1":{"message":"Check that the score is within 0 to 100."}}},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-sketch2":{"title":"Clean several rows","prompt":"Split each row, strip each field, and format the cleaned result.","hint":"Print cleaned name:score lines like Ava:92.","help":{"concept":"Print cleaned name:score lines like Ava:92.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"rows = [' ava , 92 ', ' mia , 85 ']\n\n# Print cleaned name:score lines like Ava:92.\n","solutionCode":"rows = [' ava , 92 ', ' mia , 85 ']\nfor row in rows:\n name, score = row.split(',')\n print(f'{name.strip().title()}:{score.strip()}')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through rows instead of typing both cleaned lines."},"1":{"message":"Split each row into name and score."},"2":{"message":"Strip spaces from each part."},"3":{"message":"Title-case each name."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read a name. Strip spaces and title-case it. If the cleaned name is empty, print `Missing`; otherwise print the cleaned name."},"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Clean whitespace and capitalization before using user data."},"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Check numeric ranges after conversion."},"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Split each row, strip each field, and format the cleaned result."},"allowReveal":true}},"working-with-paths":{"label":"Working With Paths","summary":"Understand relative paths and simple file organization.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Relative paths point to files from your current workspace"},"sketch1":{"title":"Folders help organize files clearly"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use simple relative paths, not machine-specific ones"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-relative-path-folder":{"title":"Choose the relative path","prompt":"A file named `input.txt` is inside a folder named `data`. Which path correctly refers to that file in this lesson?","hint":"Use the folder name first, then the file name.","help":{"concept":"A relative path names folders in order from the current workspace location to the target file.","hint_1":"The file is not in the same folder as the code; it is inside `data`.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that joins the folder and file with a forward slash."},"options":{"a":"input.txt/data","b":"data/input.txt","c":"/data/input.txt","d":"data-input.txt"}},"sc-same-folder-path":{"title":"Path for a nearby file","prompt":"Your code and a file named `notes.txt` are in the same folder. Which path should you use to open that file?","hint":"If the file is in the same folder, you do not need to name another folder.","help":{"concept":"A file in the same folder can be opened with just its file name as a relative path.","hint_1":"No extra folder name is needed here.","hint_2":"Choose the shortest valid path that names only the file itself."},"options":{"a":"data/notes.txt","b":"notes.txt","c":"./data/notes.txt","d":"folder/notes.txt"}},"mc-relative-path-benefits":{"title":"Why use relative paths here?","prompt":"Choose all true statements about using relative paths in this lesson.","hint":"Think about paths that work inside the provided workspace and folders.","help":{"concept":"Relative paths are useful because they describe file locations within the project structure instead of depending on one specific machine setup.","hint_1":"Look for statements about project folders and portability inside the lesson workspace.","hint_2":"Select the choices that describe starting from the current workspace and avoiding machine-specific locations."},"options":{"a":"They can point to files in folders like `data/input.txt`.","b":"They depend on one specific computer's full location.","c":"They help organize files by folder.","d":"They always require a full machine-specific location."}},"mc-open-path-examples":{"title":"Valid relative path examples","prompt":"Choose all paths that are valid relative path examples for this lesson's workspace style.","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"notes.txt","b":"data/input.txt","c":"folder -> input.txt","d":"name of the output panel"}},"dr-read-file-steps":{"title":"Order the file-reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for reading a file with a relative path and showing its contents.","hint":"Open first, then read, then display.","help":{"concept":"Reading a file follows a sequence: open the file, get its contents, then print the result.","hint_1":"You cannot read from the file before opening it.","hint_2":"After reading the text into a variable, the last step is to show it in the output panel."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open `data/input.txt` in read mode","t2":"Store the contents in a variable","t3":"Print the variable"}},"dr-build-nested-path":{"title":"Build the path in order","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make the relative path to `report.txt` inside the `data` folder.","hint":"Folder name comes before the slash and file name.","help":{"concept":"A nested relative path is built as folder, slash, then file name.","hint_1":"Start with the folder that contains the file.","hint_2":"The slash separates the folder name from the file name."},"tokens":{"t1":"data","t2":"/","t3":"report.txt"}},"fb-folder-part":{"title":"Complete the folder path","prompt":"Fill in the missing folder name.","hint":"Read the complete relative path and include the folder that appears before the filename.","help":{"concept":"A relative path to a file inside a folder includes the folder name before the slash.","hint_1":"The missing part is the folder that contains `input.txt`.","hint_2":"Use the folder name shown throughout the lesson examples."},"template":"[blank1]/input.txt","choices":["data","input","files","read"]},"fb-same-folder-file":{"title":"Complete the same-folder path","prompt":"Fill in the missing file name for a file in the same folder.","hint":"No folder name is needed here.","help":{"concept":"When a file is in the same folder, the relative path is just the file name.","hint_1":"The blank should be the exact file name, not a folder.","hint_2":"Choose the option that is a plain file name ending with `.txt`."},"template":"[blank1]","choices":["data/notes.txt","notes.txt","/notes.txt","folder/notes.txt"]},"ci-read-nested-file":{"title":"Read from a nested relative path","prompt":"Open `data/input.txt`, read the text from that relative path, and print it.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Hello paths!`.","hint":"Read the task \"Read from a nested relative path\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/input.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # read the text and print it\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/input.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n text = file.read()\n\nprint(text)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/input.txt to read the nested file."}}},"ci-copy-between-paths":{"title":"Copy text to another relative path","prompt":"Copy the text from `data/source.txt` into `data/copy.txt`, then print the copied text so we can confirm both files match.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`apple`\n`banana`.","hint":"Read the task \"Copy text to another relative path\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"# Read from data/source.txt\n# Write the same text to data/copy.txt\n# Print the copied text","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/source.txt\", \"r\") as source:\n text = source.read()\n\nwith open(\"data/copy.txt\", \"w\") as target:\n target.write(text)\n\nprint(text)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read from data/source.txt."},"1":{"message":"Write to data/copy.txt."},"2":{"message":"Use file.write() to create the copy."}}},"ci-count-lines-in-folder":{"title":"Count lines from a file path","prompt":"Open `data/items.txt`, count how many lines it contains, and print the result.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`3`.","hint":"Read the task \"Count lines from a file path\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/items.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # count the lines and print the result\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/items.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n lines = file.readlines()\n\nprint(len(lines))","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/items.txt to count its lines."}}},"try-working-with-paths-checkpoint":{"title":"Use a relative path","prompt":"Use `Path` to read `data/names.txt`, then print the text without extra characters.","hint":"Use `Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"`.","help":{"concept":"Build the relative path first, then use it to read the file.","hint_1":"Create the path with `Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"`.","hint_2":"Read that path and print the file text without extra characters."},"starterCode":"from pathlib import Path\n\n# Build a path to data/names.txt and print its contents.\n","starterFiles":{"data_names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\n\npath = Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"\nprint(path.read_text(), end=\"\")\n"},"data_names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use Path(...) to build the path."},"1":{"message":"Build the path with Path('data') / 'names.txt'."}},"solutionCode":"from pathlib import Path\n\npath = Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"\nprint(path.read_text(), end=\"\")\n"},"try-working-with-paths-sketch0":{"title":"Build a relative path","prompt":"Build the relative path `data/scores.txt` from the `folder` and `filename` variables, then print the path.","hint":"Combine the folder name, a slash, and the file name.","help":{"concept":"This card practices writing a relative path as text.","hint_1":"Use the `folder` variable first, then `/`, then `filename`.","hint_2":"Print the finished path string `data/scores.txt`."},"starterCode":"folder = 'data'\nfilename = 'scores.txt'\n\n# Build data/scores.txt and print it.\n","solutionCode":"folder = 'data'\nfilename = 'scores.txt'\npath = folder + '/' + filename\nprint(path)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Build the path from folder and filename instead of typing the final path."}}},"try-working-with-paths-sketch1":{"title":"Use pathlib for a path","prompt":"Use `Path(\"data\") / \"scores.txt\"`, store it in a variable, and print the path.","hint":"Import `Path`, join the two pieces with `/`, and print the result.","help":{"concept":"This card practices building a path object instead of a plain string.","hint_1":"Create a variable like `path = Path(\"data\") / \"scores.txt\"`.","hint_2":"Print the path variable after you build it."},"starterCode":"from pathlib import Path\n\n# Create Path('data') / 'scores.txt' and print it.\n","solutionCode":"from pathlib import Path\npath = Path('data') / 'scores.txt'\nprint(path)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use Path(...) to build the path."},"1":{"message":"Build the path with Path('data') / 'scores.txt'."}}},"try-working-with-paths-sketch2":{"title":"Read from a folder path","prompt":"Open `data/message.txt`, read the text from that relative path, and print it.","hint":"Use the full relative path `data/message.txt` inside `open(...)`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices using a folder path when the file is not next to `main.py`.","hint_1":"Open `data/message.txt` inside a `with open(...)` block.","hint_2":"Read the file text and print only that text."},"starterCode":"# Open data/message.txt and print its text.\n","starterFiles":{"data_message_txt":{"content":"Nested hello\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open('data/message.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"},"data_message_txt":{"content":"Nested hello\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/message.txt instead of typing Nested hello."}},"solutionCode":"with open('data/message.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_working_with_paths_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `Path` to read `data/names.txt`, then print the text without extra characters."},"try_working_with_paths_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build the relative path `data/scores.txt` from the `folder` and `filename` variables, then print the path."},"try_working_with_paths_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `Path(\"data\") / \"scores.txt\"`, store it in a variable, and print the path."},"try_working_with_paths_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `data/message.txt`, read the text from that relative path, and print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"writing-text-files":{"label":"Writing Text Files","summary":"Create or overwrite text files by opening paths in write or append mode and writing text that you can verify with printed output.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Write mode creates or replaces text"},"sketch1":{"title":"Append mode adds to the end"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use newline characters and verify what you wrote"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-write-vs-append":{"title":"Choose the mode that replaces old text","prompt":"Which file mode should you use when you want to overwrite any existing text in a file with new text?","hint":"Use the question wording and the lesson example to narrow the choices.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Remove options that do not match the concept or evidence named in the question."},"options":{"a":"\"a\"","b":"\"w\"","c":"\"r\"","d":"\"x\""}},"sc-verify-written-text":{"title":"Best way to confirm saved text","prompt":"After writing text to a file in this lesson, what is the best way to make the result visible in the output panel?","hint":"Think about reopening the path and showing the saved contents.","help":{"concept":"File-writing exercises should produce observable output, so a common pattern is to reopen the file and print what was written.","hint_1":"Writing changes the file, but the output panel only shows text you print.","hint_2":"Choose the option that reads the saved text back and displays it."},"options":{"a":"Change the editor theme","b":"Reopen the file and print its contents","c":"Open the notes panel","d":"Rename the variable"}},"mc-append-true-statements":{"title":"Facts about append mode","prompt":"Choose all true statements about opening a file with append mode (`\"a\"`).","hint":"Append mode keeps old text and adds new text after it.","help":{"concept":"Append mode writes at the end of existing contents instead of clearing the file first.","hint_1":"Look for statements that describe keeping existing text.","hint_2":"Reject any option that says append mode erases the file before writing."},"options":{"a":"It keeps the existing contents.","b":"It adds new text at the end of the file.","c":"It always removes everything already in the file.","d":"It can be used to add another line to a log."}},"mc-good-writing-patterns":{"title":"Useful patterns when writing text files","prompt":"Choose all practices that fit this topic's file-writing workflow.","hint":"Think about writing text, then making the result observable.","help":{"concept":"Beginner file-writing programs often use `with open(...)` for safe access, newline characters for line breaks, and printed verification after writing.","hint_1":"Look for patterns involving `with open`, `\\n`, and printing saved text.","hint_2":"Avoid choices unrelated to writing or checking file contents."},"options":{"a":"Use `with open(...)` so the file is handled cleanly.","b":"Use `\\n` when you want the next text on a new line.","c":"Print the saved contents after writing so the result is visible.","d":"Change the notes panel before writing."}},"dr-write-file-steps":{"title":"Order the write-and-check steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for a simple program that writes text and then verifies it.","hint":"Write first, then reopen and display the saved text.","help":{"concept":"A common workflow is open in write mode, write text, reopen in read mode, then print the contents.","hint_1":"The file must be opened for writing before `write()` can happen.","hint_2":"Printing comes after reading the saved contents back."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open the path with mode \"w\"","t2":"Write the text","t3":"Open the same path for reading","t4":"Print the file contents"}},"dr-append-log-sequence":{"title":"Order the append workflow","prompt":"Arrange these actions to show how a program can create a starting log entry, append another entry, and then display the full log.","hint":"The first write creates the starting text before append adds more.","help":{"concept":"To demonstrate append mode clearly, first create initial contents, then append new text, then read the whole file back.","hint_1":"You need some starting text before the append step makes sense.","hint_2":"Reading and printing the full log should happen after both writes are finished."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open the log with mode \"w\" and write the first line","t2":"Open the log with mode \"a\" and add another line","t3":"Open the log for reading","t4":"Print the full log text"}},"fb-write-mode-code":{"title":"Fill the write mode","prompt":"Complete the mode so this code opens the file for overwriting text.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"with open(\"report.txt\", [blank1]) as file:","choices":["\"r\"","\"a\"","\"w\"","\"x\""]},"fb-newline-choice":{"title":"Fill the line break","prompt":"Choose the text that starts a new line after `First line`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"file.write(\"First line[blank1]Second line\")","choices":["\\t","\\n","\\r"]},"ci-write-greeting-file":{"title":"Write a personalized greeting file","prompt":"Write a greeting into `greeting.txt` using the input name in title case, then open `greeting.txt` and print its contents.\n\nFor example, if the input is `zoe`, your program should print:\n`Hello, Zoe!`.","hint":"Use `input()` for the name, then write the formatted greeting into the file.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"name = input()\n\n# Write Hello, NAME! to greeting.txt.\n# Then open greeting.txt and print its contents.\n","solutionCode":"name = input().strip().title()\n\nwith open(\"greeting.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(f\"Hello, {name}!\")\n\nwith open(\"greeting.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to greeting.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write greeting.txt."}}},"ci-overwrite-shopping-list":{"title":"Overwrite a shopping list from input","prompt":"A shopping list needs to be rewritten from fresh input. Write both items to `shopping.txt`, one per line and in title case, then print the file contents.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `bread` and `apples`, your program should print:\n`Bread`\n`Apples`.","hint":"Opening a file with `\"w\"` replaces the old contents.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"first_item = input()\nsecond_item = input()\n\n# Write both items to shopping.txt, one per line.\n# Then print the file contents.\n","solutionCode":"first_item = input().strip().title()\nsecond_item = input().strip().title()\n\nwith open(\"shopping.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(first_item + \"\\n\")\n file.write(second_item + \"\\n\")\n\nwith open(\"shopping.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to shopping.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write shopping.txt."}}},"ci-append-log-entry":{"title":"Append a log entry","prompt":"The log already starts with one line. Append the new input entry to `log.txt` on a new line, then print the full file.\n\nFor example, if the input is `Checked sensors`, your program should print:\n`Start shift`\n`Checked sensors`.","hint":"Opening a file with `\"a\"` keeps the old contents and adds new text at the end.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"entry = input()\n\n# Append the entry to log.txt on a new line, then print the full file.\n","solutionCode":"entry = input().strip()\n\nwith open(\"log.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n file.write(\"\\n\" + entry)\n\nwith open(\"log.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Append to log.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Open log.txt in append mode."}}},"try-writing-text-files-checkpoint":{"title":"Write and read a text file","prompt":"Write `Hello from a file!` to `note.txt`, then read the file and print the saved text.","hint":"Open the file in write mode first, then reopen it for reading.","help":{"concept":"Write the file first, then reopen it so you can show exactly what was saved.","hint_1":"Open `note.txt` in write mode and save `Hello from a file!`.","hint_2":"Reopen `note.txt` in read mode and print the text you just wrote."},"starterCode":"# Write Hello from a file! to note.txt.\n# Then read note.txt and print it.\n","solutionCode":"with open(\"note.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(\"Hello from a file!\")\n\nwith open(\"note.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to note.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write the file."}}},"try-writing-text-files-sketch0":{"title":"Write and read a message","prompt":"Write `Done` to `note.txt`, then reopen `note.txt` and print the saved text.","hint":"Use write mode first, then read the same file back.","help":{"concept":"This card practices the full write-then-check workflow with one file.","hint_1":"Open `note.txt` with mode `\"w\"` and write `Done`.","hint_2":"Open `note.txt` again and print `file.read()`."},"starterCode":"# Write Done to note.txt.\n# Then open note.txt and print its contents.\n","solutionCode":"with open('note.txt', 'w') as file:\n file.write('Done')\n\nwith open('note.txt') as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to note.txt instead of only printing Done."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write note.txt."}}},"try-writing-text-files-sketch1":{"title":"Append a second line","prompt":"Create `log.txt` with `Start`, reopen it in append mode, add `End` on a new line, then print the full file.","hint":"Use write mode for the first line and append mode for the second line.","help":{"concept":"This card compares write mode and append mode in one short program.","hint_1":"First open `log.txt` with `\"w\"` and write `Start\n`.","hint_2":"Then open `log.txt` with `\"a\"`, write `End`, and print the full file."},"starterCode":"# Create log.txt with Start, then append End on a new line.\n# Print the final file contents.\n","solutionCode":"with open('log.txt', 'w') as file:\n file.write('Start\\n')\nwith open('log.txt', 'a') as file:\n file.write('End')\nwith open('log.txt') as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create and append to log.txt."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write the log file."}}},"try-writing-text-files-sketch2":{"title":"Write a simple report","prompt":"Write `Ava: 92` to `report.txt`, then reopen the file and print it.","hint":"Use the `name` and `score` variables to build the text before you write it.","help":{"concept":"This card practices formatting a line of text before saving it to a file.","hint_1":"Build the text with `f\"{name}: {score}\"` and write it to `report.txt`.","hint_2":"Reopen `report.txt` and print the saved line."},"starterCode":"name = 'Ava'\nscore = 92\n\n# Write 'Ava: 92' to report.txt, then print the file.\n","solutionCode":"name = 'Ava'\nscore = 92\nwith open('report.txt', 'w') as file:\n file.write(f'{name}: {score}')\nwith open('report.txt') as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to report.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write report.txt."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_writing_text_files_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Write `Hello from a file!` to `note.txt`, then read the file and print the saved text."},"try_writing_text_files_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Write `Done` to `note.txt`, then reopen `note.txt` and print the saved text."},"try_writing_text_files_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create `log.txt` with `Start`, reopen it in append mode, add `End` on a new line, then print the full file."},"try_writing_text_files_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Write `Ava: 92` to `report.txt`, then reopen the file and print it."},"allowReveal":true}}},"python-8-real-world-project":{"community-event-registration-cleaner":{"label":"Final Capstone: Community Event Registration Cleaner","summary":"A community center receives messy registration exports. Build a modular cleaner that preserves valid registrations, summarizes seats by event, and writes dependable output files.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A new domain, the same engineering habits"},"project":{"title":"Community Event Registration Cleaner"}},"projectSteps":{"cp_1":{"title":"Preview the registration file"},"cp_2":{"title":"Clean one registration row"},"cp_3":{"title":"Skip invalid seat counts"},"cp_4":{"title":"Move cleaning into a helper module"},"cp_5":{"title":"Add event summary functions"},"cp_6":{"title":"Write the final registration reports"}},"quiz":{"try-community-event-registration-cleaner-sketch0":{"title":"Clean one registration preview","prompt":"Read the first data row from `data/registration.csv`. Split the four fields, title-case the name, convert seats to an integer, lowercase the email, and print `Ava Smith reserved 2 seat(s) for Python Night <ava@example.com>`.","hint":"Skip the header before splitting the first data row.","help":{"concept":"A small preview verifies the input shape before the larger capstone adds error handling and modules.","hint_1":"Clean each field after splitting the row.","hint_2":"Use the values from the file instead of hard-coding the final line."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/registration.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n row = next(file).strip()\n\n# Split the row, clean name/email, convert seats, and print the required line.\n","starterFiles":{"data_registration_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/registration.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n row = next(file).strip()\n\nname, event, seats, email = row.split(\",\")\nprint(f\"{name.strip().title()} reserved {int(seats)} seat(s) for {event.strip()} <{email.strip().lower()}>\")\n"},"data_registration_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM \n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/registration.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n row = next(file).strip()\n\nname, event, seats, email = row.split(\",\")\nprint(f\"{name.strip().title()} reserved {int(seats)} seat(s) for {event.strip()} <{email.strip().lower()}>\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read the supplied registration file."},"1":{"message":"Split the row into fields."},"2":{"message":"Normalize the attendee name."},"3":{"message":"Normalize the email address."}}},"cp-1-read-registration-file":{"title":"Preview the registration file","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 1 of 6, open `data/registrations.csv` and print every row with surrounding whitespace removed. Do not type the CSV contents into main.py.","hint":"Inspect the real file before designing the cleaner.","help":{"concept":"A production data task begins by confirming the actual columns and row shape.","hint_1":"Use the exact relative path from the prompt.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Read data/registrations.csv and print each stripped row.\n","starterFiles":{"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."}}},"cp-2-clean-one-registration":{"title":"Clean one registration row","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 2 of 6, keep the file-preview context, then add `clean_row(line)`. Return a dictionary with title-cased `name`, stripped `event`, integer `seats`, and lowercase `email`. Read the first data row and print the cleaned dictionary.","hint":"Make one row dependable before processing the complete file.","help":{"concept":"A single-row helper creates one tested contract for every later row.","hint_1":"Split into four names before cleaning each field.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n # Split and clean name, event, seats, and email.\n pass\n\n\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n first_row = next(file)\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n","starterFiles":{"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n first_row = next(file)\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n first_row = next(file)\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n","sourceChecks":{}},"cp-3-skip-bad-registration-rows":{"title":"Skip invalid seat counts","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 3 of 6, keep `clean_row(line)`. Loop through the data rows, collect valid dictionaries in `records`, and skip rows whose seat value raises `ValueError`.","hint":"Protect the loop from bad seat values without discarding valid registrations.","help":{"concept":"Expected conversion failures should be handled at the narrow point where they occur.","hint_1":"Append only inside the try block.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(records)\n","starterFiles":{"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."},"2":{"message":"Preserve the deterministic output contract."}}},"cp-4-move-cleaning-to-module":{"title":"Move cleaning into a helper module","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 4 of 6, move `clean_row(line)` into `tools/cleaning.py`. Import it in `main.py`, keep the same valid `records` list, and preserve the printed output.","hint":"Move only the cleaning responsibility; the workflow remains in main.py.","help":{"concept":"A helper module removes repeated logic without giving the model responsibility for file orchestration.","hint_1":"Import clean_row from tools.cleaning in main.py.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n","starterFiles":{"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n # Move the working cleaning logic here.\n pass\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"},"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""}},"solutionCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."}}},"cp-5-add-summary-functions":{"title":"Add event summary functions","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 5 of 6, create `tools/summary.py` with `total_seats(records)` and `event_counts(records)`. Import both helpers in `main.py`, print the total seats, then print each event count in sorted event-name order.","hint":"Keep summary calculations pure so they can be reused by the console and file reports.","help":{"concept":"Summary functions should accept records and return values without depending on a specific output surface.","hint_1":"Sort the event names before printing for deterministic output.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total_seats(records)}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(event_counts(records).items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","starterFiles":{"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n pass\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n pass\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total_seats(records)}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(event_counts(records).items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"},"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n return sum(record[\"seats\"] for record in records)\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n counts = {}\n for record in records:\n event = record[\"event\"]\n counts[event] = counts.get(event, 0) + 1\n return counts\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""}},"solutionCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total_seats(records)}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(event_counts(records).items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."},"2":{"message":"Preserve the deterministic output contract."}}},"cp-6-write-final-reports":{"title":"Write the final registration reports","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 6 of 6, create `tools/reports.py`. Write cleaned records to `output/clean_registrations.csv`, write the seat and event summary to `output/summary.txt`, call both helpers from `main.py`, and print the final deterministic summary.","hint":"The final step should leave both output files and a concise console handoff.","help":{"concept":"A finished data tool produces durable artifacts and reports enough information to verify the run.","hint_1":"Create output/ through pathlib before opening the report paths.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.reports import write_clean_registrations, write_summary\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\ntotal = total_seats(records)\ncounts = event_counts(records)\nwrite_clean_registrations(records)\nwrite_summary(total, counts)\n\nprint(f\"Cleaned {len(records)} registrations\")\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","starterFiles":{"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n return sum(record[\"seats\"] for record in records)\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n counts = {}\n for record in records:\n event = record[\"event\"]\n counts[event] = counts.get(event, 0) + 1\n return counts\n"},"tools_reports_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\n\n\ndef write_clean_registrations(records, path=\"output/clean_registrations.csv\"):\n pass\n\n\ndef write_summary(total, counts, path=\"output/summary.txt\"):\n pass\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.reports import write_clean_registrations, write_summary\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\ntotal = total_seats(records)\ncounts = event_counts(records)\nwrite_clean_registrations(records)\nwrite_summary(total, counts)\n\nprint(f\"Cleaned {len(records)} registrations\")\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"},"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n return sum(record[\"seats\"] for record in records)\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n counts = {}\n for record in records:\n event = record[\"event\"]\n counts[event] = counts.get(event, 0) + 1\n return counts\n"},"tools_reports_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\n\n\ndef write_clean_registrations(records, path=\"output/clean_registrations.csv\"):\n output_path = Path(path)\n output_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n with output_path.open(\"w\") as file:\n file.write(\"name,event,seats,email\\n\")\n for record in records:\n file.write(f\"{record['name']},{record['event']},{record['seats']},{record['email']}\\n\")\n\n\ndef write_summary(total, counts, path=\"output/summary.txt\"):\n output_path = Path(path)\n output_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n with output_path.open(\"w\") as file:\n file.write(f\"Total seats: {total}\\n\")\n for event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n file.write(f\"{event}: {count}\\n\")\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""}},"solutionCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.reports import write_clean_registrations, write_summary\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\ntotal = total_seats(records)\ncounts = event_counts(records)\nwrite_clean_registrations(records)\nwrite_summary(total, counts)\n\nprint(f\"Cleaned {len(records)} registrations\")\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."},"2":{"message":"Preserve the deterministic output contract."},"3":{"message":"Create the requested output artifact."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_community_event_registration_cleaner_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read the first data row from `data/registration.csv`. Split the four fields, title-case the name, convert seats to an integer, lowercase the email, and print `Ava Smith reserved 2 seat(s) for Python Night <ava@example.com>`."},"allowReveal":true}}}},"python-v2":{"python-v2-0":{"module-0-welcome-board-project":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Welcome Board","summary":"A club leader needs one welcome board that grows a little more polished with each step. Keep improving the same program until the full board is ready.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your first client: a club leader with an empty welcome board"},"project":{"title":"Welcome Board Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Set the event title"},"mp_2":{"title":"Add the time line"},"mp_3":{"title":"Add the helper count"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the welcome board"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-print-event-title":{"title":"Set the event title","prompt":"Start the real welcome board. Replace the preview line with one line that prints exactly `Code Club Open House`.","hint":"You only need one print line in this step.","help":{"concept":"The project now shifts from the preview into the real board. Keep it simple and get the heading correct first.","hint_1":"Remove the preview text and print the event title instead.","hint_2":"Match the capitalization and spacing exactly."},"starterCode":"print(\"Welcome to Python Club\")\n\n# Replace the preview line with the real event title.\n"},"mp-2-print-agenda-lines":{"title":"Add the time line","prompt":"Keep the title line from the previous step. Under it, add one new line that prints exactly `Doors open at 4 PM`.","hint":"Leave the title in place and add one more print line below it.","help":{"concept":"This step extends the same program instead of starting over. Keep the working line you already have, then add the next detail.","hint_1":"The output now has two lines.","hint_2":"The title should still print first."},"starterCode":"print(\"Code Club Open House\")\n\n# Keep the title line.\n# Add the time line under it.\n"},"mp-3-show-seat-count":{"title":"Add the helper count","prompt":"Keep the two board lines you already have. Add a third line that prints exactly `Helpers ready: 6`, and calculate the `6` with `2 * 3` instead of typing it directly.","hint":"Add one more print line and let Python evaluate `2 * 3`.","help":{"concept":"Now the board mixes text with a small expression. That keeps the program readable while still letting Python do the number work.","hint_1":"Keep the first two lines exactly as they are.","hint_2":"The new line should print the label first and the calculated value second."},"starterCode":"print(\"Code Club Open House\")\nprint(\"Doors open at 4 PM\")\n\n# Keep the lines above.\n# Add the helper count with the expression 2 * 3.\n"},"mp-4-build-full-welcome-board":{"title":"Finish the welcome board","prompt":"Keep the board you have built so far. Add one last line under it that prints exactly `Bring your questions!`.","hint":"Do not rewrite the earlier lines. Just add the final line at the bottom.","help":{"concept":"The last step is a small polish step, not a reset. Keep the working board and add the final message so the whole program feels finished.","hint_1":"The final output has four lines.","hint_2":"The new line belongs after the helper count."},"starterCode":"print(\"Code Club Open House\")\nprint(\"Doors open at 4 PM\")\nprint(\"Helpers ready:\", 2 * 3)\n\n# Keep the board above.\n# Add one last line that says Bring your questions!\n"},"try-module-0-welcome-board-project-sketch0":{"title":"Preview the welcome board","prompt":"Start the board with one friendly line: print exactly `Welcome to Python Club`.","hint":"Use one print statement.","help":{"concept":"This quick preview shows the kind of clean output the project will build.","hint_1":"You only need one line of text for this preview.","hint_2":"Match the words exactly."},"starterCode":"# Print the first welcome line\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_0_welcome_board_project_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Start the board with one friendly line: print exactly `Welcome to Python Club`."},"allowReveal":true}},"operators-and-expressions":{"label":"Operators and Expressions","summary":"Combine numbers and strings with arithmetic operators and parentheses.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What expressions do"},"sketch1":{"title":"More arithmetic expression patterns"},"sketch2":{"title":"Parentheses change the order"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-expression-definition":{"title":"Identify an expression","prompt":"Which description best matches a Python expression?","hint":"Think about code that Python can evaluate into a value.","help":{"concept":"An expression is a piece of Python code that Python evaluates to get a value, such as `2 + 3`, `\"Hi\"`, or `4 * 5`.","hint_1":"Ask which choice describes something Python can evaluate into a result.","hint_2":"A full program can contain many parts, but an expression is the part that becomes a value like a number or string."},"options":{"a":"Code that produces a value when Python evaluates it","b":"A comment that explains what the program does","c":"A blank line between two statements","d":"Only a line that uses print()"}},"sc-parentheses-effect":{"title":"See what parentheses change","prompt":"What is the output of `print((2 + 3) * 4)`?","hint":"Evaluate the part inside the parentheses first.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses in Python expressions force the grouped part to be evaluated before the surrounding operations.","hint_1":"First find the value of `2 + 3`, then use that result in the multiplication.","hint_2":"Without parentheses, multiplication would happen before addition, but this expression changes that order."},"options":{"a":"12","b":"14","c":"20","d":"24"}},"mc-comparison-results":{"title":"Choose the arithmetic expressions","prompt":"Which examples are arithmetic expressions? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Arithmetic expressions use numbers with operators such as +, -, *, or /.","help":{"concept":"Arithmetic expressions combine numbers and operators to produce a number result.","hint_1":"Look for examples that Python can calculate as number expressions.","hint_2":"Do not choose plain words or full sentences."},"options":{"a":"`3 + 4`","b":"`\"hello\"`","c":"`10 - 2 * 3`","d":"`print`"}},"mc-boolean-operators":{"title":"Choose expressions that use parentheses well","prompt":"Which expressions use parentheses to make the order clearer? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Parentheses can show which part should be calculated first.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses group part of an expression so Python evaluates that group first.","hint_1":"Look for expressions with `(` and `)` around a smaller calculation.","hint_2":"Good parentheses make the intended calculation easier to read."},"options":{"a":"`(2 + 3) * 4`","b":"`10 - (2 * 3)`","c":"`7 + 5`","d":"`(8 / 2) + 1`"}},"dr-arithmetic-order":{"title":"Order the evaluation steps","prompt":"Arrange the steps for evaluating `2 + 3 * 4` in the correct order.","hint":"Multiplication happens before addition here.","help":{"concept":"Python follows operator precedence, so multiplication is evaluated before addition unless parentheses change the grouping.","hint_1":"Do not add 2 and 3 first in this expression.","hint_2":"Find the product of `3 * 4`, then combine that result with 2."},"tokens":{"t1":"Evaluate `3 * 4`","t2":"Get `12`","t3":"Add `2 + 12`","t4":"Get `14`"}},"dr-boolean-evaluation":{"title":"Order a grouped arithmetic expression","prompt":"Arrange the steps for evaluating `(5 + 2) * 3` in the correct order.","hint":"Evaluate the expression inside the parentheses first.","help":{"concept":"Python evaluates parentheses before multiplying, adding, or subtracting outside the group.","hint_1":"Start with the expression inside the parentheses.","hint_2":"After the parentheses become one value, multiply that value by 3."},"tokens":{"t1":"Evaluate `5 + 2`","t2":"Get `7`","t3":"Multiply `7 * 3`","t4":"Get `21`"}},"fb-equality-operator":{"title":"Complete an addition expression","prompt":"Choose the operator that adds the two numbers.","hint":"Use the arithmetic symbol for addition.","help":{"concept":"The `+` operator adds numbers in Python.","hint_1":"Read the expression as a math sentence.","hint_2":"Choose the symbol that means add."},"template":"print(4 [blank1] 4)","choices":["+","-","*","/"]},"fb-boolean-or":{"title":"Complete a multiplication expression","prompt":"Choose the operator that multiplies the two numbers.","hint":"Use the Python arithmetic symbol for multiplication.","help":{"concept":"The `*` operator multiplies numbers in Python.","hint_1":"Think of the symbol Python uses instead of the multiplication sign ×.","hint_2":"Choose the operator that makes `3 times 4`."},"template":"print(3 [blank1] 4)","choices":["+","-","*","/"]},"ci-arithmetic-output":{"title":"Print an arithmetic result","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints the result of `7 + 5 * 2`.","hint":"Use `print()` with the expression inside it.","help":{"concept":"An arithmetic expression can be placed directly inside `print()`, and Python will evaluate it before showing the result.","hint_1":"You do not need to print the numbers separately; print the whole expression.","hint_2":"Multiplication happens before addition, so the output should come from evaluating the expression as written."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-parentheses-output":{"title":"Use parentheses in print","prompt":"Use Python to prints the result of `(7 + 5) * 2`.","hint":"Put the grouped expression inside `print()`.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses change the order of evaluation by making Python calculate the grouped part first.","hint_1":"Add 7 and 5 before multiplying by 2.","hint_2":"Your code should show one final number in the output panel, not the expression text."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-comparison-output":{"title":"Print a subtraction result","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints the result of `9 - 4`.","hint":"Put the arithmetic expression inside `print()`.","help":{"concept":"Python can calculate an arithmetic expression and display its value in the output panel.","hint_1":"You are not printing words yourself; let Python evaluate the arithmetic expression.","hint_2":"The output should be one number."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-boolean-and-output":{"title":"Print a grouped arithmetic result","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints the result of `(6 + 2) * 3`.","hint":"Use parentheses so Python adds before multiplying.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses let you group an arithmetic expression so that part is evaluated first.","hint_1":"First notice which arithmetic part should be evaluated inside parentheses.","hint_2":"The output should be one number."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-two-line-expression-check":{"title":"Compare two grouped expressions","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints two lines: first the result of `2 + 3 * 4`, then the result of `(2 + 3) * 4`.","hint":"Use two separate `print()` calls.","help":{"concept":"Two expressions that use the same numbers can produce different results when parentheses change the grouping.","hint_1":"The first line should use the expression without extra parentheses around `2 + 3`.","hint_2":"The second line should group `2 + 3` before multiplying, so the two outputs will be different."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below\n# Print the first result\n# Print the second result"}}},"print-comments-and-errors":{"label":"Print, Comments, and First Errors","summary":"Use print statements and comments while learning how syntax errors appear.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Printing text to the output panel"},"sketch1":{"title":"Comments are notes for people, not output"},"sketch2":{"title":"What a first syntax error looks like"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-print-purpose":{"title":"What print does","prompt":"What does `print(\"Hello\")` do in Python?","hint":"Think about what appears in the output panel after you click Run.","help":{"concept":"`print()` sends a value to the output panel so you can see program output.","hint_1":"This line is not a comment and not an error. It runs and shows text.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that describes displaying `Hello` in the output panel."},"options":{"a":"It displays Hello in the output panel.","b":"It turns Hello into a comment.","c":"It creates a syntax error every time.","d":"It hides Hello from the program."}},"sc-comment-line":{"title":"Recognizing a comment","prompt":"Which line is a Python comment?","hint":"A Python comment starts with a special symbol.","help":{"concept":"In Python, a comment begins with `#` and is ignored when the code runs.","hint_1":"Only one option starts with the comment marker used in Python.","hint_2":"Choose the line that begins with `#`, not a `print()` call."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Note\")","b":"# Note for the reader","c":"\"Note\"","d":"print(# Note)"}},"mc-valid-print-lines":{"title":"Valid print statements","prompt":"Choose all lines that are valid Python print statements.","hint":"A valid print statement here needs `print`, parentheses, and correctly closed quotes.","help":{"concept":"A basic Python `print()` call needs matching parentheses and matching quotes around text.","hint_1":"Check each option for two things: are the quotes closed, and is the closing `)` present?","hint_2":"Two options are complete and balanced; the others are missing a quote or a parenthesis."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Hi\")","b":"print(\"Bye\")"}},"mc-comments-behavior":{"title":"How comments behave","prompt":"Choose all correct statements about Python comments.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"options":{"a":"They start with `#`.","b":"They are shown in the output panel as normal output.","c":"Python ignores them when running the program.","d":"They must be inside `print()`."}},"dr-run-simple-program":{"title":"Order the program lines","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a simple program that shows a title and then a greeting.","hint":"The comment can go first, and the title should print before the greeting.","help":{"concept":"Python runs top to bottom, so the order of lines controls the order of output.","hint_1":"Place the comment before the code it describes.","hint_2":"The line printing `Title` should come before the line printing `Hello`."},"tokens":{"t1":"# Program start","t2":"print(\"Title\")","t3":"print(\"Hello\")"}},"dr-build-valid-print":{"title":"Build a correct print call","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to form a valid Python line that prints Hi.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"print","t2":"(","t3":"\"Hi\"","t4":")"}},"fb-comment-symbol":{"title":"Fill the comment marker","prompt":"Complete the line so it becomes a Python comment.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"[blank1] this line explains the program","choices":["#","print","\"",")"]},"fb-complete-print-text":{"title":"Complete the printed text","prompt":"Choose the value that correctly completes this print statement.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"print([blank1])","choices":["Hello","\"Hello\"","# Hello","(Hello)"]},"ci-print-one-line":{"title":"Print a welcome message","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints exactly `Welcome to Python` on one line.","hint":"Use one `print()` call with the text inside quotes.","help":{"concept":"To display text, use `print()` with a string literal in quotes.","hint_1":"The output should be one line only, with the exact capitalization shown.","hint_2":"Put the message inside quotes and pass it to `print()`."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-two-lines":{"title":"Print two lines","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints `Name: Alex` on the first line and `City: Lima` on the second line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print two lines\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print two lines\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"# Print the two required lines"},"ci-comment-and-output":{"title":"Use a comment and print","prompt":"Write Python code with a comment on the first line and a `print()` statement on the second line that prints exactly `Ready`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The task is complete when the program consistently produces the requested result.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"# Add your comment here\n# Then write the print line below"},"ci-fix-missing-paren":{"title":"Fix the syntax error","prompt":"The starter code has a syntax error. Fix it so the program prints exactly `Hello`.","hint":"Check whether the `print()` call is fully closed.","help":{"concept":"A missing parenthesis in a built-in tool call causes a syntax error because Python cannot finish reading the statement.","hint_1":"The text is already correct; the structure around it is incomplete.","hint_2":"Make sure the `print(` line ends with the closing symbol that matches the opening `(`."},"starterCode":"print(\"Hello\""},"ci-personal-intro":{"title":"Build a tiny introduction","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints these three lines exactly:\n`About me`\n`Name: Sam`\n`Favorite color: Green`","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"# Write your introduction program below"}}},"reading-error-messages":{"label":"Reading Error Messages","summary":"Learn how to read Python tracebacks, spot the important line, and use the message to decide what to fix.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What an error message is telling you"},"sketch1":{"title":"Different errors mean different kinds of problems"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use the line number to narrow your search"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-bottom-of-traceback":{"title":"Best place to start reading","prompt":"When a beginner reads a Python traceback, which part usually gives the clearest clue about the problem?","hint":"Look for the part that names the error type and describes it.","help":{"concept":"In Python tracebacks, the most useful summary is usually near the bottom, where Python names the error and gives a short message.","hint_1":"The line number matters, but the error type and message often explain what kind of fix you need.","hint_2":"Choose the option that points to the final lines of the traceback rather than the top or a random middle line."},"options":{"a":"The bottom of the traceback, where the error type and message appear","b":"Only the first line of the traceback","c":"Any line with spaces in it","d":"The longest line in the traceback"}},"sc-nameerror-meaning":{"title":"Meaning of NameError","prompt":"What does a NameError usually mean in beginner Python code?","hint":"Think about what happens when Python sees a variable name it does not know.","help":{"concept":"A NameError happens when Python tries to use a name, such as a variable, that has not been defined.","hint_1":"This is different from missing punctuation like a quote or parenthesis.","hint_2":"Pick the option about an unknown name, not an invalid code shape."},"options":{"a":"Python found a name that has not been defined","b":"Python found too many comments","c":"Python printed the wrong output on purpose","d":"Python requires every line to start with print"}},"mc-traceback-clues":{"title":"Useful traceback clues","prompt":"Which parts of an error message are especially useful when you are trying to fix beginner Python code? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about what tells you where the problem is and what kind of problem it is.","help":{"concept":"The most useful traceback clues are usually the line number and the error type/message, because they tell you where Python stopped and why.","hint_1":"Look for one clue about location and another clue about the kind of mistake.","hint_2":"Choose the options about the reported line and the named error, not visual details like line length."},"options":{"a":"The line number where Python points","b":"The error type and message near the bottom","c":"How many letters are in the code line","d":"Whether the code editor background is light or dark"}},"mc-syntaxerror-signs":{"title":"Signs of a syntax problem","prompt":"Which situations can cause a SyntaxError in beginner Python code? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about code that is written in an incomplete or invalid form.","help":{"concept":"A SyntaxError happens when Python cannot parse the code because the structure is invalid, such as missing punctuation or quotes.","hint_1":"Missing closing symbols are common syntax problems.","hint_2":"Choose the options with broken code structure, not the one about an unknown variable name."},"options":{"a":"A missing closing parenthesis in a print statement","b":"A missing quote in a string","c":"Using a variable name that was never defined","d":"Leaving a print statement unfinished"}},"dr-read-traceback-order":{"title":"Order for reading a traceback","prompt":"Put these debugging steps in a sensible order for reading a beginner Python traceback.","hint":"Start by locating the problem, then identify the error type, then inspect the code.","help":{"concept":"A useful beginner process is to find the reported line, identify the error type/message, inspect that line, and then make a fix.","hint_1":"The line number comes before editing the code.","hint_2":"The final step should be changing the code after you understand the clue."},"tokens":{"t1":"Read the line number Python points to","t2":"Read the error type and message near the bottom","t3":"Inspect the code on that line for missing quotes, parentheses, or unknown names","t4":"Fix the code and run again"}},"dr-what-happens-before-stop":{"title":"Program flow with an error","prompt":"Arrange these events in the order they happen when Python reaches an error during execution.","hint":"Think about what runs first and what happens immediately after the problem line.","help":{"concept":"Python runs code from top to bottom until it reaches an error, then it stops and shows a traceback instead of continuing.","hint_1":"Earlier valid lines run before the broken line causes a stop.","hint_2":"The traceback appears after Python hits the problem, and later lines do not run."},"tokens":{"t1":"Python runs earlier valid lines","t2":"Python reaches the broken line","t3":"Python stops execution","t4":"Python shows the error message"}},"fb-nameerror-fill":{"title":"Complete the error type","prompt":"Choose the error type that fits this situation: `print(word)` is used, but `word` was never defined.","hint":"This is about an unknown name, not broken punctuation.","help":{"concept":"When Python evaluates a name that has not been defined, the error category identifies an unknown name.","hint_1":"The code shape is valid, so this is not mainly a syntax problem.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that mentions a missing or unknown name."},"template":"The likely error is [blank1].","choices":["NameError","SyntaxError","CommentError","PrintError"]},"fb-line-number-focus":{"title":"What to inspect first","prompt":"Choose the best word to complete the debugging advice.","hint":"A traceback helps you narrow your search to one place first.","help":{"concept":"The reported line number tells you where to begin checking the code.","hint_1":"Begin with the reported line, then inspect nearby punctuation and names if the cause is not obvious.","hint_2":"Choose the word that names the numbered location Python points to."},"template":"When a traceback shows a line number, inspect that [blank1] first.","choices":["line","comment","space","color"]},"ci-fix-missing-paren":{"title":"Fix a missing parenthesis","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints `Hello` exactly. The starter code has a syntax problem. Fix it, then click Run and check the output panel.","hint":"This print statement is almost correct; check its closing punctuation.","help":{"concept":"A missing closing parenthesis makes a print statement invalid and causes a syntax error.","hint_1":"The string itself is fine. Look just outside the quotes.","hint_2":"A valid print call needs matching parentheses around its argument."},"starterCode":"print(\"Hello\""},"ci-fix-missing-quote":{"title":"Fix a missing quote","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints `Python is fun` exactly. The starter code has a string that is not closed correctly. Fix it and run the code.","hint":"Check whether the string starts and ends with matching quotes.","help":{"concept":"Strings need matching opening and closing quotes. If one is missing, Python cannot read the line correctly.","hint_1":"The problem is inside the print statement, around the text.","hint_2":"Make sure the text is fully wrapped in one pair of quotes before the closing parenthesis."},"starterCode":"print(\"Python is fun)"},"ci-fix-nameerror-string":{"title":"Turn a missing name into a string","prompt":"The starter code tries to print a word as if it were a variable. Fix the code so it prints `banana` exactly.","hint":"If you want to print text directly, it needs quotes.","help":{"concept":"Without quotes, Python treats a word like a variable name. With quotes, Python treats it as a string value.","hint_1":"The word should be printed as text, not looked up as a variable.","hint_2":"Keep the print call, but change the argument so Python reads it as a string."},"starterCode":"print(banana)"},"ci-fix-second-line-error":{"title":"Fix the broken second line","prompt":"This program should print two lines: `Start` and `Done`. The first line is already correct. Fix the second line so the whole program runs.","hint":"The first line works. Compare the punctuation on the second print line.","help":{"concept":"When one later line has a syntax problem, earlier valid lines may be fine, but the whole program still stops at the broken line.","hint_1":"The second line is missing part of a normal print statement shape.","hint_2":"Make the second line match the same print pattern as the first line."},"starterCode":"print(\"Start\")\nprint(\"Done\""},"ci-fix-three-line-program":{"title":"Repair a short program","prompt":"Fix the code so it prints three lines exactly: `One`, `Two`, and `Three`. There is one broken line in the starter code.","hint":"Two lines are already valid. Find the line with mismatched string punctuation.","help":{"concept":"A single syntax mistake in one line can stop a whole program, so you should inspect the reported line carefully for missing quotes or parentheses.","hint_1":"The middle line is the one to inspect most closely.","hint_2":"Make the second print statement use a complete quoted string and valid closing punctuation."},"starterCode":"print(\"One\")\nprint(\"Two)\nprint(\"Three\")"}}},"running-python-code":{"label":"Running Python Code","summary":"Use the ZoeSkoul browser code editor, Run button, and output panel to execute Python code.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"How code runs in ZoeSkoul"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using print with text"},"sketch2":{"title":"Comments and simple syntax mistakes"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_runner_parts":{"title":"Main parts of the runner","prompt":"Which answer correctly describes how you run Python code in this lesson?","hint":"Think about the editor, the Run button, and where printed text appears.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you know the basic browser workflow: write code in the code editor, click Run, and read results in the output panel.","hint_1":"Look for the option that mentions typing code first, then running it, then reading printed output.","hint_2":"The correct answer includes all three parts: code editor, Run button, and output panel."},"options":{"a":"Type code in the code editor, click Run, and read the result in the output panel.","b":"Write code in a document and wait for it to run automatically.","c":"Type code into the output panel and click Run there.","d":"Click Run before writing code so Python can create the program for you."}},"sc_print_purpose":{"title":"What print does","prompt":"What does `print(\"Hello\")` do when you click Run?","hint":"Focus on what appears after Python executes the line.","help":{"concept":"This question checks the role of `print(...)`: it displays a value in the output panel.","hint_1":"The line does not create a comment or ask for input; it sends text outward.","hint_2":"Think about the exact word inside the quotes and where that word is shown after running."},"options":{"a":"It shows the text Hello in the output panel.","b":"It turns Hello into a comment.","c":"It removes the word Hello from the program.","d":"It asks the learner to type Hello."}},"mc_valid_print_lines":{"title":"Valid print statements","prompt":"Choose all lines that are valid Python print statements.","hint":"Check for the print name, parentheses, and properly closed quotes.","help":{"concept":"A valid beginner `print(...)` statement needs correct spelling, matching parentheses, and complete string quotes when printing text.","hint_1":"Any option with a missing quote or missing parenthesis is not valid syntax.","hint_2":"Look for lines where `print` is followed by parentheses and the text string starts and ends with quotes."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Hi\")","b":"print(5)","c":"print \"Hi\""}},"mc_comments_behavior":{"title":"What comments do","prompt":"Choose all correct statements about comments in beginner Python code.","hint":"Think about lines that start with `#`.","help":{"concept":"Comments are notes for humans. Python ignores them during execution, so they do not produce output by themselves.","hint_1":"A comment can explain code, but it is not executed like a `print(...)` statement.","hint_2":"Select the statements that match `#` lines being ignored by Python and useful for explanation."},"options":{"a":"A comment starts with `#`.","b":"Python ignores a comment when the code runs.","c":"A comment always appears in the output panel.","d":"A comment is required on every line of code."}},"dr_run_steps":{"title":"Order the run process","prompt":"Put these actions in the correct order for checking a Python program in ZoeSkoul.","hint":"Start with writing code and end with reading the result.","help":{"concept":"This question checks the normal workflow for using the browser runner: write code, run it, then inspect the output.","hint_1":"You cannot inspect output before the program has been run.","hint_2":"The correct sequence begins in the code editor, then uses Run, then finishes in the output panel."},"tokens":{"t1":"Type Python code in the code editor","t2":"Click Run","t3":"Read the output panel"}},"dr_program_flow":{"title":"Top-to-bottom execution","prompt":"Arrange the printed lines in the order Python produces them for this code: `print(\"One\")` then `print(\"Two\")`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"One","t2":"Two"}},"fb_comment_symbol":{"title":"Comment marker","prompt":"Complete the Python comment line with the correct symbol.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"[blank1] this line is a comment","choices":["#","print","\"","="]},"fb_print_output_word":{"title":"Predict simple output","prompt":"Fill in the missing output for this code.","hint":"Look at the exact text inside the quotes.","help":{"concept":"When `print(...)` contains a string, Python displays that exact string in the output panel.","hint_1":"The output matches the word between the quotation marks.","hint_2":"Do not add extra punctuation or code words; use the printed text itself."},"template":"Code: `print(\"Start\")` → Output: [blank1]","choices":["Start","print","\"Start\"","Run"]},"ci_print_greeting":{"title":"Print a greeting","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints exactly `Hello, ZoeSkoul!` on one line.","hint":"Use one `print(...)` statement with the exact text.","help":{"concept":"This exercise practices the simplest run cycle: write one valid `print(...)` statement and check the exact output.","hint_1":"Put the message inside quotes so Python treats it as text.","hint_2":"Your program should produce one line of output with the greeting and punctuation exactly as shown."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci_two_lines":{"title":"Print two lines in order","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints `First` on one line and `Second` on the next line.","hint":"Use two separate `print(...)` statements.","help":{"concept":"This exercise checks top-to-bottom execution: each `print(...)` runs in order and creates its own output line.","hint_1":"The first line of code should produce the first line of output.","hint_2":"Write one print for `First` and another print below it for `Second`."},"starterCode":"# Print two lines below"},"ci_comment_and_output":{"title":"Use a comment and print","prompt":"Write Python code with a comment on the first line and a `print(...)` statement on the second line that prints `Ready`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The exercise evaluates what the finished program does with the supplied values.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"# Add a comment here\n# Then write a print statement below"},"ci_fix_quotes":{"title":"Print quoted text correctly","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints exactly `Learning Python`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print quoted text correctly\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print quoted text correctly\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"print("},"ci_print_expression":{"title":"Print an expression result","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints the result of `3 + 4`.","hint":"You can place a math expression directly inside `print(...)`.","help":{"concept":"Python can evaluate a simple expression first and then print the resulting value.","hint_1":"Do not put the expression in quotes if you want Python to calculate it.","hint_2":"Use `print(...)` around the addition so the output panel shows the computed number."},"starterCode":"# Print the result of an addition"}}},"values-types-and-literals":{"label":"Values, Types, and Literals","summary":"Recognize strings, integers, and floats as beginner value types.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a value is"},"sketch1":{"title":"Literals are values you type directly"},"sketch2":{"title":"Expressions produce values"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-string-literal":{"title":"Pick the string literal","prompt":"Which option is a Python string literal?","hint":"Look for the value written with quotes.","help":{"concept":"A string literal is text written directly in code and surrounded by quotes.","hint_1":"Numbers like `7` and `3.5` are not strings unless they are inside quotes.","hint_2":"Find the option that Python would treat as text because quote marks are part of the code."},"options":{"a":"7","b":"\"cat\"","c":"3.5","d":"cat"}},"sc-float-value":{"title":"Identify the float","prompt":"Which value is a float literal in Python?","hint":"A float usually has a decimal point.","help":{"concept":"A float is a number with a decimal point, such as `2.5` or `0.0`.","hint_1":"Do not choose a quoted value, because quotes make it a string.","hint_2":"Find the numeric option written with a decimal point and no quotes."},"options":{"a":"\"3.0\"","b":"3","c":"3.5","d":"\"cat\""}},"mc-boolean-values":{"title":"Choose number literals","prompt":"Which options are number literals in Python? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Numbers are written without quotes.","help":{"concept":"Integer and float literals are values written directly in code, such as `7` and `2.5`.","hint_1":"Quoted text is a string, not a number.","hint_2":"Choose the values Python can treat as numbers right away."},"options":{"a":"7","b":"\"7\"","c":"2.5","d":"\"two\""}},"mc-valid-literals":{"title":"Choose valid beginner literals","prompt":"Which options are valid Python literals from this topic? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"This topic focuses on strings, integers, and floats.","help":{"concept":"Strings, integers, and floats can all be written directly as literals.","hint_1":"Choose quoted text, whole numbers, and decimal numbers.","hint_2":"Do not choose an unfinished or unquoted word."},"options":{"a":"\"hello\"","b":"42","c":"4.2","d":"hello"}},"dr-type-order":{"title":"Order beginner value examples","prompt":"Arrange these examples from string to integer to float to arithmetic expression to printed output idea.","hint":"Start with quoted text, then whole number, then decimal number.","help":{"concept":"Beginner Python values include strings, integers, and floats. Expressions can produce those values.","hint_1":"A string uses quotes.","hint_2":"A float has a decimal point."},"tokens":{"t1":"\"cat\"","t2":"42","t3":"3.14","t4":"2 + 3","t5":"print the result"}},"dr-expression-steps":{"title":"Order the reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for understanding `print(2 + 3)`.","hint":"First notice the outer command, then the expression inside it, then the result.","help":{"concept":"To read a simple print statement, identify the print call, evaluate the expression inside, and then determine what appears in the output panel.","hint_1":"The arithmetic happens inside the parentheses before the final output appears.","hint_2":"Begin with recognizing `print`, then compute the inside value, and end with the displayed result."},"tokens":{"t1":"Notice that `print(...)` will display a value","t2":"Evaluate `2 + 3`","t3":"Get the value `5`","t4":"Show `5` in the output panel"}},"fb-none-literal":{"title":"Complete a string literal","prompt":"Choose the text that completes the string literal.","hint":"A string literal uses quotes around text.","help":{"concept":"A string is text inside quotes.","hint_1":"Choose the word that belongs inside the quotes.","hint_2":"The completed code should print one word."},"template":"print(\"[blank1]\")","choices":["hello","42","2.5","print"]},"fb-quoted-text":{"title":"Complete the string","prompt":"Fill in the blank so the code prints a string literal.","hint":"A string literal needs quotes around the text.","help":{"concept":"Strings are text values written inside quotes, while unquoted words are not string literals.","hint_1":"Choose the option where the letters are surrounded by quote marks.","hint_2":"The correct choice is text written directly in code, not a number and not an unquoted word."},"template":"print([blank1])","choices":["hello","\"hello\"","5","3.5"]},"ci-print-literals":{"title":"Print five literal values","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints these three values on separate lines in this order: the string `\"Zoe\"`, the integer `7`, and the float `2.5`.","hint":"Use one `print()` line for each value.","help":{"concept":"This exercise checks whether you can print strings, integers, and floats.","hint_1":"The string needs quotes. The integer and float do not need quotes.","hint_2":"Print each value on its own line."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the five values in order"},"ci-print-expression":{"title":"Print expression results","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints the result of `2 + 3` on the first line and the result of `1.5 + 2.5` on the second line.","hint":"Put each expression inside its own `print(...)` call.","help":{"concept":"An expression produces a value, and `print(...)` shows that value in the output panel.","hint_1":"The first expression uses integers, and the second uses decimal numbers.","hint_2":"You need two print lines, each containing one addition expression."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the two expression results"},"ci-read-and-print":{"title":"Read text and print it","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input and prints it exactly as it was entered.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# TODO: read one line and print it"},"ci-read-number-text":{"title":"Read a number-looking input","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input and prints `You typed:` followed by the exact input on the same line. Treat the input as text.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# TODO: read input and print it after the label"},"ci-three-lines":{"title":"Print mixed values","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints three lines: the string `\"start\"`, then the result of `4 + 1`, then the string `\"done\"`.","hint":"Use three `print()` lines.","help":{"concept":"A program can print different kinds of values one after another, including strings and expression results.","hint_1":"Use one `print()` statement per line of output.","hint_2":"Print the text first, then the computed number, then the final text."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the required three lines"}}},"what-python-is":{"label":"What Python Is Used For","summary":"Understand Python's role in automation, web apps, data, beginner programming, and AI.","cards":{"course-introduction":{"title":"Course introduction"},"sketch0":{"title":"Python solves many kinds of problems"},"sketch1":{"title":"A worked example: automation"},"sketch2":{"title":"Python in web apps, data, and AI"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-python-use-general":{"title":"Python is used for many tasks","prompt":"Which statement best describes Python?","hint":"Look for the choice that includes several different kinds of work, not just one.","help":{"concept":"Python is a general-purpose language, so it is used in multiple areas such as automation, web apps, data work, beginner learning, and AI.","hint_1":"A language used only for one narrow job would not match Python's common real-world use.","hint_2":"Choose the option that says Python can be used across different kinds of projects."},"options":{"a":"Python is only for making video games.","b":"Python is a general-purpose language used in many areas.","c":"Python can only print text and nothing else.","d":"Python is only for designing images."}},"sc-automation-example":{"title":"Recognize automation","prompt":"Which task is the best example of using Python for automation?","hint":"Think about repeated steps that code can do for you.","help":{"concept":"Automation means using Python to handle repeated or routine actions instead of doing each step manually.","hint_1":"Look for the option where the same kind of action happens again and again.","hint_2":"The best answer involves Python helping with a repetitive task rather than a physical activity."},"options":{"a":"Using Python to rename many items in a repeated pattern","b":"Using Python to kick a soccer ball","c":"Using Python to paint a wall by hand","d":"Using Python to eat lunch"}},"mc-common-uses":{"title":"Common uses of Python","prompt":"Choose all common uses of Python.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"options":{"a":"Automation","b":"Web apps","c":"Data analysis","d":"Washing dishes by hand"}},"mc-beginner-friendly-reasons":{"title":"Why beginners start with Python","prompt":"Choose all reasons Python is often beginner-friendly.","hint":"Think about readability and quick feedback from simple code.","help":{"concept":"Python is often beginner-friendly because its syntax is readable and small programs can show results quickly.","hint_1":"Look for choices about understanding code and seeing output, not about needing complex setup.","hint_2":"Two options describe beginner advantages: easier reading and quick visible results."},"options":{"a":"Its code is often easier to read than many languages.","b":"Simple programs can show output quickly.","c":"It requires many files for even tiny programs.","d":"Beginners must install many packages before printing text."}},"dr-usecase-order":{"title":"From idea to output","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for exploring a Python use case in the browser runner.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"Check the output panel","t2":"Type Python code in the code editor","t3":"Click Run","t4":"Compare the output with your expectation"}},"dr-automation-sequence":{"title":"Understand an automation example","prompt":"Arrange these ideas from a repeated task to Python output.","hint":"Start with the repeated job, then the code, then the printed result.","help":{"concept":"Automation starts with a repeated task, then Python instructions describe it, and finally the program produces output.","hint_1":"A real-world repeated need comes before writing code about it.","hint_2":"The printed messages happen after the Python instructions are run."},"tokens":{"t1":"See repeated messages in the output panel","t2":"Notice a repeated task","t3":"Write Python print statements for the task","t4":"Click Run"}},"fb-python-general-purpose":{"title":"Complete the idea","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the sentence about Python.","hint":"Python is not limited to one narrow job.","help":{"concept":"A general-purpose language can be used across many kinds of projects instead of serving only one narrow task.","hint_1":"The missing phrase describes a language with many uses.","hint_2":"Choose the option that means 'useful across many tasks.'"},"template":"Python is a [blank1] language.","choices":["general-purpose","physical","paper-only","single-use"]},"fb-data-use":{"title":"Python and data","prompt":"Fill in the blank with a common Python use.","hint":"Think about organizing and studying information.","help":{"concept":"Python is widely used for data work such as organizing, analyzing, and exploring information.","hint_1":"The missing word names work done with information and results.","hint_2":"Choose the option connected to analyzing information, not a physical task."},"template":"Python is often used for [blank1] analysis.","choices":["data","shoe","wall","plate"]},"ci-print-usecase-automation":{"title":"Print an automation message","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints exactly: Python helps automate repeated tasks.","hint":"Use one print statement with the full sentence inside quotes.","help":{"concept":"The `print()` statement sends text to the output panel exactly as written, including spaces and punctuation.","hint_1":"You need one line of code that prints the whole sentence.","hint_2":"Put the message inside parentheses and quotation marks so Python treats it as text."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the required sentence"},"ci-two-usecases":{"title":"Print two Python use cases","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints these two lines exactly in this order:\nAutomation\nData analysis","hint":"Use two print statements, one for each line.","help":{"concept":"Each `print()` call creates its own line in the output panel unless you change that behavior.","hint_1":"The output needs two separate lines in a specific order.","hint_2":"Write one `print()` for the first word and another `print()` for the second phrase."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the two required lines"},"ci-web-data-ai":{"title":"Print three areas","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints exactly these three lines:\nWeb apps\nData\nAI","hint":"Use one print statement per line of output.","help":{"concept":"Multiple `print()` statements are a simple way to show several related outputs in order.","hint_1":"There should be three output lines, not one long line.","hint_2":"Match the capitalization and order shown in the prompt."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the three lines exactly"},"ci-personal-usecase-label":{"title":"Label a Python use","prompt":"Use Python to prints exactly: One Python use: web apps","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the required labeled sentence"},"ci-beginner-message":{"title":"Print a beginner-friendly message","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints exactly these two lines:\nPython is beginner-friendly.\nIt is used in many fields.","hint":"Use two print statements and match the punctuation exactly.","help":{"concept":"Exact output exercises check whether your printed text matches the required lines character by character.","hint_1":"There are two sentences, each ending with a period.","hint_2":"Print the first sentence on one line and the second sentence on the next line."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print both required lines"}}}},"python-v2-1":{"common-variable-mistakes":{"label":"Common Variable Mistakes","summary":"Avoid undefined names, accidental strings, and confusing names.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Using a variable before it exists"},"sketch1":{"title":"Strings by accident"},"sketch2":{"title":"Clear names and exact spelling"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-undefined-name":{"title":"Find the undefined name mistake","prompt":"Which code causes an error because a variable is used before it is assigned?","hint":"Look for code that prints or reads a name before that name gets a value.","help":{"concept":"A variable must be assigned before Python can read it. Using a name too early causes a name error.","hint_1":"Check the order of the lines. Which option tries to use the variable first?","hint_2":"Find the option where `print(...)` comes before the assignment for the same variable."},"options":{"a":"score = 5\nprint(score)","b":"print(score)\nscore = 5","c":"score = 5\nscore = 6\nprint(score)"}},"sc-quotes-vs-variable":{"title":"Quotes change the meaning","prompt":"If `name = \"Ava\"`, what does `print(\"name\")` show?","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"Ava","b":"name","c":"an error","d":"nothing"}},"mc-valid-variable-uses":{"title":"Choose all valid variable uses","prompt":"Which code snippets use variables correctly? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for names that are assigned before they are printed, and watch out for exact spelling.","help":{"concept":"Correct variable use means the name exists before use and the same exact name is used each time.","hint_1":"A snippet is valid if the assignment happens first and the printed name matches exactly.","hint_2":"Reject snippets with a missing underscore, changed spelling, or a print before assignment."},"options":{"a":"city = \"Rome\"\nprint(city)","b":"print(city)\ncity = \"Rome\"","c":"user_name = \"Kai\"\nprint(user_name)","d":"user_name = \"Kai\"\nprint(username)"}},"mc-confusing-name-mistakes":{"title":"Spot the likely mistakes","prompt":"Which examples show common variable mistakes? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for quotes around a variable name or a slightly different variable spelling.","help":{"concept":"Common beginner mistakes include printing a string literal instead of a variable and using a different variable name than the one assigned.","hint_1":"One mistake prints the letters of the variable name. Another uses a different name than the one created.","hint_2":"Check whether the code uses quotes by accident and whether underscores or letter order changed."},"options":{"a":"name = \"Lia\"\nprint(\"name\")","b":"age = 12\nprint(age)","c":"first_name = \"Noah\"\nprint(firstname)","d":"color = \"blue\"\nprint(color)"}},"dr-order-assignment-then-use":{"title":"Put the steps in the right order","prompt":"Arrange the steps to correctly create a variable and show its value.","hint":"The variable must exist before Python can print its value.","help":{"concept":"A correct sequence first chooses a name, then assigns a value, then uses the variable.","hint_1":"Assignment comes before printing.","hint_2":"Start with creating the variable, then store the value, then display it."},"tokens":{"t1":"Choose the variable name `score`","t2":"Assign `10` to `score`","t3":"Print `score`"}},"dr-fix-quoted-name-thinking":{"title":"From text to variable value","prompt":"Arrange these ideas to explain why `print(\"name\")` and `print(name)` are different.","hint":"Think about what quotes mean in Python.","help":{"concept":"Quotes create a string literal, while an unquoted variable name asks Python to look up a stored value.","hint_1":"First identify the quotes, then decide whether Python sees text or a variable.","hint_2":"The quoted version is treated as literal text before any variable lookup happens."},"tokens":{"t1":"Quotes make `\"name\"` a string literal","t2":"Python treats it as text, not a variable lookup","t3":"`print(\"name\")` shows the letters name"}},"fb-variable-name":{"title":"Complete the assignment","prompt":"Choose the correct variable name to complete the code.","hint":"Only one choice makes a normal variable assignment statement.","help":{"concept":"In an assignment statement, the variable name goes on the left side of `=` and the value goes on the right side.","hint_1":"The missing part should be a variable name, not a keyword or a number.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that could store the value `10` for later use."},"template":"[blank1] = 10","choices":["age","print","\"age\"","10"]},"fb-print-variable-value":{"title":"Print the stored value","prompt":"Choose the correct code to print the value stored in `name`.","hint":"To print a stored value, place the variable name inside print() without quotation marks.","help":{"concept":"An unquoted variable name refers to its stored value. Quoted characters create a new string literal instead.","hint_1":"The blank is inside `print(...)`, so choose what Python should read as a variable.","hint_2":"Reject any version that puts quotation marks around the variable name."},"template":"print([blank1])","choices":["name","\"name\"","print","="]},"ci-fix-undefined-name":{"title":"Fix a variable used too early","prompt":"Complete the program so it stores the number `7` in a variable named `count` and then prints `count`.","hint":"Read the task \"Fix a variable used too early\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Fix a variable used too early\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"# Store 7 in count\n# Then print count"},"ci-print-variable-not-text":{"title":"Print the variable value, not the word","prompt":"Create a focused solution that stores `\"Mila\"` in a variable named `name` and prints the value in the variable.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the variable value, not the word\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the variable value, not the word\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"# Create a variable called name\n# Store the text Mila in it\n# Print the variable value"},"ci-match-variable-spelling":{"title":"Use the exact same variable name","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores `\"green\"` in a variable named `favorite_color` and prints it. Use the exact same variable name both times.","hint":"Read the task \"Use the exact same variable name\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Use the exact same variable name\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Store the text green in favorite_color\n# Print the same variable"},"ci-read-and-store-input":{"title":"Store input before printing","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of input into a variable named `city` and then prints `city`.","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"# Read one line into city\n# Then print city"},"ci-fix-accidental-string-number":{"title":"Store a number as a number","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores the number `12` in a variable named `age` and prints `age`.","hint":"This task asks for a number value, not text in quotes.","help":{"concept":"Numbers and strings are different kinds of values. A plain number is written without quotes.","hint_1":"Assign `12` directly to `age`.","hint_2":"Use quotes only for text, then print the variable after the assignment."},"starterCode":"# Store the number 12 in age\n# Print age"}}},"f-strings-and-formatting":{"label":"F-Strings and Formatting","summary":"Create readable output with f-strings and formatted values.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What an f-string does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Why formatting helps readability"},"sketch2":{"title":"Formatting numbers inside f-strings"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_fstring_prefix":{"title":"Choose the correct f-string start","prompt":"Which line starts an f-string correctly in Python?","hint":"Look for the string that places `f` directly before the opening quote.","help":{"concept":"An f-string must begin with the letter `f` immediately before the quote so Python knows to replace values inside `{}`.","hint_1":"Only one option uses the `f` prefix in the right place before the string.","hint_2":"Check whether the line would let `{name}` be interpreted as a variable value instead of plain text."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Hello {name}\")","b":"print(f\"Hello {name}\")","c":"print(f Hello {name})"}},"sc_decimal_places":{"title":"Identify two decimal places","prompt":"Which f-string expression formats `price` to show exactly 2 decimal places?","hint":"Look for the format part that uses `.2f` inside the braces.","help":{"concept":"Inside an f-string, `:.2f` formats a number as a fixed-point value with two digits after the decimal point.","hint_1":"The formatting instruction belongs inside `{}` after the variable name and a colon.","hint_2":"Find the option where `price` is followed by `:.2f`, not outside the braces and not with the wrong punctuation."},"options":{"a":"f\"{price.2f}\"","b":"A command"}},"mc_fstring_benefits":{"title":"Pick true statements about f-strings","prompt":"Which statements about f-strings are correct? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about how f-strings insert variable values and improve readable output.","help":{"concept":"F-strings are used to build readable strings by embedding expressions or variable values directly inside text with `{}`.","hint_1":"Look for statements that describe inserting values into text and making output easier to read.","hint_2":"Reject any statement that says braces are unnecessary or that the `f` prefix is optional."},"options":{"a":"They can place variable values directly inside a string.","b":"They use curly braces around values or expressions.","c":"They work only with text values, not numbers.","d":"They can make output easier to read."}},"mc_output_formatting_examples":{"title":"Find valid formatting examples","prompt":"Which lines are valid ways to produce readable formatted output in this topic? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for lines that correctly use either an f-string or normal string joining with values already converted to strings.","help":{"concept":"Readable output can be built with f-strings or with string concatenation when the pieces are valid strings.","hint_1":"An f-string needs the `f` prefix, and concatenation with `+` needs string pieces on both sides.","hint_2":"Check whether each line would work with a string variable like `name` and whether the syntax is complete."},"options":{"a":"print(f\"Name: {name}\")","b":"print(\"Name: \" + name)","c":"print(\"Name: {name}\")","d":"print(f\"Name: \" + {name})"}},"dr_build_simple_fstring":{"title":"Order the parts of a simple f-string","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make a valid line that prints a label and a variable value.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(","t2":"f\"Name: {name}\"","t3":")"}},"dr_profile_output_order":{"title":"Order steps for formatted output","prompt":"Put these steps in the best order for showing a formatted profile line with an f-string.","hint":"You need values first, then the formatted print line.","help":{"concept":"To print formatted output, variables must be assigned before they are used inside an f-string.","hint_1":"A variable cannot be inserted into an f-string before it has a value.","hint_2":"Both assignments come before the print statement, and the print statement comes last."},"tokens":{"t1":"name = \"Lina\"","t2":"age = 12","t3":"print(f\"{name} is {age} years old\")"}},"fb_missing_prefix":{"title":"Fill the missing prefix","prompt":"Complete the line so Python treats it as an f-string.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"template":"print([blank1]\"Hello {name}\")","choices":["f","p","x","s"]},"fb_decimal_format":{"title":"Fill the number format","prompt":"Choose the missing format code to show `price` with 2 decimal places.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"print(f\"Price: ${price[blank1]}\")","choices":[":.2f",".2f",":2","::2f"]},"ci_print_profile_line":{"title":"Print a simple profile line","prompt":"Create a focused solution that stores the name `Mila` and the age `13`, then prints exactly: `Mila is 13 years old` using an f-string.","hint":"Read the task \"Print a simple profile line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print a simple profile line\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# TODO: store the values in variables\n# TODO: print the sentence with an f-string"},"ci_format_price_two_decimals":{"title":"Format a price","prompt":"Use Python to stores `price = 4.5` and prints exactly: `Price: $4.50` using an f-string with number formatting.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"price = 4.5\n# TODO: print the formatted price"},"ci_input_greeting":{"title":"Format input into a greeting","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one name from input and prints `Hello, NAME!` using an f-string.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"# Read a name\nname = input()\n\n# TODO: print the greeting with an f-string"},"ci_input_name_city":{"title":"Build a formatted intro line","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads a name and a city on separate lines, then prints exactly: `NAME lives in CITY` using an f-string.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a formatted intro line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Build a formatted intro line\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# Read the name and city\nname = input()\ncity = input()\n\n# TODO: print the formatted sentence"},"ci_average_one_decimal":{"title":"Show an average with one decimal place","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads two whole numbers, calculates their average, and prints exactly in this format: `Average: X.X` using an f-string.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# Read two whole numbers\nfirst = int(input())\nsecond = int(input())\n\n# TODO: calculate the average\n# TODO: print it as Average: X.X"}}},"input-and-type-conversion":{"label":"Input and Type Conversion","summary":"Use input(), int(), float(), and str() to read user-entered values and turn them into the types your program needs.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What input() gives you"},"sketch1":{"title":"Turning input into numbers with int() and float()"},"sketch2":{"title":"Using str() to build readable output"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_input_type":{"title":"What type comes from input()?","prompt":"If a user types `25` into `input()`, what type does Python return before any conversion?","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"options":{"a":"int","b":"float","c":"str","d":"bool"}},"sc_best_conversion_decimal":{"title":"Choose the right conversion","prompt":"A program asks for a temperature like `21.5`. Which conversion should you use on the result of `input()`?","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"bool()","b":"float()","c":"str()","d":"print()"}},"mc_valid_number_conversions":{"title":"Conversions that make numbers","prompt":"Which lines can correctly turn user input into a number? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for conversions that produce numeric values from the text returned by input().","help":{"concept":"Since `input()` returns a string, numeric programs often wrap it with `int()` or `float()` to create numbers.","hint_1":"Two common built-in conversions are used for whole numbers and decimal numbers.","hint_2":"Pick the lines that call `input()` and then wrap that result in a numeric conversion, not the one that keeps it as text."},"options":{"a":"age = int(input(\"Age: \"))","b":"price = float(input(\"Price: \"))","c":"name = str(input(\"Name: \"))","d":"score = print(input(\"Score: \"))"}},"mc_true_statements_conversion":{"title":"True statements about conversion","prompt":"Which statements are true? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about what input() returns and when str() is useful.","help":{"concept":"This question checks three linked ideas: `input()` returns strings, `int()` converts text digits to integers, and `str()` helps combine numbers with text.","hint_1":"One true statement is about `input()`, and another is about joining a number into a message.","hint_2":"Reject any statement claiming that `input()` automatically gives an integer or that `str()` is only for user input."},"options":{"a":"input() returns a string","b":"int(\"8\") creates the integer 8","c":"str() can help combine a number with text","d":"input() automatically returns an int when the user types digits"}},"dr_steps_add_one":{"title":"Order the steps for adding 1 to user input","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order to read an age and print the age plus 1.","hint":"The program must read text first, then convert, then do math, then print.","help":{"concept":"A beginner input program usually follows a sequence: get text from `input()`, convert it, use the converted value, then display the result.","hint_1":"You cannot safely add `1` before converting the typed text into a number.","hint_2":"Start with reading the value, then make it numeric, then calculate, then show the result."},"tokens":{"t1":"Read the value with input()","t2":"Convert the text with int()","t3":"Add 1 to the number","t4":"Print the result"}},"dr_build_message_number":{"title":"Order the steps for a text message with a number","prompt":"Arrange the steps to create and print the message `You have 5 stars` using a number variable.","hint":"The number must exist before it can be converted into text and joined into a message.","help":{"concept":"When combining numbers and strings with `+`, create the number first, convert it with `str()`, then build the full message and print it.","hint_1":"The conversion with `str()` happens before the final string is complete.","hint_2":"Start by storing the numeric value, then turn it into text, then join the pieces, then print."},"tokens":{"t1":"Store 5 in a variable","t2":"Convert the number with str()","t3":"Join the text pieces into one message","t4":"Print the message"}},"fb_int_conversion":{"title":"Fill the conversion built-in tool","prompt":"Complete the code so the input becomes a whole number.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"age = [blank1](input(\"Age: \"))","choices":["int","float","print","input"]},"fb_str_message":{"title":"Fill the missing conversion","prompt":"Complete the code so the number can be joined with text.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"message = \"Score: \" + [blank1](score)","choices":["int","float","str","input"]},"code_echo_name":{"title":"Read and print a name","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one line of input as a name and prints `Hello, NAME!` using the entered name.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"# Read a name and print a greeting\n# TODO: use input() and print()"},"code_add_two_ages":{"title":"Add two whole numbers from input","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads two whole numbers, one per line, converts them with `int()`, and prints their sum.","hint":"Read the task \"Add two whole numbers from input\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Add two whole numbers from input\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"# Read two whole numbers and print their sum\nfirst = input()\nsecond = input()\n# TODO: convert and print"},"code_double_price":{"title":"Double a decimal number","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one decimal number, converts it with `float()`, and prints the value multiplied by 2.","hint":"Read the task \"Double a decimal number\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Double a decimal number\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Read a decimal number and print double its value\nvalue = input()\n# TODO: convert and print"},"code_age_next_year":{"title":"Print next year's age","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads a person's age as a whole number and prints `Next year: X` where `X` is the age plus 1.","hint":"Convert the typed age to an integer before adding 1.","help":{"concept":"This combines input, integer conversion, arithmetic, and readable output in one short program.","hint_1":"Store the converted age in a variable, then calculate one more than that value.","hint_2":"Build the printed message so the label text comes first, followed by the updated number."},"starterCode":"# Read an age and print next year's age\n# TODO: complete the program"},"code_profile_line":{"title":"Build a simple profile line","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads a name on the first line and an age on the second line. Convert the age to an integer, then print `NAME is AGE years old`.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a simple profile line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Build a simple profile line\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"# Read a name and an age, then print a profile line\nname = input()\nage = input()\n# TODO: convert age and print the sentence"}}},"module-1-profile-card-project":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Profile Card","summary":"A tutor wants one profile card program that grows from a simple stored value into a clean interactive card. Each step keeps the working code and upgrades it.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your first profile-card client"},"project":{"title":"Profile Card Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Build the first profile card"},"mp_2":{"title":"Make the card read input"},"mp_3":{"title":"Clean the typed name"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the full profile card"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-store-profile-values":{"title":"Build the first profile card","prompt":"Turn the preview into the first real card. Store `\"Maya\"` in `student_name`, store `7` in `level`, then print exactly:\nProfile for Maya\nLevel: 7","hint":"Store the values first, then print the two card lines.","help":{"concept":"This step starts the actual project structure. The card now has labeled output instead of a single preview value.","hint_1":"Use `student_name` for the name variable and `level` for the number.","hint_2":"The first line starts with `Profile for`."},"starterCode":"name = \"Ava\"\nprint(name)\n\n# Replace the preview with a first profile card.\n# Store Maya in student_name and 7 in level.\n# Then print the two profile lines.\n"},"mp-2-read-and-label-input":{"title":"Make the card read input","prompt":"Keep the same card layout, but make it more useful. Replace the stored name with `input()`, keep `level = 7`, read the city with a second `input()`, and print exactly:\nProfile for <name>\nLevel: 7\nCity: <city>","hint":"Use `input()` for the typed name and city, then keep printing the card in the same order.","help":{"concept":"The project still feels like the same card, but now the learner can type values instead of relying only on stored text.","hint_1":"The name comes from the first input and the city comes from the second input.","hint_2":"Keep the level line in the middle."},"starterCode":"student_name = \"Maya\"\nlevel = 7\nprint(f\"Profile for {student_name}\")\nprint(f\"Level: {level}\")\n\n# Keep the profile card idea.\n# Replace the stored name with input().\n# Read the city with input() too, then add the city line.\n"},"mp-3-clean-typed-name":{"title":"Clean the typed name","prompt":"Keep the same three-line card. This time, clean the typed name with `.strip()` and `.title()` before printing it.","hint":"Store the typed name first, then clean it before you print the card.","help":{"concept":"This is an upgrade to the same program, not a reset. The card layout stays the same while the name handling gets better.","hint_1":"Use one variable for the raw name and another for the cleaned result if that helps.","hint_2":"Only the name needs cleaning in this step."},"starterCode":"name = input()\nlevel = 7\ncity = input()\nprint(f\"Profile for {name}\")\nprint(f\"Level: {level}\")\nprint(f\"City: {city}\")\n\n# Keep the card layout.\n# Clean the typed name with .strip() and .title() before printing it.\n"},"mp-4-build-full-profile-card":{"title":"Finish the full profile card","prompt":"Keep the cleaned-name card you already built. Now replace the level with a typed age, convert it to an integer, and print the finished card as:\nProfile for <clean name>\nAge next year: <age + 1>\nCity: <city>","hint":"Keep the cleaned name logic, switch the middle value to `int(input())`, and print the updated middle line.","help":{"concept":"The final step keeps most of the card structure the same, but makes the program more realistic by reading an age and calculating next year.","hint_1":"The input order is name, age, city.","hint_2":"The middle line should use `age + 1`, not the raw age."},"starterCode":"raw_name = input()\nlevel = 7\ncity = input()\nname = raw_name.strip().title()\nprint(f\"Profile for {name}\")\nprint(f\"Level: {level}\")\nprint(f\"City: {city}\")\n\n# Keep the cleaned name.\n# Replace level with a typed age.\n# Print Age next year instead of Level.\n"},"try-module-1-profile-card-project-sketch0":{"title":"Preview the profile card","prompt":"Store `\"Ava\"` in a variable named `name` and print it.","hint":"Assign first, then print the variable.","help":{"concept":"This quick preview gives the project one clean stored value before the full profile card grows around it.","hint_1":"Use the variable name `name`.","hint_2":"Print the variable, not the text directly."},"starterCode":"# Store Ava in name.\n# Then print name.\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_1_profile_card_project_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Store `\"Ava\"` in a variable named `name` and print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"naming-and-assigning-variables":{"label":"Naming and Assigning Variables","summary":"Use clear variable names, assign values with =, and update variables by reassignment.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a variable does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Choose clear variable names"},"sketch2":{"title":"Reassignment updates a variable"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"What assignment does","prompt":"What does `score = 10` do in Python?","hint":"Look at what `=` means when creating or updating a variable.","help":{"concept":"Assignment stores a value in a variable name so the program can use that value later.","hint_1":"The name is on the left and the value is on the right.","hint_2":"This line does not print anything by itself; it stores `10` under a name."},"options":{"a":"It stores the value 10 in the variable `score`.","b":"It prints 10 to the output panel.","c":"It compares `score` and 10 to see if they are equal.","d":"It turns `score` into a string."}},"q2":{"title":"Best variable name","prompt":"Which variable name is the clearest choice for storing a person's age?","hint":"Pick the name that tells you what the value means.","help":{"concept":"Clear variable names make code easier to read because the name describes the stored value.","hint_1":"A descriptive word is better than a single letter when both are allowed.","hint_2":"Choose the option that directly says what number is being stored."},"options":{"a":"x","b":"n","c":"age","d":"thing"}},"q3":{"title":"Valid Python variable names","prompt":"Choose all names that are valid Python variable names.","hint":"Check for spaces and whether the name starts with a number.","help":{"concept":"Python variable names can use letters, numbers, and underscores, but they cannot contain spaces or begin with a digit.","hint_1":"An underscore is allowed in a name.","hint_2":"Reject any option with a space or one that starts with `2`."},"options":{"a":"user_name","b":"2score","c":"favorite color","d":"level1"}},"q4":{"title":"Effects of reassignment","prompt":"Choose all true statements about this code:\n\n```python\npoints = 5\npoints = 8\n```","hint":"Think about what value the variable has after the second assignment.","help":{"concept":"Reassignment replaces the previous value stored in the same variable name.","hint_1":"After the second line, the variable keeps the newer value, not both values.","hint_2":"One statement should mention replacement, and another should mention the final stored value."},"options":{"a":"`points` ends with the value 8.","b":"The value 5 is replaced by the new assignment.","c":"`points` stores both 5 and 8 at the same time.","d":"The second line prints 8 automatically."}},"q5":{"title":"Build a simple assignment program","prompt":"Put the lines in the correct order to store a name and print it.","hint":"Assign the value before trying to print the variable.","help":{"concept":"A variable must be assigned before it is used in `print`.","hint_1":"The line with the string value should come before the line that displays the variable.","hint_2":"Start with the assignment, then use `print(...)`."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(name)","t2":"name = \"Lina\""}},"q6":{"title":"Order a reassignment example","prompt":"Arrange the lines so the program prints `1` and then `2`.","hint":"The first print must happen before the variable is updated.","help":{"concept":"To show both the old and new values, print once before reassignment and once after reassignment.","hint_1":"The update to `count` should happen between the two print lines.","hint_2":"Start by storing `1`, then print, then change the value, then print again."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(count)","t2":"count = 2","t3":"count = 1"}},"q7":{"title":"Complete the variable name","prompt":"Choose the best word to complete the assignment.","hint":"Pick the name that matches the value `16`.","help":{"concept":"A clear variable name should describe the meaning of the value being stored.","hint_1":"Choose a name that describes what the value represents, not merely its data type.","hint_2":"Choose the option that would make the line easy to read for another person."},"template":"[blank1] = 16","choices":["print","age","hello world","=="]},"q8":{"title":"Complete the reassignment","prompt":"Fill the blank so the variable is updated to a new number.","hint":"The blank should be the new value on the right side of `=`.","help":{"concept":"Reassignment changes a variable by giving it a new value with `=`.","hint_1":"The variable name is already provided, so only the replacement value is missing.","hint_2":"Choose the number that would become the new stored value after the line runs."},"template":"score = [blank1]","choices":["score","7","print","\"score\""]},"q9":{"title":"Store and print one value","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores the number `12` in a variable named `age` and prints the value.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Assign `12` to `age`, then print the variable.","help":{"concept":"A basic assignment uses `name = value`, and `print(name)` displays the stored value.","hint_1":"You need one assignment line and one print line.","hint_2":"The variable name must be `age`, and the printed result should come from the variable."},"starterCode":"# Store 12 in a variable named age\n# Then print the variable"},"q10":{"title":"Store text in a clear variable","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores the text `\"Maya\"` in a variable named `student_name` and prints it.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the task \"Store text in a clear variable\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Store text in a clear variable\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"# Store the name in student_name\n# Print the variable"},"q11":{"title":"Update a variable","prompt":"Write Python code that:\n1. stores `3` in a variable named `level`\n2. changes `level` to `4`\n3. prints `level`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Use the same variable name twice, then print after the update.","help":{"concept":"Reassignment means giving a new value to an existing variable name.","hint_1":"The first value is only temporary because the second assignment replaces it.","hint_2":"Print after the second assignment so the output shows the updated value."},"starterCode":"# Create level\n# Update level\n# Print level"},"q12":{"title":"Read input into a variable","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of input into a variable named `city` and then prints it.\n\nExample: if the input is `Tokyo`, the output should be `Tokyo`.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# Read one line into city\n# Print city"},"q13":{"title":"Print before and after reassignment","prompt":"Create a focused solution that stores `\"red\"` in a variable named `color`, prints it, changes `color` to `\"green\"`, and prints it again.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Your solution must satisfy the complete input-and-output contract.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"# Store the first color\n# Print it\n# Change the color\n# Print it again"}}},"string-indexing-and-slicing":{"label":"String Indexing and Slicing","summary":"Access characters and substrings using indexes and slices.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Indexing gets one character"},"sketch1":{"title":"Slicing gets part of a string"},"sketch2":{"title":"Common patterns with indexes and slices"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_index_zero_start":{"title":"Where does string indexing start?","prompt":"In Python, what index gives the first character of a string?","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"1","c":"-1","d":"first"}},"sc_slice_end_rule":{"title":"How slice end positions work","prompt":"What does `text[1:4]` do in Python?","hint":"A slice includes the start index and stops before the end index.","help":{"concept":"In a slice like `text[start:end]`, Python includes the character at `start` but does not include the character at `end`.","hint_1":"Check whether index 4 is part of the result or just the stopping point.","hint_2":"The slice begins at index 1 and collects characters up to, but not including, index 4."},"options":{"a":"It gets only the character at index 4","b":"It gets characters from index 1 through index 4, including both","c":"It gets characters from index 1 up to, but not including, index 4","d":"It removes characters from index 1 to index 4"}},"mc_negative_and_open_slices":{"title":"Recognize true string facts","prompt":"Choose all true statements about Python string indexing and slicing.","hint":"Think about negative indexes and slices with a missing start or end.","help":{"concept":"Negative indexes count from the end of the string, and slices can omit the start or end to mean 'from the beginning' or 'to the end.'","hint_1":"Check whether `-1` refers to the last character and whether `[:3]` starts at the beginning.","hint_2":"More than one statement is correct here; look for the ones that match Python's actual indexing and slicing behavior."},"options":{"a":"`text[-1]` gets the last character","b":"`text[:3]` starts at the beginning and stops before index 3","c":"`text[2:]` starts at index 2 and goes to the end","d":"`text[1:4]` includes the character at index 4"}},"mc_valid_examples":{"title":"Pick the expressions that return substrings","prompt":"For `word = \"planet\"`, which expressions return a substring rather than a single character? Choose all that apply.","hint":"A substring usually comes from a slice with a colon.","help":{"concept":"Indexing with one number returns one character, while slicing with a colon returns a substring.","hint_1":"Look for expressions that use `:` inside the brackets.","hint_2":"Single indexes like `[0]` or `[-1]` return one character, but slice forms return a section of the string."},"options":{"a":"`word[0]`","b":"`word[1:4]`","c":"`word[:2]`","d":"`word[-1]`"}},"dr_build_first_last_middle":{"title":"Order the steps to inspect a string","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order to write a program that stores a word, prints its first character, then prints its last character.","hint":"Start by creating the string variable before trying to index it.","help":{"concept":"To use indexing, you first need a string variable. Then you can print characters using index expressions in a logical order.","hint_1":"The variable assignment must happen before either `print` line.","hint_2":"After the string exists, print index 0 first, then print index -1."},"tokens":{"t1":"word = \"robot\"","t2":"print(word[0])","t3":"print(word[-1])"}},"dr_slice_reasoning":{"title":"Order the slice explanation","prompt":"Arrange the reasoning steps for `text = \"banana\"` and `text[1:4]`.","hint":"Think about where the slice starts and where it stops.","help":{"concept":"A slice starts at the first index, includes each character up to the stopping point, and excludes the end index.","hint_1":"Begin with the rule for the start index, then collect the included characters, then stop before the end index.","hint_2":"The explanation should move from index 1, through the included letters, and then mention that index 4 is excluded."},"tokens":{"t1":"Start at index 1","t2":"Include the characters at indexes 1, 2, and 3","t3":"Stop before index 4"}},"fb_first_char_index":{"title":"Fill the index for the first character","prompt":"Complete the code so it gets the first character of a string.","hint":"The first character uses Python's starting index.","help":{"concept":"Because string indexes begin at zero, the first character uses the starting index.","hint_1":"This is the smallest normal index used to access a character from the front.","hint_2":"It is not 1 and not a negative index from the end."},"template":"print(name[[blank1]])","choices":["0","1","-1","2"]},"fb_open_end_slice":{"title":"Fill the missing slice part","prompt":"Complete the code so it gets everything from index 2 to the end.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"print(word[[blank1]])","choices":["2","2:",":2","1:2"]},"code_first_and_last":{"title":"Print the first and last characters","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one word from input. Print the first character on one line and the last character on the next line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the first and last characters\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the first and last characters\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the first character\n# TODO: print the last character"},"code_middle_slice":{"title":"Print a slice from index 1 to 4","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one word from input and prints the slice from index 1 up to, but not including, index 4.","hint":"Read the task \"Print a slice from index 1 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print a slice from index 1 to 4\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the required slice"},"code_prefix_suffix":{"title":"Print the first three and the rest","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one word from input. Print the first three characters on one line, then print the remaining characters on the next line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the first three and the rest\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the first three and the rest\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the first three characters\n# TODO: print the rest of the word"},"code_last_two":{"title":"Print the last two characters","prompt":"Use Python to reads one word from input and prints its last two characters.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the last two characters\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the last two characters\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the last two characters"},"code_wrap_edges":{"title":"Build a short edge summary","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one word from input and prints a new string made from the first character, a hyphen, and the last character. For example, if the input is `robot`, the output should be `r-t`.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a short edge summary\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Build a short edge summary\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print first character, then '-', then last character"}}},"string-methods":{"label":"Useful String Methods","summary":"Use methods like lower, strip, replace, split, and join.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What string methods do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Changing text with replace"},"sketch2":{"title":"Breaking and joining text"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Choose the lowercase method","prompt":"Which string method changes all letters in a string to lowercase?","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"options":{"a":"strip()","b":"lower()","c":"split()","d":"join()"}},"sc-2":{"title":"Pick the method for outside spaces","prompt":"Which method removes spaces from the beginning and end of a string?","hint":"Think about cleaning up text like \" hi \".","help":{"concept":"Some string methods change letter case, some break text apart, and one removes extra whitespace only from the outside edges of the string.","hint_1":"The method does not remove spaces in the middle of the text, only at the start and end.","hint_2":"Imagine cleaning \" Ada \" so the name keeps its letters but loses the outside padding."},"options":{"a":"replace()","b":"lower()","c":"strip()","d":"split()"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Methods that return strings","prompt":"Choose all expressions that return a string.","hint":"Think about which operations produce one piece of text, not a list.","help":{"concept":"Different string methods return different types of results. `lower()`, `strip()`, and `replace()` return strings, while `split()` returns a list of strings.","hint_1":"Check whether each expression gives back text you could print directly as one string.","hint_2":"One option creates multiple pieces in a list. The others keep the result as a single string."},"options":{"a":"\"Hi\".lower()","b":"\" hi \".strip()","c":"\"a,b,c\".split(\",\")","d":"\"cat\".replace(\"c\", \"b\")"}},"mc-2":{"title":"Good uses of split and join","prompt":"Choose all true statements about `split()` and `join()`.","hint":"One breaks a string into pieces, and the other combines pieces into one string.","help":{"concept":"`split()` separates a string using a delimiter, and `join()` combines an iterable of strings using the string before `.join(...)` as the separator.","hint_1":"Ask what happens to the number of pieces: does the result become many parts or one combined string?","hint_2":"A comma can be used to split text like \"a,b,c\", and a space can be used to join words into a sentence."},"options":{"a":"`\"a,b,c\".split(\",\")` breaks the text into parts","b":"`\" \".join([\"I\", \"code\"])` combines words with a space","c":"`split()` always makes text lowercase","d":"`join()` removes outside spaces from a string"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Order the cleanup steps","prompt":"Put these steps in order to clean a name, make it lowercase, and print it.","hint":"Start by storing the original text, then transform it, then show the result.","help":{"concept":"A small Python program usually follows a sequence: create a value, transform it with methods, store the result, then print the final value.","hint_1":"You cannot print the cleaned value before it has been created.","hint_2":"The lowercase step should happen after the original text exists and before the final print."},"tokens":{"t1":"name = \" ALICE \"","t2":"clean = name.strip()","t3":"result = clean.lower()","t4":"print(result)"}},"dr-2":{"title":"Order split and join","prompt":"Arrange the code steps to turn \"red-blue-green\" into \"red, blue, green\".","hint":"First store the original text, then split it, then join the pieces with a new separator.","help":{"concept":"To change separators, first split the original string into parts using the old separator, then join those parts using the new separator.","hint_1":"The list of parts must exist before you can join it.","hint_2":"The hyphen is used in the split step, and the comma-space is used in the join step."},"tokens":{"t1":"colors = \"red-blue-green\"","t2":"parts = colors.split(\"-\")","t3":"result = \", \".join(parts)","t4":"print(result)"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Fill the method name","prompt":"Complete the code so it removes outside spaces from `text`.","hint":"Use the method that trims the start and end of a string.","help":{"concept":"When text has unwanted spaces around the edges, Python uses a specific string method to remove only those outside spaces.","hint_1":"This method is often used before comparing or printing cleaned user input.","hint_2":"It is not the method for lowercase and not the method for replacing one word with another."},"template":"clean = text.[blank1]()","choices":["lower","strip","split","join"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Fill the separator","prompt":"Complete the code so the words are joined with a single space.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"sentence = [blank1].join(words)","choices":["\"-\"","\" \"","\",\"","\"|\""]},"code-1":{"title":"Lowercase a line of text","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of input, converts it to lowercase, and prints the result.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Convert text to lowercase and print it"},"code-2":{"title":"Trim outside spaces","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input, removes spaces from the beginning and end, and prints the cleaned text.","hint":"Read the task \"Trim outside spaces\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Trim outside spaces\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Remove outside spaces and print the result"},"code-3":{"title":"Replace one word","prompt":"Use Python to reads a line of input and prints the result after replacing every `cat` with `dog`.","hint":"Read the task \"Replace one word\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Replace one word\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Replace cat with dog and print the result"},"code-4":{"title":"Split comma-separated words","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one line of comma-separated words, splits the text at each comma, and prints each word on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Split comma-separated words\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Split comma-separated words\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n# Print each part on its own line"},"code-5":{"title":"Clean and format tags","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of input like ` apple,banana,cherry `, removes outside spaces, splits the text by commas, then joins the parts with ` | ` and prints the result.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Correct syntax is only the start; the resulting output must also match.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Remove outside spaces\n# Split by commas\n# Join with \" | \" and print"}}}},"python-v2-2":{"and-or-not":{"label":"And, Or, and Not","summary":"Combine conditions with boolean operators.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Using and to require two things"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using or and not"},"sketch2":{"title":"Combining conditions in real if statements"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_and_true":{"title":"When does and become true?","prompt":"Which statement about `A and B` is correct?","hint":"Think about a rule where two requirements must both be met.","help":{"concept":"The `and` operator combines two conditions and returns true only if each condition is true.","hint_1":"Compare `and` with a situation like 'old enough and has permission'. Missing either one should fail.","hint_2":"Ask yourself what happens if one side is false. With `and`, that makes the whole result false."},"options":{"a":"It is true only when both A and B are true.","b":"It is true when either A or B is true.","c":"It is always the opposite of A.","d":"It is true whenever A is false."}},"sc_not_flip":{"title":"What does not do?","prompt":"If `logged_in = False`, what does `not logged_in` evaluate to?","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"options":{"a":"False","b":"0","c":"True","d":"None"}},"mc_or_cases":{"title":"Choose the true or expressions","prompt":"Which expressions evaluate to `True`? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"With `or`, only one side needs to be true.","help":{"concept":"The `or` operator returns true when at least one of its two conditions is true.","hint_1":"Check each side of each expression separately, then see whether at least one side is true.","hint_2":"Any expression with one true side and one false side still becomes true with `or`."},"options":{"a":"True or False","b":"False or False","c":"3 > 5 or 10 > 2","d":"7 == 8 or 1 > 4"}},"mc_valid_age_and_name":{"title":"Valid input checks","prompt":"A program should accept input only when the user is at least 18 and the name is not empty. Which conditions match that rule? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"The rule needs both age and a non-empty name.","help":{"concept":"Equivalent boolean conditions can be written in different ways, but they must still require both parts of the rule to be satisfied.","hint_1":"One part checks adulthood. The other part checks that the string is not empty.","hint_2":"A condition using `not (age < 18)` means the same as being 18 or older."},"options":{"a":"age >= 18 and name != \"\"","b":"age >= 18 or name != \"\"","c":"not (age < 18) and name != \"\"","d":"age > 18 and name == \"\""}},"dr_build_and_condition":{"title":"Build an and condition","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to make a valid Python condition that checks whether `score` is at least 50 and `passed` is true.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Think about which part must come first.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"tokens":{"t1":"score","t2":">=","t3":"50","t4":"and","t5":"passed"}},"dr_if_elif_else_logic":{"title":"Order the branches","prompt":"Arrange these lines into a valid `if` / `elif` / `else` structure.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"if age < 13:","t2":"print(\"child\")","t3":"elif age < 18:","t4":"print(\"teen\")","t5":"else:","t6":"print(\"adult\")"}},"fb_not_condition":{"title":"Complete a not check","prompt":"Choose the missing word to make the condition true when `ready` is false.","hint":"You need the operator that reverses a boolean value.","help":{"concept":"Use the unary boolean operator that reverses True and False.","hint_1":"If `ready` is false, the condition should still pass.","hint_2":"Choose the operator that turns false into true inside the `if` check."},"template":"if [blank1] ready:\n print(\"Wait\")","choices":["and","or","not","elif"]},"fb_or_operator":{"title":"Complete an either-or rule","prompt":"Choose the operator that makes the condition true when either comparison is true.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"if temp < 0 [blank1] temp > 30:\n print(\"Extreme\")","choices":["and","or","not","="]},"code_ticket_check":{"title":"Check event entry","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads two lines: an integer age and a string `yes` or `no` for whether the person has an ID. Print `allowed` if the age is at least 18 and the ID answer is `yes`. Otherwise print `denied`.","hint":"Read the task \"Check event entry\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Check event entry\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\nhas_id = input().strip()\n\n# TODO: print allowed or denied"},"code_free_day":{"title":"Weekend or holiday","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads two lines, each containing `True` or `False`: `is_weekend` and `is_holiday`. Print `rest` if either value is true. Otherwise print `work`.","hint":"Read the task \"Weekend or holiday\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Weekend or holiday\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"is_weekend = input().strip() == \"True\"\nis_holiday = input().strip() == \"True\"\n\n# TODO: print rest or work"},"code_not_logged_in":{"title":"Prompt when not logged in","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line containing `True` or `False` for `logged_in`. If the user is not logged in, print `please sign in`. Otherwise print `welcome`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"logged_in = input().strip() == \"True\"\n\n# TODO: print the correct message"},"code_score_certificate":{"title":"Certificate decision","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads an integer score and a second line containing `True` or `False` for `late`. Print `certificate` if the score is at least 80 and the work is not late. Print `passed` if the score is at least 80 and the work is late. Otherwise print `practice`.","hint":"Read the task \"Certificate decision\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Certificate decision\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nlate = input().strip() == \"True\"\n\n# TODO: print certificate, passed, or practice"},"code_range_check":{"title":"Check if a number is in range","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one integer `n`. Print `in range` if `n` is at least 10 and at most 20. Otherwise print `out of range`.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print in range or out of range"}}},"checking-special-cases-first":{"label":"Checking Special Cases First","summary":"Use clear early checks to make conditional logic easier to read.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why check special cases first?"},"sketch1":{"title":"Put specific checks before broad checks"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use `elif` to separate cases clearly"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-special-before-general":{"title":"Choose the best ordering","prompt":"Why is it usually better to check a special case before a broad case in an `if` / `elif` chain?","hint":"Python uses the first branch whose condition is true.","help":{"concept":"In an `if` / `elif` chain, Python checks conditions from top to bottom and stops at the first true one. A broad condition can hide a more specific case if it appears first.","hint_1":"Think about what happens when one value matches both a specific condition and a wider condition.","hint_2":"If the wider condition is first, Python will take that branch and skip the later special-case branch."},"options":{"a":"Because Python runs every matching branch in order","b":"Because a broad condition placed first can prevent the special case from being reached","c":"Because `elif` only works with numbers","d":"Because special cases must always be written in `else`"}},"sc-output-perfect-score":{"title":"Predict the output","prompt":"What does this code print when `score = 100`?\n\n```python\nscore = 100\n\nif score >= 60:\n print(\"Pass\")\nelif score == 100:\n print(\"Perfect\")\nelse:\n print(\"Fail\")\n```","hint":"Check which condition becomes true first.","help":{"concept":"Python evaluates `if` and `elif` branches in order. Even if a later condition is also true, it will not run once an earlier true branch is found.","hint_1":"Ask whether `100 >= 60` is true before thinking about the `elif` line.","hint_2":"Once the first branch matches, Python prints from that branch and skips the rest."},"options":{"a":"Perfect","b":"Fail","c":"Pass","d":"It prints both Pass and Perfect"}},"mc-good-special-case-order":{"title":"Find the good examples","prompt":"Which snippets check a special case before a broader case? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for a narrow condition placed above a wider one.","help":{"concept":"A special case is a narrower condition, such as `score == 100`, while a broad case covers more values, such as `score >= 60`. Good ordering puts the narrower case first.","hint_1":"Check whether the first condition is a subset of a later condition or the other way around.","hint_2":"A good answer handles the exact edge case before the condition that would also include it."},"options":{"a":"if score == 100: ... elif score >= 60: ...","b":"if age >= 0: ... elif age == 0: ...","c":"if text == \"\": ... elif text != \"\": ...","d":"if number > 0: ... elif number == 1: ..."}},"mc-values-hit-first-branch":{"title":"Which values take the first branch?","prompt":"Consider this code:\n\n```python\nif n == 0:\n print(\"zero\")\nelif n <= 10:\n print(\"small\")\nelse:\n print(\"big\")\n```\n\nWhich values print `zero`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"-1","b":"0","c":"1","d":"10"}},"dr-order-score-checks":{"title":"Order the branches","prompt":"Arrange these conditions from best to worst order for a grading check where `100` should get a special message before normal passing scores.","hint":"Put the most specific condition first.","help":{"concept":"When one condition is more specific than another, the specific one should come earlier so it is not hidden by a broader match.","hint_1":"An exact equality check for `100` is narrower than a pass-range check.","hint_2":"The catch-all branch belongs last because it handles everything not matched earlier."},"tokens":{"t1":"if score == 100","t2":"elif score >= 60","t3":"else"}},"dr-order-input-validation":{"title":"Order validation logic","prompt":"Arrange these checks in a clear order for an age classifier. Invalid ages should be handled before normal ages.","hint":"Start with the impossible value range.","help":{"concept":"Validation often works best when invalid or exceptional inputs are checked first, then special valid cases, then the general case.","hint_1":"A negative age is invalid, so it should be checked before any normal age category.","hint_2":"After invalid input, place the exact edge case before the broad remaining case."},"tokens":{"t1":"if age < 0","t2":"elif age == 0","t3":"else"}},"fb-empty-string-check":{"title":"Complete the special-case check","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the code checks for an empty string first.","hint":"An empty string has no characters.","help":{"concept":"In Python, an empty string is written with two quotes and nothing between them. It is a common special case to check before other text values.","hint_1":"You need the string literal that contains zero characters.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that is just opening and closing quotes with nothing inside."},"template":"if text == [blank1]:\n print(\"Empty\")","choices":["\"\"","\" \"","None","0"]},"fb-elif-keyword":{"title":"Choose the right keyword","prompt":"Fill in the missing keyword to check a second condition only if the first one was false.","hint":"This keyword combines `else` and `if`.","help":{"concept":"Use the middle branch keyword when another condition should be checked only after earlier branches were false.","hint_1":"It is not `if`, because that would start a separate condition block.","hint_2":"It is the keyword used between `if` and `else` in a multi-branch chain."},"template":"if score == 100:\n print(\"Perfect\")\n[blank1] score >= 60:\n print(\"Pass\")","choices":["else","elif","then","loop"]},"code-invalid-before-range":{"title":"Check invalid input first","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer age from input. If the age is less than 0, print `Invalid`. Otherwise, if the age is less than 13, print `Child`. In all other cases, print `Older`.","hint":"Handle the impossible age before the normal age groups.","help":{"concept":"When one input is invalid or exceptional, checking it first keeps the rest of the branching logic simpler and clearer.","hint_1":"Read the age with `input()`, convert it to `int`, then test `age < 0` before the other conditions.","hint_2":"After the invalid check, the next branch should cover ages from 0 up to 12, and the final branch handles the rest."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Invalid, Child, or Older"},"code-perfect-before-pass":{"title":"Print a special message for 100","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one integer score. If the score is exactly 100, print `Perfect`. Otherwise, if the score is at least 60, print `Pass`. In all other cases, print `Fail`.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Perfect, Pass, or Fail"},"code-empty-yes-other":{"title":"Handle empty text first","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one line of text. If the text is an empty string, print `Empty`. Otherwise, if the text is `yes`, print `Confirmed`. In all other cases, print `Other`.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: print Empty, Confirmed, or Other"},"code-zero-before-small":{"title":"Check zero before a wider range","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer `n`. If `n` is exactly 0, print `Zero`. Otherwise, if `n` is less than or equal to 10, print `Small`. In all other cases, print `Large`.","hint":"The exact value 0 belongs to the wider `<= 10` range, so order matters.","help":{"concept":"When a special value is included inside a broader range, the exact-value check must come first or it will be hidden by the range check.","hint_1":"Read the number, then compare with `== 0` before using `<= 10`.","hint_2":"The second branch should catch values like 1 and 10, while the final branch handles numbers above 10."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Zero, Small, or Large"},"code-invalid-code-first":{"title":"Validate a code before normal cases","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one integer code. If the code is less than 0, print `Invalid`. Otherwise, if the code is 0, print `Start`. In all other cases, print `Continue`.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"code = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Invalid, Start, or Continue"}}},"comparisons-and-truth-values":{"label":"Comparisons and Truth Values","summary":"Use comparison operators and understand True and False results.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What comparison operators do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using True and False in decisions"},"sketch2":{"title":"Truthiness of numbers, strings, and None"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-compare-equal":{"title":"Equal comparison","prompt":"Which expression checks whether `score` is equal to `10`?","hint":"Use the equality comparison operator, not assignment.","help":{"concept":"In Python, `==` compares two values, while `=` assigns a value to a variable.","hint_1":"You want an expression that asks a question about `score`, not one that changes `score`.","hint_2":"Look for the option with the double equals operator between `score` and `10`."},"options":{"a":"score = 10","b":"score == 10","c":"10 = score"}},"sc-truthy-string":{"title":"Truthy value","prompt":"Which value is truthy in Python?","hint":"Read the question and connect it to the specific lesson example.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"\"\"","b":"0","c":"None","d":"\"hi\""}},"mc-true-comparisons":{"title":"Choose all true comparisons","prompt":"Which expressions evaluate to `True`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Check each comparison one by one.","help":{"concept":"A comparison returns `True` only when the relationship between the two values is correct.","hint_1":"Test each option mentally: compare the numbers exactly as written.","hint_2":"Look for the statements where the left side really is greater, equal, or not equal in the stated way."},"options":{"a":"4 < 2","b":"6 >= 6","c":"3 != 5","d":"7 == 8"}},"mc-falsey-values":{"title":"Falsy values","prompt":"Which values are falsy in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"\"\"","c":"\"False\"","d":"None"}},"dr-check-age-order":{"title":"Order the age check","prompt":"Put these lines in the correct order to make a program that prints `adult` when `age` is at least 18.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"age = 20","t2":"if age >= 18:","t3":"print(\"adult\")"}},"dr-compare-then-print":{"title":"Build a comparison output","prompt":"Arrange the lines to print the result of checking whether `5` is less than `9`.","hint":"Create the variable first, then print it.","help":{"concept":"You can store a comparison result in a variable and then print that boolean value.","hint_1":"The comparison must happen before the program can print its result.","hint_2":"The line with `print` should come after the line that assigns the comparison result."},"tokens":{"t1":"result = 5 < 9","t2":"print(result)"}},"fb-greater-equal":{"title":"Complete the operator","prompt":"Choose the operator that makes the condition true when `age` is 18 or more.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"if age [blank1] 18:","choices":[">",">=","==","!="]},"fb-empty-string":{"title":"Fill the falsy value","prompt":"Choose the value that makes this condition false.","hint":"An empty string is falsy.","help":{"concept":"In Python, an empty string is falsy, so an `if` condition using it directly will not run the `if` block.","hint_1":"You need the string with no characters inside it.","hint_2":"Pick the option that shows quotation marks with nothing between them."},"template":"name = [blank1]","choices":["\"Ava\"","\"hello\"","\"\"","\"0\""]},"ci-print-comparisons":{"title":"Print two comparison results","prompt":"Use Python to prints the result of `8 > 3` on one line and `8 == 10` on the next line.","hint":"Use `print` with each comparison expression.","help":{"concept":"A comparison expression evaluates to `True` or `False`, and `print` shows that result in the output panel.","hint_1":"You need two separate output lines, so use two `print` calls or equivalent line-separated output.","hint_2":"One comparison should check greater than, and the other should check equality with 10."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the result of 8 > 3\n# TODO: print the result of 8 == 10"},"ci-age-check":{"title":"Adult or minor","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer age from input. Print `adult` if the age is 18 or more. Otherwise print `minor`.","hint":"Read the task \"Adult or minor\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Adult or minor\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print adult or minor"},"ci-number-sign":{"title":"Positive, zero, or negative","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer. Print `positive` if it is greater than 0, `zero` if it is exactly 0, and `negative` otherwise.","hint":"Read the task \"Positive, zero, or negative\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Positive, zero, or negative\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print positive, zero, or negative"},"ci-name-truthy":{"title":"Check whether a name was entered","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one line of input into `name`. If `name` is non-empty, print `Hello`. Otherwise print `No name`.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"name = input()\n\n# TODO: print Hello or No name"},"ci-max-of-two":{"title":"Print the larger number","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads two integers, one per line. Print the larger value. If they are equal, print either one of them.","hint":"Compare the two numbers with `>=` or `>`.","help":{"concept":"A comparison can decide which of two values should be printed based on their size.","hint_1":"Read both integers first, then compare them.","hint_2":"One branch should print the first number when it is at least as large as the second; the other branch prints the second."},"starterCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print the larger number"}}},"if-elif-else":{"label":"If, Elif, and Else","summary":"Control which code runs based on conditions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Choose a path with if"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use else for the other case"},"sketch2":{"title":"Check more than two cases with elif"},"sketch3":{"title":"Check special cases first"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_if_runs_true":{"title":"When does an if block run?","prompt":"In Python, when does the indented code under `if condition:` run?","hint":"Think about whether the condition evaluates to `True` or `False`.","help":{"concept":"An `if` statement controls whether its indented block runs. Python evaluates the condition first, then runs the block only for the true case.","hint_1":"The `if` block is not automatic. Python checks the condition before entering the indented lines.","hint_2":"Choose the option that says the block runs only for the true result of the condition."},"options":{"a":"It always runs","b":"It runs only when the condition is True","c":"It runs only when the condition is False","d":"It runs only when there is an else block"}},"sc_elif_role":{"title":"What is elif for?","prompt":"What is the main purpose of `elif` in Python?","hint":"It lets you check another condition after a previous one was false.","help":{"concept":"`elif` adds another branch to a conditional chain. Python reaches it only if earlier `if` or `elif` conditions were false.","hint_1":"It is used between `if` and `else` when you have another condition to test.","hint_2":"Look for the choice about checking an additional condition instead of starting a separate unrelated block."},"options":{"a":"To repeat the same block many times","b":"To check another condition if earlier ones were false","c":"To end a program immediately","d":"To print the value of a variable"}},"mc_valid_conditional_facts":{"title":"Facts about conditional chains","prompt":"Choose all true statements about `if` / `elif` / `else` chains in Python.","hint":"Think about order and how many branches run in one chain.","help":{"concept":"In a conditional chain, Python checks conditions from top to bottom and stops at the first true branch. `else` is the fallback when no earlier condition matched.","hint_1":"One important idea is that Python does not keep checking after it finds a true branch.","hint_2":"Select the statements about top-to-bottom checking and `else` as the fallback case."},"options":{"a":"Python checks the conditions from top to bottom","b":"More than one branch in the same chain can run for one input","c":"Python stops after the first true branch in the chain","d":"The else block runs when earlier conditions were false"}},"mc_truthy_values":{"title":"Truthy values","prompt":"Choose all values that are truthy in Python.","hint":"Read the question and connect it to the specific lesson example.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"\"hi\"","c":"5","d":"None"}},"dr_branch_order":{"title":"Order the branch checks","prompt":"Arrange these steps in the order Python follows for an `if` / `elif` / `else` chain.","hint":"Python starts at the top, checks conditions, and stops at the first match.","help":{"concept":"A conditional chain is evaluated in sequence. Python checks the first condition, then later ones only if needed, and uses `else` only when no condition matched.","hint_1":"The first action is checking the `if` condition, not jumping to `else`.","hint_2":"After a false `if`, Python may check `elif`; `else` is last if nothing matched."},"tokens":{"t1":"Check the if condition","t2":"If needed, check the elif condition","t3":"Run the first matching branch","t4":"Use else only if no earlier condition matched"}},"dr_specific_before_general":{"title":"Put conditions in a good order","prompt":"Arrange these checks from most specific to most general for a score classifier.","hint":"A special case like exactly 100 should come before a broader rule like 60 or more.","help":{"concept":"When conditions overlap, the more specific condition should come first so it is not hidden by a broader earlier condition.","hint_1":"Ask which rule matches the fewest values. That one should be first.","hint_2":"The exact score check is narrowest, the pass range is broader, and the fallback is last."},"tokens":{"t1":"score == 100","t2":"score >= 60","t3":"else"}},"fb_else_keyword":{"title":"Complete the fallback branch","prompt":"Choose the keyword that makes this code run when the `if` condition is false.","hint":"This keyword handles the remaining case after the `if` test fails.","help":{"concept":"In a two-branch conditional, the fallback branch runs only when the first condition is false.","hint_1":"It is not another condition like `elif`; it is the catch-all branch.","hint_2":"Choose the keyword used without a condition after an `if` block."},"template":"[blank1]:\n print(\"no\")","choices":["if","elif","else","print"]},"fb_comparison_operator":{"title":"Pick the correct comparison","prompt":"Fill in the operator so the condition is true when `age` is 18 or more.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"if age [blank1] 18:\n print(\"adult\")","choices":[">","<",">=","=="]},"code_positive_negative_zero":{"title":"Classify a number","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer. Print `positive` if the number is greater than 0, `negative` if it is less than 0, or `zero` if it is exactly 0.","hint":"Read the task \"Classify a number\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Classify a number\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print positive, negative, or zero"},"code_pass_fail":{"title":"Pass or fail","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer score. Print `pass` if the score is 60 or higher. Otherwise print `fail`.","hint":"Read the task \"Pass or fail\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Pass or fail\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print pass or fail"},"code_grade_checker":{"title":"Simple grade checker","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer score from 0 to 100. Print `A` if the score is 90 or more, `B` if it is 80 to 89, `C` if it is 70 to 79, and `F` otherwise.","hint":"Read the task \"Simple grade checker\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Simple grade checker\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print A, B, C, or F"},"code_empty_or_text":{"title":"Check for empty text","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input. If the line is an empty string, print `empty`. Otherwise print `text`.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"The exercise evaluates what the finished program does with the supplied values.","hint_1":"Trace the current values before editing. Keep the working lines and add only the behavior the prompt requests.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: print empty or text"},"code_even_odd":{"title":"Even or odd","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one integer. Print `even` if the number is divisible by 2. Otherwise print `odd`.","hint":"Use the remainder operator `%` to test divisibility by 2.","help":{"concept":"A number is even when dividing by 2 leaves remainder 0. Otherwise it is odd.","hint_1":"Use a condition based on `n % 2`.","hint_2":"The even case is the one where the remainder after division by 2 is zero."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print even or odd"}}},"indentation-and-blocks":{"label":"Indentation and Blocks","summary":"Understand why indentation controls structure in Python.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why indentation matters"},"sketch1":{"title":"Lines with the same indentation belong together"},"sketch2":{"title":"Each branch has its own block"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-indent-purpose":{"title":"What indentation does","prompt":"In Python, what does indentation mainly tell the program?","hint":"Think about which lines belong under an `if` or `else`.","help":{"concept":"Python uses indentation to define blocks of code. A block is the set of lines that belong to a statement like `if`, `elif`, or `else`.","hint_1":"Look for the choice about grouping lines under a conditional branch.","hint_2":"It is not mainly about decoration or comments. It controls structure."},"options":{"a":"Which lines belong to the same block","b":"Which variables are strings","c":"How many times a line will run","d":"Whether print adds a new line"}},"sc-outside-block":{"title":"Line outside the block","prompt":"What is true about a line that is not indented under an `if` statement?","hint":"Compare a line aligned with `if` to a line indented under it.","help":{"concept":"A line aligned with the `if` statement is outside that `if` block, so it is not controlled by the condition in the same way as indented lines are.","hint_1":"A line at the left edge is separate from the indented branch.","hint_2":"If the condition is false, the outside line can still run because it is not part of the skipped block."},"options":{"a":"It is always ignored","b":"It belongs to the `if` block","c":"It is outside the `if` block","d":"It turns the `if` into an `else`"}},"mc-same-block":{"title":"Choose all lines in the block","prompt":"Consider this code:\n\n```python\nif True:\n print(\"A\")\n print(\"B\")\nprint(\"C\")\n```\n\nWhich lines are inside the `if` block? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Only the indented lines under `if True:` belong to that block.","help":{"concept":"In Python, all lines directly under a statement and indented the same amount are part of that block.","hint_1":"Check which lines are shifted to the right under `if True:`.","hint_2":"The two `print` lines with matching indentation are grouped together; the left-aligned line is separate."},"options":{"a":"print(\"A\")","b":"print(\"B\")","c":"print(\"C\")","d":"if True:"}},"mc-branch-blocks":{"title":"Valid ideas about blocks","prompt":"Which statements about Python blocks are correct? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about indentation level and how `if`/`elif`/`else` branches are grouped.","help":{"concept":"Blocks in Python are formed by indentation. Each branch can have its own block, and matching indentation groups lines together.","hint_1":"Look for statements about same indentation and separate branch bodies.","hint_2":"Reject any choice that says indentation is only visual or optional."},"options":{"a":"Lines with the same indentation under an `if` can belong to the same block","b":"An `else` branch can have its own indented block","c":"Indentation in Python is only for readability and does not affect execution","d":"A line outside the block must be indented more than the `if` line"}},"dr-if-else-structure":{"title":"Build a simple if-else","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to form a valid Python `if`/`else` structure that prints `yes` when `x > 0` and `no` otherwise.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"if x > 0:","t2":"print(\"yes\")","t3":"else:","t4":"print(\"no\")"}},"dr-two-line-block":{"title":"Arrange a two-line block","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make a valid program where both messages are inside the `if` block.","hint":"Both `print` lines should stay under the `if` line with the same indentation.","help":{"concept":"Multiple lines can belong to one block when they are indented equally under the same header line.","hint_1":"Put the `if` header first, then the two indented lines.","hint_2":"The two `print` lines should be consecutive and both shifted right the same amount."},"tokens":{"t1":"if score >= 50:","t2":"print(\"pass\")","t3":"print(\"good effort\")"}},"fb-indent-after-if":{"title":"Complete the block header","prompt":"Choose the missing word to complete the conditional line.","hint":"A conditional branch starts with Python's keyword for checking a condition.","help":{"concept":"A basic conditional begins with the first branch keyword, then a condition and a colon.","hint_1":"You use this keyword before a condition like `x > 3`.","hint_2":"It is the first branch keyword, not the fallback branch."},"template":"[blank1] score >= 80:","choices":["if","else","print","input"]},"fb-line-in-block":{"title":"Choose the indented line","prompt":"Pick the line that correctly fills the blank so the print statement is inside the `if` block.","hint":"The line inside the block must be indented.","help":{"concept":"A statement belongs to an `if` block only when it is indented under the `if` line.","hint_1":"Look for the choice with spaces before `print`.","hint_2":"The correct line is not left-aligned; it is shifted right to show block membership."},"template":"if ready:\n[blank1]","choices":["print(\"Go\")","if print(\"Go\")",": print(\"Go\")"]},"code-basic-if-output":{"title":"Print from an if block","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one integer. If the number is greater than 10, print `big`. Otherwise print `small`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print from an if block\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print from an if block\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print \"big\" if n > 10, otherwise print \"small\""},"code-two-lines-in-block":{"title":"Use two lines in one block","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one integer. If the number is at least 5, print `high` on one line and `checked` on the next line. Otherwise print only `low`.","hint":"Read the task \"Use two lines in one block\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Use two lines in one block\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: write the conditional output"},"code-elif-branches":{"title":"Classify with if elif else","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer. Print `positive` if it is greater than 0, `negative` if it is less than 0, and `zero` otherwise.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Trace the current values before editing. Keep the working lines and add only the behavior the prompt requests.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print positive, negative, or zero"},"code-special-case-first":{"title":"Check the special case first","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer score. Print `perfect` if the score is exactly 100. Otherwise, if the score is at least 60, print `pass`. In all other cases, print `retry`.","hint":"Read the task \"Check the special case first\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Check the special case first\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print perfect, pass, or retry"},"code-nested-if-basic":{"title":"Use an if inside another if","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one integer age. If the age is at least 13, then check one more condition: if the age is at least 18, print `adult`; otherwise print `teen`. If the age is less than 13, print `child`.","hint":"Start with the outer age check, then place another `if` inside that block.","help":{"concept":"Nested conditionals use one indented block inside another. The inner `if` only runs when the outer condition is true.","hint_1":"First separate ages below 13 from ages 13 and above.","hint_2":"Inside the outer true branch, compare again to decide between the two older groups."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\n\n# TODO: use a nested if to print child, teen, or adult"}}},"module-2-study-checker-project":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Study Checker","summary":"A study coach wants one checker that gets smarter step by step. Keep adding rules to the same program until it can handle missing codes, bad scores, and final status messages.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your first rules-based client"},"project":{"title":"Study Checker Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Start the score rule"},"mp_2":{"title":"Add the join rule"},"mp_3":{"title":"Handle a missing code"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the full checker"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-check-pass-fail":{"title":"Start the score rule","prompt":"Start the study checker with one simple rule. Read one whole-number score. Print `Pass` if the score is at least 70. Otherwise print `Try again`.","hint":"Convert the input, then choose between two outputs.","help":{"concept":"The project begins with the simplest useful rule: read one score and choose one of two messages.","hint_1":"Use `int(input())` so the comparison uses numbers.","hint_2":"Only one message should print."},"starterCode":"# Read one score and print Pass or Try again.\n"},"mp-2-check-join-rule":{"title":"Add the join rule","prompt":"Keep the score-based checker idea, but add one more rule. Read `member` with `input()`. Print `Join` only when the score is at least 70 and `member` is exactly `yes`. Otherwise print `Wait`.","hint":"Use `and` so both conditions must be true.","help":{"concept":"This step extends the same checker with a second condition instead of starting a new exercise from scratch.","hint_1":"The score still matters, but now membership matters too.","hint_2":"If either part fails, the output should be `Wait`."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nif score >= 70:\n print(\"Pass\")\nelse:\n print(\"Try again\")\n\n# Keep the score rule idea.\n# Read member with input().\n# Print Join only when the score is at least 70 and member is yes.\n"},"mp-3-handle-missing-text":{"title":"Handle a missing code","prompt":"Keep the Join/Wait checker you already built. Add one more input named `code`. If `code` is an empty string, print `Missing code` before checking the normal Join/Wait rule.","hint":"Check the missing-code case first, then fall through to the earlier rule.","help":{"concept":"A connected checker grows by handling special cases before the broader rule that already works.","hint_1":"The empty string is written as `\"\"`.","hint_2":"If the code is missing, no other message should print."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nmember = input()\nif score >= 70 and member == \"yes\":\n print(\"Join\")\nelse:\n print(\"Wait\")\n\n# Keep the Join/Wait rule.\n# Read one more input named code.\n# If code is empty, print Missing code before the normal rule.\n"},"mp-4-build-final-study-checker":{"title":"Finish the full checker","prompt":"Keep the same three inputs in the same order: score, member, code. Now finish the checker with these rules:\n- `Missing code` if `code` is empty\n- `Invalid score` if the score is less than 0\n- `Join club first` if `member` is not `yes`\n- `Excellent` if the score is at least 90\n- `Passing` if the score is at least 70\n- `Needs practice` otherwise","hint":"Keep the special cases first, then end with the normal score ranges.","help":{"concept":"The final version keeps the same checker structure and adds clearer branches in the order a real program would need them.","hint_1":"Use one `if` / `elif` / `else` chain so only one result prints.","hint_2":"The missing-code and invalid-score branches should come before the status branches."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nmember = input()\ncode = input()\nif code == \"\":\n print(\"Missing code\")\nelif score >= 70 and member == \"yes\":\n print(\"Join\")\nelse:\n print(\"Wait\")\n\n# Keep the same inputs.\n# Add invalid-score and not-a-member checks before the normal score results.\n# Then print the final status message.\n"},"try-module-2-study-checker-project-sketch0":{"title":"Preview the checker","prompt":"Read one score. Print `Ready` if it is at least 50. Otherwise print `Keep going`.","hint":"Use `int(input())` and an `if` / `else` choice.","help":{"concept":"This quick preview shows the basic pattern behind the larger project: read a value, test a rule, and print one matching result.","hint_1":"There are only two possible outputs.","hint_2":"Compare the score to 50."},"starterCode":"# Read one score and print Ready or Keep going.\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_2_study_checker_project_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read one score. Print `Ready` if it is at least 50. Otherwise print `Keep going`."},"allowReveal":true}},"truthiness-and-empty-values":{"label":"Truthiness and Empty Values","summary":"Understand how empty strings, zero, and None behave in conditions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What truthy and falsy mean"},"sketch1":{"title":"How numbers and None behave"},"sketch2":{"title":"When truthiness is useful and when to be careful"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-falsy-empty-string":{"title":"Empty string in a condition","prompt":"What happens in Python when `text = \"\"` and the program checks `if text:`?","hint":"An empty string has a special truthiness value.","help":{"concept":"Python treats empty strings as falsy, so `if text:` fails when `text` is `\"\"`.","hint_1":"Ask whether `\"\"` counts as having content.","hint_2":"The condition does not enter the `if` block for an empty string."},"options":{"a":"The condition is treated as true","b":"The condition is treated as false","c":"Python raises an error","d":"Python converts it to the number 0 first"}},"sc-none-truthiness":{"title":"None in an if statement","prompt":"Which statement about `None` in a Python condition is correct?","hint":"Think about whether `None` behaves more like a present value or a missing value.","help":{"concept":"In beginner Python, `None` is a falsy value and often represents missing or not-yet-set data.","hint_1":"If `value = None`, then `if value:` will not run its main block.","hint_2":"Choose the option that says Python treats `None` like false in conditions."},"options":{"a":"`None` is always truthy","b":"`None` is falsy","c":"`None` becomes an empty string automatically","d":"`None` can only be used with numbers"}},"mc-falsy-values":{"title":"Pick the falsy values","prompt":"Which values are falsy in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"\"\"","c":"None","d":"\"hi\""}},"mc-truthy-values":{"title":"Pick the truthy values","prompt":"Which values are truthy in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Non-empty text and non-zero numbers usually count as true.","help":{"concept":"A non-empty string and any non-zero number are truthy, while `0`, `\"\"`, and `None` are falsy.","hint_1":"Check which options would make `if value:` run its block.","hint_2":"One correct answer is text with characters in it, and another is a number that is not zero."},"options":{"a":"\"hello\"","b":"5","c":"0","d":"None"}},"dr-check-empty-input-order":{"title":"Order the empty-input check","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a program that reads text and prints `Empty` when the input is an empty string, otherwise prints `Has text`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"text = input()","t2":"if text:","t3":"print(\"Has text\")","t4":"else:","t5":"print(\"Empty\")"}},"dr-check-none-order":{"title":"Order the None check","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a program that prints `Missing` when `value` is `None`, otherwise prints `Present`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"value = None","t2":"if value is None:","t3":"print(\"Missing\")","t4":"else:","t5":"print(\"Present\")"}},"fb-zero-falsy":{"title":"Fill the missing value for zero","prompt":"Complete the sentence about truthiness.","hint":"Think about how Python treats zero in an `if` condition.","help":{"concept":"Python treats zero as false when it is used directly as a condition.","hint_1":"If `count = 0`, then `if count:` does not run the main block.","hint_2":"Choose the word that means Python treats the condition like false."},"template":"In Python, `0` is [blank1].","choices":["truthy","falsy","a string","None"]},"fb-nonempty-string":{"title":"Fill the missing value for text","prompt":"Complete the sentence about strings in conditions.","hint":"A string with characters in it behaves differently from `\"\"`.","help":{"concept":"Python treats a string containing at least one character as true and an empty string as false.","hint_1":"Imagine `name = \"Leo\"` inside `if name:`.","hint_2":"Choose the word that means the condition acts like true."},"template":"A non-empty string is [blank1] in Python conditions.","choices":["missing","falsy","truthy","zero"]},"code-classify-string":{"title":"Classify empty or non-empty text","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input. If the input is an empty string, print `empty`. Otherwise, print `not empty`.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Correct syntax is only the start; the resulting output must also match.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# TODO: print \"empty\" if text is empty, otherwise print \"not empty\""},"code-classify-number":{"title":"Classify zero or non-zero","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads an integer. If the number is truthy, print `truthy number`. Otherwise, print `falsy number`.","hint":"Read the task \"Classify zero or non-zero\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Classify zero or non-zero\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"number = int(input())\n# TODO: print the correct message based on the number's truthiness"},"code-check-missing-word":{"title":"Check for a missing word marker","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one line of input. If the input is exactly `None`, print `missing`. Otherwise, print `present`.","hint":"Read the task \"Check for a missing word marker\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Check for a missing word marker\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"value = input()\n# TODO: if the input text is exactly \"None\", print \"missing\"; otherwise print \"present\""},"code-points-message":{"title":"Print a message for points","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads an integer called `points`. If `points` is 0, print `no points`. Otherwise, print `points recorded`.","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"points = int(input())\n# TODO: print the correct message"},"code-two-inputs-both-present":{"title":"Check whether both inputs have text","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads two lines of input: `first` and `second`. If both are non-empty strings, print `both present`. Otherwise, print `missing one`.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Trace the current values before editing. Keep the working lines and add only the behavior the prompt requests.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"first = input()\nsecond = input()\n# TODO: print \"both present\" only when both strings are non-empty"}}}},"python-v2-3":{"accumulators-and-counters":{"label":"Accumulators and Counters","summary":"Build totals, counts, and running summaries in loops.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What accumulators and counters do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Counting only when a condition is true"},"sketch2":{"title":"Building running totals and summaries"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"ex1":{"title":"Identify the accumulator","prompt":"In this code, which variable is the accumulator?\n\n```python\nnumbers = [2, 4, 6]\ntotal = 0\nfor n in numbers:\n total = total + n\nprint(total)\n```","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"options":{"a":"numbers","b":"n","c":"total","d":"print"}},"ex2":{"title":"Choose the best starting value","prompt":"You want to count how many letters in a word are vowels. What is the best starting value for the counter variable?","hint":"A counter tracks how many matches have happened so far.","help":{"concept":"Counters usually begin at zero because before the loop starts, no matching items have been counted yet.","hint_1":"Ask what the count should be before checking any letters.","hint_2":"Before the loop runs, the number of vowels found is none."},"options":{"a":"1","b":"0","c":"\"\"","d":"True"}},"ex3":{"title":"Pick the counter patterns","prompt":"Which code lines are valid ways to increase a counter by 1? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"A counter update should use the old value and add one.","help":{"concept":"A counter update increases the current stored count by one, so the new value depends on the old value.","hint_1":"Look for assignments where the variable becomes itself plus `1`.","hint_2":"Reject lines that reset the variable or subtract instead of increasing."},"options":{"a":"count = count + 1","b":"count += 1","c":"count = 1","d":"count = count - 1"}},"ex4":{"title":"Find true statements about accumulators","prompt":"Which statements are true about accumulators in beginner Python loops? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about what an accumulator stores and how it changes during the loop.","help":{"concept":"An accumulator keeps a running result across iterations and is updated repeatedly based on each item in the loop.","hint_1":"Some accumulators add numbers, and some build strings.","hint_2":"Look for statements about starting values and repeated updates inside the loop."},"options":{"a":"An accumulator can start at 0 when building a numeric total.","b":"An accumulator can be updated inside a for loop.","c":"An accumulator must always store text, not numbers.","d":"An accumulator can build a string step by step."}},"ex5":{"title":"Order the counting steps","prompt":"Arrange these steps to count how many vowels are in a word.","hint":"Start by setting up the counter before the loop begins.","help":{"concept":"A counting loop follows a common pattern: initialize, iterate, test, then update when the condition is true.","hint_1":"The counter must exist before you can increase it.","hint_2":"The condition check happens inside the loop before the counter changes."},"tokens":{"t1":"Set `vowel_count = 0`","t2":"Loop through each character in the word","t3":"Check whether the character is a vowel","t4":"Increase `vowel_count` by 1"}},"ex6":{"title":"Order the running total logic","prompt":"Arrange these code ideas in the correct order for summing numbers in a list.","hint":"A running total starts before the loop and is printed after the loop.","help":{"concept":"To build a total, you initialize the accumulator, loop through items, update the total each time, and then use the final result after the loop ends.","hint_1":"The print step belongs at the end, after all numbers have been processed.","hint_2":"The update step must happen inside the loop, after each number is visited."},"tokens":{"t1":"Set `total = 0`","t2":"Loop through each number","t3":"Update `total` with the current number","t4":"Print `total`"}},"ex7":{"title":"Fill the counter start value","prompt":"Complete the code so the counter starts correctly.","hint":"Before the loop counts anything, the count should show no matches yet.","help":{"concept":"A counter begins at zero because zero items have been counted before the loop starts.","hint_1":"This is the usual starting value for counting occurrences.","hint_2":"Use the number that represents none counted so far."},"template":"count = [blank1]","choices":["0","1","\"\"","count"]},"ex8":{"title":"Fill the accumulator variable","prompt":"Complete the line so it adds the current number to the running total.","hint":"A running total reads its current value, combines it with the new item, and stores the result back under the same name.","help":{"concept":"An accumulator update combines the value already stored with the current item to produce the next running result.","hint_1":"The missing name is the variable that stores the running sum.","hint_2":"Use the variable that should keep growing as the loop continues."},"template":"[blank1] = total + n","choices":["n","print","total","numbers"]},"ex9":{"title":"Sum all numbers from input","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of space-separated integers, adds them all, and prints the total.\n\nExample input:\n`3 5 2`\n\nExpected output:\n`10`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the task \"Sum all numbers from input\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Sum all numbers from input\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split()\ntotal = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through parts, add each number to total\n\nprint(total)"},"ex10":{"title":"Count vowels in a word","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one word, counts how many lowercase vowels it contains, and prints the count.\n\nCount these vowels: `a`, `e`, `i`, `o`, `u`.\n\nExample input:\n`banana`\n\nExpected output:\n`3`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"Your solution must satisfy the complete input-and-output contract.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"word = input()\nvowel_count = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through the characters in word\n# TODO: if the character is a vowel, increase vowel_count\n\nprint(vowel_count)"},"ex11":{"title":"Add only even numbers","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of space-separated integers, adds only the even numbers, and prints the total.\n\nExample input:\n`4 7 2 9 6`\n\nExpected output:\n`12`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the task \"Add only even numbers\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Add only even numbers\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split()\neven_total = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through the parts\n# TODO: convert each part to an integer\n# TODO: if the number is even, add it to even_total\n\nprint(even_total)"},"ex12":{"title":"Count positive numbers","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of space-separated integers, counts how many are greater than zero, and prints the count.\n\nExample input:\n`-2 5 0 3 -1`\n\nExpected output:\n`2`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split()\ncount = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through the parts\n# TODO: count numbers greater than 0\n\nprint(count)"},"ex13":{"title":"Build a dashed word","prompt":"Use Python to reads one word and prints its characters joined with dashes after each character.\n\nExample input:\n`code`\n\nExpected output:\n`c-o-d-e-`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The exercise evaluates what the finished program does with the supplied values.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"word = input()\nresult = \"\"\n\n# TODO: loop through each character in word\n# TODO: add the character and a dash to result\n\nprint(result)"}}},"break-and-continue":{"label":"Break and Continue","summary":"Control loop flow using break and continue.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Using break to stop a loop early"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using continue to skip one loop turn"},"sketch2":{"title":"Break vs continue"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-break-effect":{"title":"What break does","prompt":"Inside a `while` loop, what does `break` do?","hint":"It affects the whole loop, not just one line.","help":{"concept":"`break` immediately exits the nearest loop, even if the loop condition is still true.","hint_1":"Compare stopping the loop completely with skipping just one iteration.","hint_2":"After `break` runs, the loop does not continue to the next repetition."},"options":{"a":"It stops the loop immediately","b":"It skips only the current print statement","c":"It restarts the loop from the beginning","d":"It changes False to True"}},"sc-continue-effect":{"title":"What continue does","prompt":"Inside a loop, what does `continue` do?","hint":"It skips ahead, but the loop itself keeps going.","help":{"concept":"`continue` skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next loop iteration.","hint_1":"Think about what happens after `continue` on that one turn of the loop.","hint_2":"The loop is not finished; only the remaining statements in the current iteration are skipped."},"options":{"a":"It ends the program","b":"It exits the loop completely","c":"It skips the rest of the current iteration","d":"It repeats the same iteration forever"}},"mc-break-uses":{"title":"Good uses for break","prompt":"Which situations are good reasons to use `break` in a loop? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about cases where you want to stop looping early.","help":{"concept":"`break` is useful when a loop should end as soon as a target condition is reached.","hint_1":"Look for options where continuing the loop is unnecessary after something is found or matched.","hint_2":"If the task is complete before the loop condition naturally ends, `break` can stop extra iterations."},"options":{"a":"Stop searching after you find the target value","b":"End a loop when the user enters a quit number","c":"Skip printing one unwanted value but keep looping","d":"Automatically increase a counter by 1"}},"mc-continue-results":{"title":"Effects of continue","prompt":"Which statements about `continue` are true? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about one iteration versus the whole loop.","help":{"concept":"`continue` affects only the current iteration, not the entire loop.","hint_1":"Check which options describe skipping the remaining code for one loop turn.","hint_2":"A loop with `continue` can still process later values after the skipped iteration."},"options":{"a":"It can skip printing a specific value","b":"It can move control to the next iteration","c":"It always ends the loop immediately","d":"It can be used while later iterations still run"}},"dr-break-flow":{"title":"Order of events with break","prompt":"Arrange these events in the correct order for this loop idea: the loop checks a value, finds the stop value, runs `break`, and then the loop ends.","hint":"What must happen before `break` can run?","help":{"concept":"In a loop, code first reaches the condition check inside the body, then `break` executes, then the loop exits.","hint_1":"The loop cannot end from `break` until the matching stop value is encountered.","hint_2":"Place the discovery of the stop value just before the `break` action."},"tokens":{"t1":"The loop checks the current value","t2":"The stop value is found","t3":"`break` runs","t4":"The loop ends"}},"dr-continue-flow":{"title":"Order of events with continue","prompt":"Arrange these steps for a loop iteration where `continue` is used to skip one value.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"The loop reaches a special value","t2":"`continue` runs","t3":"The remaining statements in this iteration are skipped","t4":"The next iteration begins"}},"fb-break-keyword":{"title":"Fill the loop control word","prompt":"Choose the keyword that stops the loop immediately.","hint":"This keyword exits the loop, not just one iteration.","help":{"concept":"Python uses a specific keyword to leave a loop early.","hint_1":"It is different from `continue`, which only skips one iteration.","hint_2":"The correct word is the one used when you want the loop to finish right away."},"template":"if count == 5:\n [blank1]","choices":["break","continue","while","print"]},"fb-continue-keyword":{"title":"Fill the skip keyword","prompt":"Choose the keyword that skips the rest of the current iteration.","hint":"This one keeps the loop going after the current turn.","help":{"concept":"Python has a loop-control keyword that skips the remaining statements in the current iteration and starts the next one.","hint_1":"It does not end the loop completely.","hint_2":"Use the keyword that jumps ahead to the next repetition."},"template":"if number == 3:\n [blank1]","choices":["break","continue","range","input"]},"code-break-stop-at-number":{"title":"Stop when a target appears","prompt":"Use Python to reads integers from standard input, one per line. Print each number on its own line until you read `0`. When `0` is read, stop the loop and do not print `0`.","hint":"Read the task \"Stop when a target appears\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Stop when a target appears\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"while True:\n # TODO: read a number\n # TODO: stop when the number is 0\n # TODO: print the number if it is not 0\n pass"},"code-continue-skip-multiples":{"title":"Skip multiples of 3","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints the numbers from 1 to 10, one per line, but skips numbers that are multiples of 3 using `continue`.","hint":"Read the task \"Skip multiples of 3\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Skip multiples of 3\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"for number in range(1, 11):\n # TODO: if number is a multiple of 3, skip it\n # TODO: otherwise print it\n pass"},"code-break-first-negative":{"title":"Stop at the first negative number","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads integers from standard input, one per line. Add the numbers to a running total until a negative number appears. When a negative number is read, stop immediately and print the total without including the negative number.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"total = 0\n\nwhile True:\n # TODO: read a number\n # TODO: stop if it is negative\n # TODO: otherwise add it to total\n pass\n\nprint(total)"},"code-continue-skip-letter":{"title":"Print letters except one","prompt":"Build a small Python program that loops through the string `\"banana\"` and prints each character on its own line, but skips the character `a` using `continue`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Use the Python statement or expression that matches the required output.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"word = \"banana\"\n\nfor ch in word:\n # TODO: skip the letter a\n # TODO: print the other characters\n pass"},"code-break-guess-game":{"title":"Mini guess loop","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that keeps reading integers from standard input until the user enters `7`. For each wrong guess, print `try again`. When the input is `7`, print `correct` and stop the loop.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"while True:\n guess = int(input())\n # TODO: if the guess is 7, print the success message and stop\n # TODO: otherwise print the retry message"}}},"for-loops-over-text":{"label":"For Loops Over Text","summary":"Loop through a string one character at a time.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A string can be looped through character by character"},"sketch1":{"title":"The loop variable changes each time"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use loops over text to count or filter"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"What does the loop visit?","prompt":"In Python, what does `for ch in \"dog\":` loop over?","hint":"Think about what a string is made of.","help":{"concept":"A string is a sequence of characters, so a `for` loop over a string takes one character at a time in order.","hint_1":"The loop does not take the whole word at once.","hint_2":"For `\"dog\"`, the loop variable becomes `\"d\"`, then `\"o\"`, then `\"g\"`."},"options":{"a":"Each character in the string","b":"Each word in the string","c":"Only the first character","d":"Only the last character"}},"sc-2":{"title":"What prints?","prompt":"What is printed by this code?\n\n```python\nfor ch in \"hi\":\n print(ch)\n```","hint":"Check what `print(ch)` does on each loop.","help":{"concept":"The loop runs once for each character, and `print` outputs the current character on its own line each time.","hint_1":"The first loop uses `h`, and the second loop uses `i`.","hint_2":"There are two lines of output, one for each character in order."},"options":{"a":"hi","b":"h i on one line","c":"h on one line, then i on the next line","d":"Nothing prints"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Valid loop variable names","prompt":"Choose all variable names that could correctly be used in this loop: `for ___ in \"sun\":`","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Compare each option to the exact topic named in the question.","hint_2":"Remove options from unrelated Python areas, then choose the one that fits the question."},"options":{"a":"ch","b":"letter","c":"2char","d":"my char"}},"mc-2":{"title":"What can you do inside the loop?","prompt":"Choose all actions that make sense when looping over a string one character at a time.","hint":"Think about tasks done once for each character.","help":{"concept":"A loop over text is useful for processing each character, such as printing, counting matches, or checking conditions.","hint_1":"If the loop variable holds one character, you can compare it to a letter.","hint_2":"You can also update a counter or print the current character during each loop."},"options":{"a":"Print each character","b":"Count how many times a letter appears","c":"Compare the current character to \"a\"","d":"Install a package before the loop runs"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Build a simple text loop","prompt":"Put the code lines in the correct order to print each character in `cat`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"for ch in word:","t2":"print(ch)","t3":"word = \"cat\""}},"dr-2":{"title":"Order the counting steps","prompt":"Arrange these lines to count how many `a` characters are in `banana`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"if ch == \"a\":","t2":"count = count + 1","t3":"for ch in text:","t4":"count = 0","t5":"text = \"banana\""}},"fb-1":{"title":"Complete the loop variable","prompt":"Fill in the missing part so the loop prints each character in the string.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"for [blank1] in \"code\":\n print(ch)","choices":["ch","in","print","\"code\""]},"fb-2":{"title":"Complete the condition","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the code counts `e` characters.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"if ch == [blank1]:\n count = count + 1","choices":["\"a\"","\"e\"","e","count"]},"code-1":{"title":"Print each character on its own line","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of text from input and prints each character on its own line in the same order.","hint":"Read the task \"Print each character on its own line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print each character on its own line\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: loop through text and print each character on its own line"},"code-2":{"title":"Count the letter a","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one line of text and prints how many times the character `a` appears.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Use the Python statement or expression that matches the required output.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\ncount = 0\n\n# TODO: count how many times 'a' appears\n\nprint(count)"},"code-3":{"title":"Print only vowels","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of text and prints only the vowels (`a`, `e`, `i`, `o`, `u`) from that text, one per line, in order.","hint":"Read the task \"Print only vowels\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print only vowels\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: print only vowels, one per line"},"code-4":{"title":"Count uppercase letters","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of text and prints the number of uppercase letters. Count a character if it is equal to its uppercase version and is different from its lowercase version.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Run the starter once, compare its behavior with the prompt, and make the smallest change that satisfies every requirement.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"text = input()\ncount = 0\n\n# TODO: count uppercase letters\n\nprint(count)"},"code-5":{"title":"Build text without spaces","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of text and prints the same text without spaces. Keep all other characters in the same order.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"The task is complete when the program consistently produces the requested result.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"text = input()\nresult = \"\"\n\n# TODO: add non-space characters to result\n\nprint(result)"}}},"loop-debugging":{"label":"Loop Debugging","summary":"Trace loop values to find repeated or skipped work.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Trace the loop state one step at a time"},"sketch1":{"title":"Spot off-by-one errors"},"sketch2":{"title":"Avoid repeated work and infinite loops"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"loop-debug-sc-1":{"title":"What causes the loop to stop?","prompt":"In a `while` loop, what makes the loop stop running?","hint":"Check what happens when the condition is no longer true.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop repeats only while its condition evaluates to true. It stops at the first check where the condition is false.","hint_1":"Think about the condition after each loop update.","hint_2":"The loop does not stop because of printing; it stops when the condition fails."},"options":{"a":"It stops when the condition becomes false.","b":"It stops after one print statement.","c":"It stops only when Python reaches the end of the program.","d":"It stops whenever the variable name changes."}},"loop-debug-sc-2":{"title":"Find the off-by-one condition","prompt":"You want to print `1`, `2`, and `3` with a loop that starts at `count = 1`. Which condition should the `while` loop use?","hint":"The loop must still run when `count` is 3.","help":{"concept":"Off-by-one errors often come from choosing `<` instead of `<=` when the last value should still be included.","hint_1":"Ask whether the condition is true at `count = 3`.","hint_2":"A strict less-than check would stop before printing the last number."},"options":{"a":"`while count < 3:`","b":"`while count <= 3:`","c":"`while count == 3:`","d":"`while count != 1:`"}},"loop-debug-mc-1":{"title":"Signs of an infinite loop","prompt":"Choose all situations that can make a `while` loop run forever.","hint":"Look for cases where the condition can stay true again and again.","help":{"concept":"Infinite loops happen when the loop condition never becomes false, often because the loop variable is not updated or is updated in the wrong direction.","hint_1":"Check whether the variable in the condition changes at all.","hint_2":"Also check whether the update moves the value toward stopping, not away from it."},"options":{"a":"The loop variable never changes inside the loop.","b":"The loop variable changes away from the stopping value.","c":"The loop prints a value each time.","d":"The loop condition eventually becomes false."}},"loop-debug-mc-2":{"title":"Useful debugging actions","prompt":"Choose all actions that help debug a `while` loop.","hint":"Think about ways to see the loop variable and condition over time.","help":{"concept":"Debugging loops is easier when you trace the changing values and compare them with the condition that controls repetition.","hint_1":"Actions that reveal each step of the counter are helpful.","hint_2":"Writing down values or printing them temporarily can show repeated or skipped work."},"options":{"a":"Trace the loop variable value on each pass.","b":"Add a temporary `print()` to show the counter.","c":"Ignore the condition and only read the final output.","d":"Check whether the update is inside the loop body."}},"loop-debug-dr-1":{"title":"Order the loop steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for one full cycle of a typical `while` loop.","hint":"A `while` loop checks before it runs the body.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop first checks its condition, then runs the body if true, then updates values, and finally returns to the condition check.","hint_1":"The condition check happens before printing or updating.","hint_2":"After the update, the loop goes back to test the condition again."},"tokens":{"t1":"Check the condition","t2":"Run the loop body","t3":"Update the loop variable","t4":"Check the condition again"}},"loop-debug-dr-2":{"title":"Trace the values","prompt":"Arrange the values of `count` in the order they are checked by this code: `count = 1` then `while count <= 3:` with `count = count + 1` inside the loop.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"1","t2":"2","t3":"3","t4":"4"}},"loop-debug-fb-1":{"title":"Complete the stopping condition","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the loop includes 3 as the last printed number.","hint":"Check whether the loop condition includes the final value named in the prompt instead of stopping one iteration early.","help":{"concept":"To include the last number in a `while` loop, the condition must allow that value before stopping.","hint_1":"Trace the last intended iteration and choose a boundary that still evaluates to True at that point.","hint_2":"A smaller boundary would stop too early."},"template":"while count <= [blank1]:","choices":["2","3","4","count"]},"loop-debug-fb-2":{"title":"Complete the update","prompt":"Fill in the missing code so the counter moves forward by 1 each time.","hint":"The new value should be one more than the old value.","help":{"concept":"A counter update changes the loop variable so the condition can eventually become false.","hint_1":"The right side should use the current value of `count` plus one.","hint_2":"Without increasing the counter, the loop may repeat the same work."},"template":"count = [blank1]","choices":["count","count + 1","1","count - 1"]},"loop-debug-code-1":{"title":"Fix a stuck counter loop","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints the numbers 1 through 3, one per line, using a `while` loop. The loop must update the counter so it stops correctly.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 1, 2, 3 using a while loop\ncount = 1"},"loop-debug-code-2":{"title":"Print from 0 to 2","prompt":"Complete the program so it uses a `while` loop to print `0`, `1`, and `2`, one per line.","hint":"Begin at 0 and stop before the value reaches 3.","help":{"concept":"The starting value and condition work together to decide exactly which numbers a loop prints.","hint_1":"A loop starting at 0 can use a less-than boundary to stop before 3.","hint_2":"Print the counter, then increase it by 1 each time."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 0, 1, 2 with a while loop\nn = 0"},"loop-debug-code-3":{"title":"Count down safely","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints `3`, `2`, and `1`, one per line, using a `while` loop.","hint":"Read the task \"Count down safely\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Count down safely\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 3, 2, 1 using a while loop\nn = 3"},"loop-debug-code-4":{"title":"Repeat a word a set number of times","prompt":"Read one word from input. Then use a `while` loop to print that word exactly 3 times, one per line.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"Your solution must satisfy the complete input-and-output contract.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print word exactly 3 times using a while loop"},"loop-debug-code-5":{"title":"Sum numbers from 1 to n","prompt":"Read one integer `n` from input. Use a `while` loop to add the numbers from 1 through `n`, then print the total.","hint":"Read the task \"Sum numbers from 1 to n\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Sum numbers from 1 to n\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n# TODO: use a while loop to compute the sum from 1 to n"}}},"module-3-club-check-in-project":{"label":"Module Project: Club Check-In Tracker","summary":"A neighborhood club needs one check-in desk that can count members, recognize VIP names, skip blank entries, and stop cleanly when the session closes.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A loop-powered check-in desk"},"project":{"title":"Club Check-In Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Check in three members"},"mp_2":{"title":"Count VIP members"},"mp_3":{"title":"Stop when the desk closes"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the club check-in tracker"}},"quiz":{"try-module-3-club-check-in-sketch0":{"title":"Open the check-in desk","prompt":"Use a `for` loop with `range(3, 0, -1)` to print `3`, `2`, and `1` on separate lines. After the loop, print `Open`.","hint":"The range needs a negative step so the values decrease.","help":{"concept":"A range can count backward when its step is negative.","hint_1":"The stop value is not included.","hint_2":"Print Open after the loop ends."},"starterCode":"# Print 3, 2, 1 with a for loop, then print Open.\n","solutionCode":"for number in range(3, 0, -1):\n print(number)\nprint(\"Open\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the requested backward range."}}},"mp-1-check-in-three-members":{"title":"Check in three members","prompt":"Read exactly three member names. After each input, print `Checked in: <name>`. Use a `for` loop with `range(3)` so the same check-in logic handles every member.","hint":"Use one loop for the repeated check-in action.","help":{"concept":"A for loop is a good fit when the number of repetitions is known before the loop begins.","hint_1":"Call input() inside the range(3) loop.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"# Read exactly three names and print one check-in line for each.\n","solutionCode":"for _ in range(3):\n name = input()\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}},"mp-2-count-vip-members":{"title":"Count VIP members","prompt":"Keep the three check-in lines from the previous step. Add `vip_count`, increase it when a name starts with `VIP-`, and print `VIP check-ins: <count>` after the loop.","hint":"Keep the working loop and add one focused counter.","help":{"concept":"A counter stores a summary that grows as the loop discovers matching values.","hint_1":"Test startswith(\"VIP-\") before increasing vip_count.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"vip_count = 0\nfor _ in range(3):\n name = input()\n # Keep the check-in line, then count names that start with VIP-.\n\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","solutionCode":"vip_count = 0\nfor _ in range(3):\n name = input()\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n if name.startswith(\"VIP-\"):\n vip_count += 1\n\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}},"mp-3-stop-on-done":{"title":"Stop when the desk closes","prompt":"Change the tracker so it can accept any number of names. Use `while True`, stop when the input is exactly `done`, and print the final total after the loop.","hint":"Check the sentinel before counting the name.","help":{"concept":"A sentinel value such as done gives a while loop a deliberate stopping point.","hint_1":"Use break only for the done value.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"check_in_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n # Stop when name is done. Otherwise count and print the check-in.\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {check_in_count}\")\n","solutionCode":"check_in_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n if name == \"done\":\n break\n check_in_count += 1\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {check_in_count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."},"1":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}},"mp-4-finish-club-check-in":{"title":"Finish the club check-in tracker","prompt":"Finish the club check-in tracker. Read names until `done`. Skip an empty input with `continue`, print one line for every accepted name, track the total, track names beginning with `VIP-`, and print both counts after the loop.","hint":"Order the special cases before the normal counting work.","help":{"concept":"The final tracker combines a sentinel, a skipped special case, and two independent counters.","hint_1":"Use continue for the empty string so it is not printed or counted.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"total = 0\nvip_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n # done ends the session; an empty name should be skipped.\n # Count every accepted name and names that start with VIP-.\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {total}\")\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","solutionCode":"total = 0\nvip_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n if name == \"done\":\n break\n if name == \"\":\n continue\n total += 1\n if name.startswith(\"VIP-\"):\n vip_count += 1\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {total}\")\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."},"1":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_module_3_club_check_in_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a `for` loop with `range(3, 0, -1)` to print `3`, `2`, and `1` on separate lines. After the loop, print `Open`."},"allowReveal":true}},"range-and-counting":{"label":"Range and Counting Patterns","summary":"Use range to repeat code a controlled number of times.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Counting with range()"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using start and stop values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Skipping numbers with a step"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-range-five-values":{"title":"What does range(5) produce?","prompt":"Which list matches the values from `range(5)` in a `for` loop?","hint":"Think about where `range(5)` starts and whether 5 itself is included.","help":{"concept":"`range(stop)` starts at 0 and counts up to, but does not include, the stop value.","hint_1":"List the numbers a loop variable would take: begin at 0 and keep going while the value is still less than 5.","hint_2":"The last value is one less than 5, not 5 itself."},"options":{"a":"0, 1, 2, 3, 4","b":"1, 2, 3, 4, 5","c":"0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5","d":"5"}},"sc-range-start-stop":{"title":"Which loop prints 1 to 5?","prompt":"Choose the loop that prints the numbers `1` through `5`, each on its own line.","hint":"The stop value in `range(start, stop)` is not printed.","help":{"concept":"With `range(start, stop)`, Python includes the start value and excludes the stop value.","hint_1":"To end with 5, the stop value must be one more than 5.","hint_2":"Look for the option that starts at 1 and stops before 6."},"options":{"a":"for n in range(1, 5): print(n)","b":"for n in range(1, 6): print(n)","c":"for n in range(0, 5): print(n)","d":"for n in range(5): print(n)"}},"mc-true-about-range":{"title":"Facts about range()","prompt":"Choose all true statements about Python `range()`.","hint":"Check which statements match start, stop, and step behavior.","help":{"concept":"`range()` can take stop only, or start and stop, or start, stop, and step. The stop value is excluded.","hint_1":"Test each statement against examples like `range(5)` and `range(2, 8, 2)`.","hint_2":"True statements will mention starting at 0 by default, excluding the stop value, or using a step to skip numbers."},"options":{"a":"`range(5)` starts at 0 by default.","b":"The stop value is included in the loop.","c":"`range(2, 8, 2)` can count by twos.","d":"`range()` can help control how many times a loop runs."}},"mc-even-loop-options":{"title":"Loops that print even numbers under 10","prompt":"Choose all loops that print `0, 2, 4, 6, 8` on separate lines.","hint":"Look for loops that start at 0 and move by 2, or loops that filter even values correctly.","help":{"concept":"There can be more than one correct way to produce the same counting pattern in a loop.","hint_1":"One correct pattern uses `range(0, 10, 2)`. Another can loop through 0 to 9 and print only even numbers.","hint_2":"Reject any option that includes 10, skips 0, or prints odd numbers too."},"options":{"a":"for n in range(0, 10, 2): print(n)","b":"for n in range(10):\n if n % 2 == 0:\n print(n)","c":"for n in range(2, 10, 2): print(n)","d":"for n in range(0, 11, 2): print(n)"}},"dr-build-basic-range-loop":{"title":"Build a counting loop","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to make a loop that prints `0` to `4`.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Arrange the pieces according to the structure of the statement.","hint_1":"Think about which part must come first.","hint_2":"Put the pieces in the order that makes the statement valid."},"tokens":{"t1":"for","t2":"n","t3":"in","t4":"range(5):","t5":"print(n)"}},"dr-build-step-range":{"title":"Build a step pattern","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to make a loop that prints even numbers under 10.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Arrange the pieces according to the structure of the statement.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Put the pieces in the order that makes the statement valid."},"tokens":{"t1":"for","t2":"num","t3":"in","t4":"range(0, 10, 2):","t5":"print(num)"}},"fb-stop-not-included":{"title":"Complete the stop value idea","prompt":"Fill in the missing word to complete the rule about `range()`.","hint":"The stop number is the boundary, not a printed value.","help":{"concept":"In Python `range()`, the stop value marks where counting ends, but that exact value is left out.","hint_1":"If you use `range(1, 6)`, the loop prints up to 5.","hint_2":"The missing word describes that the stop value is left out."},"template":"In `range(start, stop)`, the stop value is [blank1].","choices":["included","excluded","doubled","repeated"]},"fb-step-even-pattern":{"title":"Complete the step value","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the loop counts by twos.","hint":"The third `range()` number controls how much the value changes each time.","help":{"concept":"The step in `range(start, stop, step)` sets the jump size between loop values.","hint_1":"Compare the gap between neighboring values. The step must add the same even amount on every iteration.","hint_2":"The missing value is the amount added after each loop."},"template":"for n in range(0, 10, [blank1]):","choices":["1","2","5","10"]},"ci-print-zero-to-four":{"title":"Print 0 to 4","prompt":"Use Python to uses a `for` loop with `range()` to print the numbers `0` through `4`, each on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print 0 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print 0 to 4\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-print-one-to-five":{"title":"Print 1 to 5","prompt":"Create a focused solution that uses `range()` to print the numbers `1` through `5`, each on its own line.","hint":"Use both a start value and a stop value.","help":{"concept":"With `range(start, stop)`, the loop begins at the start value and stops before the stop value.","hint_1":"To print 1 through 5, start at 1 and choose a stop value just after 5.","hint_2":"Your loop body only needs to print the loop variable."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-even-under-ten":{"title":"Print even numbers under 10","prompt":"Build a small Python program that uses `range()` with a step to print the even numbers under `10`, each on its own line.","hint":"Start at 0 and jump by 2.","help":{"concept":"The third value in `range(start, stop, step)` controls the counting pattern.","hint_1":"Use a loop header that begins at 0 and stops before 10.","hint_2":"A step of 2 creates the even-number pattern."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-countdown-three-to-one":{"title":"Print a short countdown","prompt":"Use Python to prints `3`, `2`, and `1` on separate lines using `range()`.","hint":"Use a negative step so the numbers go down.","help":{"concept":"`range()` can count backward when the step is negative.","hint_1":"Start at 3 and move down by 1 each time.","hint_2":"The stop value should be just below the last number you want to print."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-print-squares-one-to-four":{"title":"Print squares from 1 to 4","prompt":"Complete the program so it uses a `for` loop with `range()` to print the square of each number from `1` to `4`. The output should be `1`, `4`, `9`, and `16` on separate lines.","hint":"Read the task \"Print squares from 1 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print squares from 1 to 4\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"}}},"while-loop-basics":{"label":"While Loop Basics","summary":"Repeat code until a condition becomes false.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a while loop does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Conditions and loop state"},"sketch2":{"title":"How to stop a while loop safely"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_while_meaning":{"title":"Meaning of a while loop","prompt":"What does a `while` loop do in Python?","hint":"Think about code that repeats only while a condition stays true.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop checks a condition before each repetition and keeps running the indented block while that condition is `True`.","hint_1":"Look for the choice that mentions repeating based on a condition, not a fixed number of times only.","hint_2":"A `while` loop can stop as soon as its condition becomes `False`."},"options":{"a":"It repeats code while a condition is true.","b":"It runs code exactly one time.","c":"It stores text inside a variable.","d":"It skips all indented code."}},"sc_infinite_loop_cause":{"title":"Cause of an infinite loop","prompt":"Why can this loop run forever?\n\n```python\nx = 1\nwhile x < 5:\n print(x)\n```","hint":"Check whether the value used in the condition ever changes.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop needs some changing state so the condition can eventually become `False`.","hint_1":"The condition uses `x < 5`. Ask whether `x` is updated inside the loop body.","hint_2":"If the loop variable never changes, the condition can stay true forever."},"options":{"a":"Because `print(x)` makes the loop restart forever.","b":"Because `x` is too small to print.","c":"Because `x` never changes inside the loop.","d":"Because `while` loops always run forever."}},"mc_parts_of_safe_while":{"title":"Parts of a safe while loop","prompt":"Choose all parts that help a `while` loop stop correctly.","hint":"Think about what the loop checks and what changes each time.","help":{"concept":"A safe `while` loop needs a condition and a loop variable or state update that moves the program toward making that condition false.","hint_1":"One correct idea is the condition itself. Another is changing a value inside the loop.","hint_2":"Look for choices about checking a condition and updating the variable used by that condition."},"options":{"a":"A condition that can become false","b":"An update to the loop variable inside the loop","c":"A random comment above the loop","d":"A variable name written in all capital letters"}},"mc_true_about_counter_loop":{"title":"Tracing a counter loop","prompt":"Consider this code:\n\n```python\ncount = 2\nwhile count <= 4:\n print(count)\n count = count + 1\n```\n\nChoose all true statements.","hint":"Trace the values of `count`: start value, printed values, and stopping point.","help":{"concept":"To trace a `while` loop, follow the loop variable through each repetition and check the condition before each run.","hint_1":"The loop starts at `2` and increases by `1` each time while the value is at most `4`.","hint_2":"The printed values are the values before the increment, and the loop stops after the variable grows past the limit."},"options":{"a":"The loop prints 2, 3, and 4.","b":"The loop runs 3 times.","c":"The final value of `count` after the loop is 5.","d":"The loop prints 5."}},"dr_trace_simple_loop":{"title":"Order the loop steps","prompt":"Put these events in the correct order for this code:\n\n```python\nn = 1\nwhile n <= 2:\n print(n)\n n = n + 1\n```\n\nStart from the first thing that happens.","hint":"A `while` loop checks the condition before running the body each time.","help":{"concept":"Execution order in a `while` loop is: set starting value, check condition, run body, update state, then check again.","hint_1":"The variable is assigned before the loop can test anything.","hint_2":"After printing, the loop updates `n`, then the condition is checked again."},"tokens":{"t1":"Set `n` to 1","t2":"Check whether `n <= 2`","t3":"Print `n`","t4":"Increase `n` by 1"}},"dr_build_countdown":{"title":"Build a countdown loop","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a loop that prints 3, 2, 1.","hint":"Start with the variable, then the `while` line, then the indented body.","help":{"concept":"A working `while` loop needs initialization first, then the loop header, then indented statements inside the loop body.","hint_1":"The starting value should be set before the loop begins.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, print the current value before decreasing it."},"tokens":{"t1":"n = 3","t2":"while n >= 1:","t3":"print(n)","t4":"n = n - 1"}},"fb_condition_operator":{"title":"Choose the comparison","prompt":"Fill in the blank to keep the loop running while `count` is less than 5.","hint":"You need the operator that means 'less than'.","help":{"concept":"The loop condition uses a comparison operator to decide whether the loop should continue.","hint_1":"The phrase 'less than 5' matches a symbol used in comparisons.","hint_2":"Choose the symbol that is true for 1, 2, 3, and 4 when compared with 5."},"template":"while count [blank1] 5:","choices":["<",">","==","="]},"fb_update_counter":{"title":"Complete the counter update","prompt":"Fill in the blank so the loop variable increases by 1 each time.","hint":"The new value should be the old value plus 1.","help":{"concept":"Counter loops often update the loop variable by adding 1 so the condition can eventually become false.","hint_1":"The right side should use the current value of `count` and add one more.","hint_2":"Choose the expression that keeps counting upward one step at a time."},"template":"count = [blank1]","choices":["count + 1","count < 1","print(count)","while count"]},"code_print_1_to_5":{"title":"Print numbers 1 to 5","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that uses a `while` loop to print the numbers 1 through 5, each on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print numbers 1 to 5\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print numbers 1 to 5\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"n = 1\n# TODO: use a while loop to print 1 to 5"},"code_print_0_to_2":{"title":"Print 0, 1, 2","prompt":"Use Python to uses a `while` loop to print `0`, `1`, and `2`, each on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print 0, 1, 2\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print 0, 1, 2\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 0, 1, and 2 using a while loop"},"code_countdown_3_to_1":{"title":"Countdown from 3","prompt":"Complete the program so it uses a `while` loop to print `3`, `2`, and `1`, each on its own line.","hint":"This time the counter should go down, not up.","help":{"concept":"A countdown loop starts at a larger number and decreases the counter until the condition becomes false.","hint_1":"Start with `3` and use a condition that still allows `1` to be printed.","hint_2":"After printing the current number, subtract 1 from the counter."},"starterCode":"n = 3\n# TODO: print 3, 2, 1 with a while loop"},"code_repeat_word_3_times":{"title":"Repeat a word three times","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints the word `Go` exactly 3 times, each on its own line, using a `while` loop.","hint":"Read the task \"Repeat a word three times\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Repeat a word three times\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print Go three times using a while loop"},"code_sum_1_to_4":{"title":"Add numbers from 1 to 4","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that uses a `while` loop to add the numbers 1 through 4 and then prints the total.","hint":"Read the task \"Add numbers from 1 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Add numbers from 1 to 4\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"total = 0\nn = 1\n# TODO: use a while loop to add 1 through 4 and print total"}}}},"python-v2-4":{"mini-gradebook-capstone":{"label":"Final Project: Build a Mini Gradebook","summary":"Finish the course with a longer gradebook capstone that grows step by step from basic report lines into a complete final summary.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Plan the gradebook"},"project":{"title":"Mini Gradebook Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"cp_1":{"title":"Read the gradebook header"},"cp_2":{"title":"Add the score total"},"cp_3":{"title":"Track the highest score"},"cp_4":{"title":"Calculate the average"},"cp_5":{"title":"Choose the status line"},"cp_6":{"title":"Build the final gradebook report"}},"quiz":{"capstone-mini-gradebook":{"title":"Build the final gradebook report","prompt":"Start from the working gradebook preview you just built. Keep the loop, highest-score tracking, average calculation, and status logic, but replace the preview-style version with the final exact report.\n\nInput format:\n1. Student name\n2. Number of scores\n3. That many score values, one per line\n\nFinal required output:\nStudent: <name>\nScores entered: <count>\nHighest score: <highest>\nAverage: <average>\nStatus: <status>","hint":"The last step is a cleanup step: keep the calculations, remove the preview Total line, and print only the final report order.","help":{"concept":"A smooth capstone ends by polishing a working program instead of starting over. Keep the same logic and shape the output into the final handoff format.","hint_1":"Read the scores with `for i in range(count)`, update `total` and `highest`, then compute `average = total / count`.","hint_2":"Print the final lines in the exact order shown, and choose the status with `if` / `elif` / `else`."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n if score > highest:\n highest = score\n\naverage = total / count\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\nprint(f\"Highest score: {highest}\")\nprint(f\"Average: {average:.1f}\")\n\nif average >= 90:\n print(\"Status: excellent\")\nelif average >= 70:\n print(\"Status: passing\")\nelse:\n print(\"Status: needs practice\")\n\n# Replace the preview-style version with the final report.\n# Remove the Total line and keep only the required final output order.\n"},"try-mini-gradebook-capstone-sketch0":{"title":"Print the first gradebook line","prompt":"Start the capstone with one tiny report preview. Read a student name and print `Student: <name>`.","hint":"Use `input()` for the name, then print the labeled line with an f-string.","help":{"concept":"The capstone grows one report line at a time, so the first preview only needs the student label.","hint_1":"Store the name from `input()` in `student`.","hint_2":"Print `f\"Student: {student}\"`."},"starterCode":"student = input()\n\n# Print the first report line as Student: <name>\n"},"cp-1-read-gradebook-header":{"title":"Read the gradebook header","prompt":"A tutor wants the gradebook report to start with the student name and the score count. Read `student` and `count`, then print the first two report lines.","hint":"This step only builds the report header: read the two inputs and label them clearly.","help":{"concept":"A report often starts with identifying information before any calculations happen.","hint_1":"Use `student = input()` and `count = int(input())`.","hint_2":"Print `Student: ...` and `Scores entered: ...` with f-strings."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\n# Start the gradebook report.\n# Print the student line and the scores-entered line.\n"},"cp-2-add-score-total":{"title":"Add the score total","prompt":"Keep the working header lines. Now read exactly `count` scores with a `for` loop, add them into `total`, and print a preview line showing the total.","hint":"Let the loop do the repeated input work, and update `total` each time through.","help":{"concept":"An accumulator starts at 0 and grows a little each time the loop reads a new value.","hint_1":"Start with `total = 0` before the loop.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, use `total = total + score`, then print `Total: ...` after the loop."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n # Add each score to total.\n\n# Print a preview line: Total: <total>\n"},"cp-3-track-highest-score":{"title":"Track the highest score","prompt":"Keep the header and total logic working. Now add `highest` so the program remembers the biggest score seen so far, then print that new preview line too.","hint":"Only replace `highest` when the current score is bigger than the old one.","help":{"concept":"A running maximum keeps the best value found so far as the loop moves through the input.","hint_1":"Start with `highest = 0` before the loop.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, use `if score > highest:` before updating `highest`."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n # Keep total working, then update highest when this score is bigger.\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\n# Print Highest score: <highest>\n"},"cp-4-calculate-average":{"title":"Calculate the average","prompt":"Keep the running total and highest score. After the loop, calculate the average and add the formatted average line to the preview report.","hint":"Do the division after the loop, then print the result with one digit after the decimal point.","help":{"concept":"The loop collects the information first, and the average is computed once the total and count are both ready.","hint_1":"Use `average = total / count` after the loop finishes.","hint_2":"Print `Average: ...` with `:.1f` inside an f-string."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n if score > highest:\n highest = score\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\nprint(f\"Highest score: {highest}\")\n\n# Calculate average after the loop.\n# Print Average: <average> with one digit after the decimal point.\n"},"cp-5-choose-status":{"title":"Choose the status line","prompt":"Keep the working preview report, then add the final status line: `excellent` for averages at least 90, `passing` for averages at least 70, and `needs practice` otherwise.","hint":"Use an `if` / `elif` / `else` chain after the average is ready.","help":{"concept":"Once a program has the final score summary, conditionals can turn it into a simple human-friendly judgment.","hint_1":"Check `average >= 90` first.","hint_2":"Use `elif average >= 70` for the middle case, and `else` for the remaining case."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n if score > highest:\n highest = score\n\naverage = total / count\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\nprint(f\"Highest score: {highest}\")\nprint(f\"Average: {average:.1f}\")\n\n# Add the status line.\n# Print excellent for averages 90+, passing for 70+, and needs practice otherwise.\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_mini_gradebook_capstone_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read one student name and print the first report line as `Student: <name>`."},"allowReveal":true}}}},"python":{"python-0":{"comments_intro":{"label":"Comments: Notes to Humans (Python Ignores Them)","summary":"Use comments to explain intent, label steps, and temporarily disable code while debugging.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Comments Matter"},"sketch1":{"title":"Single-Line and Multi-Line Comments"},"sketch2":{"title":"Using Comments While Debugging"},"sketch3":{"title":"Good Comments vs Weak Comments"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: comments"}}},"computer_intro":{"label":"The Input → Processing → Output Model","summary":"Understand how computers take input, process it, and produce output in everyday examples.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"IPO Model"},"sketch1":{"title":"Following Instructions"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: IPO model"}}},"first-program":{"label":"Your First Python Program","summary":"Writing and running your first Python script.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Introduction to Python"},"sketch1":{"title":"Running Your Python Script"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"q5":{"title":"Write a simple Python program"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"Complete the print statement","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the print statement that outputs 'Hello, World!'","hint":"Focus on the missing concept or keyword.","help":{"concept":"This task checks the key idea behind complete the print statement.","hint_1":"Look for the word or phrase that best matches the lesson concept.","hint_2":"Compare the blank with the meaning of each choice, not just the wording."},"template":"print('______')","choices":["Hello, World!","Hello World!","Hello, World"]},"q2":{"title":"Identify the correct command to run a Python script","prompt":"Fill in the blank with the correct command to run a Python script.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept or keyword.","help":{"concept":"This task checks the key idea behind identify the correct command to run a python script.","hint_1":"Look for the word or phrase that best matches the lesson concept.","hint_2":"Compare the blank with the meaning of each choice, not just the wording."},"template":"To run a Python script, type: python ______","choices":["script.py","your_script.py","my_script.py"]},"q3":{"title":"What does print() do?","prompt":"What is the purpose of `print()` in Python?","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"It stores data in a variable.","b":"It displays output to the screen.","c":"It creates a new command-like tool.","d":"It ends the program."}},"q4":{"title":"Which of the following are valid ways to run a Python script?","prompt":"Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about different environments where Python can be executed.","help":{"concept":"Python scripts can be run in various environments, including command line and IDEs.","hint_1":"You can use an IDE or the command line.","hint_2":"Consider how you would execute a script in different setups."},"options":{"a":"Using an IDE","b":"Running from the command line","c":"Sending it via email","d":"Using an online interpreter"}},"q5":{"title":"Print an exact message","prompt":"Write a Python program that prints exactly:\nStay curious.","hint":"Use one print statement with the exact text from the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can write a simple Python program that prints exact text.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"print('')"}}},"programming_intro":{"label":"Programming Languages: Talking to Computers","summary":"Learn what a programming language is, why computers need precise instructions, and why Python is a great first language.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What Is a Programming Language?"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz: Programming Languages"}}},"setting-up-environment":{"label":"Setting Up the Environment","summary":"Optional local setup for learners who want Python on their own computer.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Installing Python"},"sketch1":{"title":"Setting Up Your IDE"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"python_ide_setup":{"title":"Create a Simple Python Script"}},"quiz":{"python-installation-quiz":{"title":"Completing the Installation","prompt":"To ensure Python is correctly installed, you should check if it is added to your _____.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept or keyword.","help":{"concept":"This task checks the key idea behind completing the installation.","hint_1":"Look for the word or phrase that best matches the lesson concept.","hint_2":"Compare the blank with the meaning of each choice, not just the wording."},"template":"To ensure Python is correctly installed, you should check if it is added to your {blank}.","choices":["PATH","IDE","system","environment"]},"ide-setup-quiz":{"title":"Setting Up Your IDE","prompt":"When creating a new project in PyCharm, you need to select the correct _____.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept or keyword.","help":{"concept":"This task checks the key idea behind setting up your ide.","hint_1":"Look for the word or phrase that best matches the lesson concept.","hint_2":"Compare the blank with the meaning of each choice, not just the wording."},"template":"When creating a new project in PyCharm, you need to select the correct {blank}.","choices":["interpreter","file","directory","language"]},"python-installation-check":{"title":"Python Installation Check","prompt":"What should you do after downloading Python?","hint":"Make sure to configure your installation.","help":{"concept":"After downloading Python, you need to run the installer and follow the setup instructions.","hint_1":"Look for an option to add Python to your system PATH.","hint_2":"This step is crucial for running Python from the command line."},"options":{"a":"Run the installer and follow the instructions","b":"Open Python directly from the download folder","c":"Ignore the installer and use a different version","d":"Delete the downloaded file"}},"ide-choice-quiz":{"title":"Choosing an IDE","prompt":"Which of the following are popular IDEs for Python? Select all that apply.","hint":"Look for environments specifically designed for Python development.","help":{"concept":"Popular IDEs for Python include those that provide features like code completion and debugging.","hint_1":"One of them is known for its powerful features and is developed by JetBrains.","hint_2":"Another is a simple text editor that supports Python syntax highlighting."},"options":{"a":"PyCharm","b":"Visual Studio Code","c":"Notepad","d":"Eclipse"}},"python-ide-setup":{"title":"Create a Simple Python Script","prompt":"Create a Python script that prints 'Hello, World!' to the console.","hint":"Use a print statement with the exact text from the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can create a simple Python script that prints text.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"print('Hello, World!')"}}},"syntax_intro":{"label":"Syntax: Rules Computers Require","summary":"Learn what syntax means and why breaking syntax causes errors like SyntaxError.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"What Is Syntax?"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: syntax"}}},"what-is-python":{"label":"What is Python?","summary":"An introduction to Python and its uses.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Introduction to Python"},"sketch1":{"title":"Applications of Python"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"5":{"title":"Read and print a learning message"}},"quiz":{"1":{"title":"Complete the Python print statement","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the print statement in Python.","hint":"What do you want to display?","help":{"concept":"The `print()` tool in Python displays text in the console.","hint_1":"Think about what you want to show on the screen.","hint_2":"Remember to use quotes around your text."},"template":"print('___')","choices":["Hello, World!","Python is great!","My name is Zoe."]},"2":{"title":"Identify a use of Python","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"What do data scientists do with data?","help":{"concept":"Data scientists analyze data to extract insights and make decisions.","hint_1":"Consider what you do with data.","hint_2":"Think about the process of examining data."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["analyzing","printing","drawing"]},"3":{"title":"What is Python primarily used for?","prompt":"Select the primary use of Python.","hint":"Think about the most common applications.","help":{"concept":"Python is versatile and used in many fields, but it has a primary focus.","hint_1":"Consider programming and scripting.","hint_2":"What language is often recommended for beginners?"},"options":{"a":"Game Development","b":"Web Development","c":"Data Analysis","d":"Mobile App Development"}},"4":{"title":"Select applications of Python","prompt":"Which of the following are applications of Python? Select all that apply.","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"Web Development","b":"Data Science","c":"Machine Learning","d":"Graphic Design"}},"5":{"title":"Read and print a learning message","prompt":"Read ONE input called `language`.\n\nPrint exactly:\nI am learning <language>.","hint":"Read the input into a variable, then use an f-string to print the sentence.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can read one input and include it in printed output.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"language = input()\n# Print the learning message here"}}},"editor_workspace_overview":{"label":"Understanding the editor, Run button, and terminal","summary":"A quick tour of the workspace, then a short hands-on exercise to run code and verify output in the terminal.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Workspace overview"},"sketch1":{"title":"Run your first edits"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: the workspace"}}}},"python-1":{"data_types_intro":{"label":"Data Types and Conversion: What’s in the Box?","summary":"Learn core Python types, see how `input()` returns text, and convert values into the form you need.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a Data Type Tells You"},"sketch1":{"title":"Five Common Types"},"sketch2":{"title":"Why Types Change the Result"},"sketch3":{"title":"Input and Type Conversion"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Convert → Compute → Format"}},"projectSteps":{"convert_next_year":{"title":"Convert age and compute next year"},"tip_total":{"title":"Compute tip and total"},"c_to_f":{"title":"Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit"}}},"errors_intro":{"label":"Common Errors and Debugging: Read the Message, Fix the Code","summary":"Recognize NameError, TypeError, and ValueError, then practice simple ways to inspect values and fix code.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Error Messages Matter"},"sketch1":{"title":"NameError: Missing Names"},"sketch2":{"title":"TypeError and ValueError"},"sketch3":{"title":"A Simple Debug Flow"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Identify → Fix → Validate"}},"projectSteps":{"identify_error":{"title":"Identify the error type"},"fix_type_mismatch":{"title":"Fix a type mismatch"},"avoid_valueerror":{"title":"Avoid ValueError with simple validation"}}},"formatted-output":{"label":"Formatted Output","summary":"Displaying output in a user-friendly way.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Understanding Formatted Output"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using Format Specifiers"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"5":{"title":"Create a formatted output"}},"quiz":{"1":{"title":"Complete the formatted string","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the formatted string: `My favorite color is {____}.`","hint":"Think of a color you like.","help":{"concept":"You can use formatted strings to insert variables into text.","hint_1":"Consider common colors.","hint_2":"It should be a single word."},"template":"My favorite color is {color}.","choices":["blue","green","red","yellow"]},"2":{"title":"Format a number","prompt":"Fill in the blank to format the number correctly: `The price is ${____:.2f}.`","hint":"Think of a price you would pay.","help":{"concept":"You can format numbers to control decimal places.","hint_1":"It should be a numerical value.","hint_2":"Make sure to include cents."},"template":"The price is ${price:.2f}.","choices":["10","10.5","10.99","11.50"]},"3":{"title":"What does f-string stand for?","prompt":"What does the 'f' in f-string represent?","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"formatted","b":"function","c":"float","d":"fixed"}},"4":{"title":"Which of the following are valid format specifiers?","prompt":"Select all that apply.","hint":"Focus on the concept being tested.","help":{"concept":"Think about the idea the question is checking, not the exact answer wording.","hint_1":"Eliminate options that do not match the concept being tested.","hint_2":"Choose the option or options that best fit the task described."},"options":{"a":"{:.2f}","b":"{:d}","c":"{:s}","d":"{:.3f}"}},"5":{"title":"Format a name and age","prompt":"Read TWO inputs:\n1) name\n2) age\n\nPrint exactly:\n{name} is {age} years old.","hint":"Read the name and age first, then use an f-string for the exact sentence.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can combine input values into a formatted string.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"name = input()\nage = input()\n# Print the formatted sentence here"}}},"input_output_patterns":{"label":"Input and Output Patterns: Real Mini-Programs","summary":"Combine `input()`, conversion, operators, and f-strings in small programs such as age-next-year, tip total, and temperature conversion.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"The Main Program Pattern"},"sketch1":{"title":"Input Starts as Text"},"sketch2":{"title":"Convert and Compute"},"sketch3":{"title":"Show the Result Clearly"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Ask → Convert → Compute → Show"}},"projectSteps":{"age_next_year":{"title":"Age next year"},"tip_calc":{"title":"Tip calculator"},"temp_convert":{"title":"Temperature converter (C → F)"}}},"operators_expressions":{"label":"Operators and Expressions: The Calculator Inside Your Code","summary":"Use math and comparison operators to compute results and produce `True` or `False` decisions with expressions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Operators, Expressions, and Results"},"sketch1":{"title":"Math Operators in Action"},"sketch2":{"title":"Comparisons and Type Differences"},"sketch3":{"title":"A Small Checkout Example"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Compute → Check → Output"}},"projectSteps":{"precedence":{"title":"Operator precedence"},"mod_even_odd":{"title":"Modulo for even and odd"},"checkout":{"title":"Build a small checkout"}}},"operators-and-expressions":{"label":"Operators and Expressions","summary":"Using operators to manipulate data.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Understanding Operators"},"sketch1":{"title":"Creating Expressions"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"5":{"title":"Calculate the Area of a Rectangle"}},"quiz":{"1":{"title":"Fill in the Blank: Basic Addition","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"Think about the symbol that combines two numbers.","help":{"concept":"In Python, the addition operator is represented by a specific symbol that combines two values.","hint_1":"It's a common operator used in math.","hint_2":"This operator is also used in many programming languages."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["+","-","*","/"]},"2":{"title":"Fill in the Blank: Expression Evaluation","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"Calculate the sum first, then multiply.","help":{"concept":"To evaluate an expression, follow the order of operations: parentheses first, then multiplication.","hint_1":"What do you get when you add 4 and 6?","hint_2":"After adding, multiply the result by 2."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["10","20","12","8"]},"3":{"title":"Identifying Operators","prompt":"Which of the following is a comparison operator in Python?","hint":"This operator checks if two values are equal.","help":{"concept":"Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result.","hint_1":"It's not the addition or subtraction operator.","hint_2":"This operator is often used in conditional statements."},"options":{"a":"==","b":"+","c":"-","d":"*"}},"4":{"title":"Identifying Arithmetic Operators","prompt":"Select all the arithmetic operators in Python.","hint":"These operators perform mathematical calculations.","help":{"concept":"Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.","hint_1":"Think about addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.","hint_2":"There are four basic arithmetic operations."},"options":{"a":"+","b":"-","c":"*","d":"==","e":"/"}},"5":{"title":"Calculate the Area of a Rectangle","prompt":"Write a function `calculate_area(width, height)` that returns `width * height`.\n\nThen read TWO integer inputs:\n1) width\n2) height\n\nCall the function and print ONLY the returned area.","hint":"Define the function first, then read the two integer inputs and print the function result.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can write a function, call it with input values, and print the result.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"def calculate_area(width, height):\n # Return the area here\n pass\n\nwidth = int(input())\nheight = int(input())\n\nprint(calculate_area(width, height))"}}},"string_basics":{"label":"String Basics: Working With Text","summary":"Learn how strings work, how to format output, how indexing and slicing read text, and how methods like `lower()`, `strip()`, and `replace()` clean it.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What Strings Are"},"sketch1":{"title":"Printing Text and Variables"},"sketch2":{"title":"Indexing and Slicing"},"sketch3":{"title":"String Methods and Clean Input"},"project":{"title":"Project: Clean text and build output"}},"projectSteps":{"concat_vs_comma":{"title":"Concatenation vs commas"},"fstring_greeting":{"title":"Use an f-string for a clean sentence"},"username_generator":{"title":"Build a username generator"}}},"variables_intro":{"label":"Variables: Labeled Boxes That Hold Values","summary":"Understand variables as labeled boxes, assign values with '=', and practice updating values with real-world mini tasks.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Variables: Labels for Stored Data"},"sketch1":{"title":"Creating Variables and Showing Values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Updating Variables"},"sketch3":{"title":"Variable Names and the Main Idea"},"project":{"title":"Project: Store → Swap → Total"}},"projectSteps":{"boxes_print":{"title":"Store inputs in variables and print cleanly"},"swap_values":{"title":"Swap two values (real-world correction)"},"running_total":{"title":"Compute a running total (3-day steps)"}}}},"python-2":{"conditionals_basics":{"label":"Conditionals: Teaching Your Program to Make Decisions","summary":"Use `if`, `elif`, and `else` with comparisons and boolean logic to control program flow, including truthy and falsy checks.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Programs Need Decisions"},"sketch1":{"title":"if and else"},"sketch2":{"title":"elif and Boolean Logic"},"sketch3":{"title":"Truthy and Falsy Values"},"project":{"title":"Project: Gate → Discount → Login"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: conditionals"}},"projectSteps":{"age_gate":{"title":"Age gate"},"member_discount":{"title":"Member discount"},"password_check":{"title":"Password check"}}},"functions_basics":{"label":"Functions: Small Tools You Can Reuse","summary":"Create reusable functions with parameters and return values, and learn a simple scope rule that keeps code clean.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Functions Help"},"sketch1":{"title":"def and Function Calls"},"sketch2":{"title":"Parameters, Arguments, and return"},"sketch3":{"title":"Scope and Reuse"},"project":{"title":"Project: Reusable helpers"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: return vs print"}},"projectSteps":{"total_with_tip":{"title":"Build `total_with_tip(bill, pct)`"},"shipping_cost":{"title":"Build `shipping_cost(total)`"},"sum_list":{"title":"Build `sum_list(xs)`"}}},"if-statements":{"label":"If Statements","summary":"Using if statements to control program flow.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Understanding If Statements"},"sketch1":{"title":"Nested If Statements"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"q5":{"title":"Implement an If Statement"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"Complete the If Statement","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"What condition do you want to check?","help":{"concept":"An if statement checks a condition and executes code if that condition is true.","hint_1":"Think about what you want to compare.","hint_2":"Consider using a variable or a value."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["x > 10","x < 5","x == 0"]},"q2":{"title":"Identify the Correct Condition","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"What operator checks for divisibility?","help":{"concept":"To check if a number is even, you need to use the modulus operator.","hint_1":"Think about how to find the remainder.","hint_2":"Use the correct operator for division."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["%","/","=="]},"q3":{"title":"What Does This Code Print?","prompt":"What will the following code print?\n\n```python\nx = 10\nif x > 5:\n print('Greater')\nelse:\n print('Smaller')\n```","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"Greater","b":"Smaller","c":"Nothing"}},"q4":{"title":"Select All Valid If Statements","prompt":"Which of the following are valid if statements?","hint":"Look for proper syntax.","help":{"concept":"An if statement must start with 'if' followed by a condition.","hint_1":"Check for correct use of colons and indentation.","hint_2":"Remember the structure of an if statement."},"options":{"a":"if x > 10:","b":"if (x < 5)","c":"if x == 0:","d":"if x = 1:"}},"q5":{"title":"Implement an If Statement","prompt":"Read ONE integer.\n\nIf it is greater than 0, print exactly:\nPositive\n\nIf it is less than 0, print exactly:\nNegative\n\nOtherwise, print exactly:\nZero","hint":"Compare the number to 0 and use if, elif, and else.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can choose the correct branch with an if/elif/else statement.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"number = int(input())\n# Add your if statements here"}}},"lists_basics":{"label":"Lists: Store Many Values","summary":"Create lists, access items by index, add or remove values, and loop through lists to compute totals and averages.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What Lists Are"},"sketch1":{"title":"Indexing and Length"},"sketch2":{"title":"Changing a List"},"sketch3":{"title":"Looping Through Lists"},"project":{"title":"Project: Sum, max, and names lists"}},"projectSteps":{"sum_avg_3":{"title":"3 prices → sum and average"},"max_of_4":{"title":"4 numbers → max"},"names_2":{"title":"2 names → list and indexed print"}}},"loops_basics":{"label":"Loops: Repeat Until It Works","summary":"Learn `while` loops for repeated checking, `for` loops with `range`, and loop control with `break` and `continue` through small programs.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Loops Matter"},"sketch1":{"title":"while Loops"},"sketch2":{"title":"break and continue"},"sketch3":{"title":"for Loops and range"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Guess, validate, and command loops"}},"projectSteps":{"guess_until_7":{"title":"Guess until the secret is correct"},"validate_1_10":{"title":"Keep asking until the input is 1..10"},"echo_until_quit":{"title":"Echo commands until quit"}}}}},"multi-table-sql":{"multi-table-sql-module-0-join-foundations":{"inner-join-with-on":{"label":"INNER JOIN with ON","summary":"Connect matching rows with one explicit relationship condition.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"See What an INNER JOIN Keeps"},"sketch1":{"title":"Write the Relationship in ON"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_inner_join_with_on_sketch0":{"title":"Try INNER JOIN with Enrollment Records","prompt":"Write a query that lists each enrollment id beside the grade level of the student who owns it. Return `enrollments.id, students.grade_level` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`.","hint":"Start from `enrollments.student_id` and follow it to the matching student row.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `enrollments.id, students.grade_level` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT enrollments.id, students.grade_level\nFROM enrollments\nINNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;"},"try_inner_join_with_on_sketch1":{"title":"Try INNER JOIN from Departments to Courses","prompt":"Write a query that lists each department name beside the id of a course in that department. Return `departments.name, courses.id` from `departments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`.","hint":"Follow the relationship from `departments.id` to the foreign key stored in `courses`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `departments.name, courses.id` from `departments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name, courses.id\nFROM departments\nINNER JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id;"}},"practice":{"sc-primary-foreign-keys":{"title":"Understanding Primary and Foreign Keys","prompt":"Which of the following best describes the relationship between a primary key and a foreign key?","hint":"Think about how primary keys and foreign keys connect tables.","help":{"concept":"Primary keys uniquely identify rows in a table, while foreign keys link to primary keys in another table.","hint_1":"A primary key is unique to its table.","hint_2":"A foreign key references a primary key in another table."},"options":{"a":"A primary key is used to link two tables together.","b":"A foreign key is used to uniquely identify each row in a table.","c":"A primary key is a unique identifier for a table, and a foreign key links to it from another table.","d":"A foreign key is a unique identifier for a table, and a primary key links to it from another table."}},"mc-inner-join-usage":{"title":"Using INNER JOIN","prompt":"Which of the following statements about INNER JOIN are true? Select all that apply.","hint":"Follow the declared key pair in the `ON` clause.","help":{"concept":"INNER JOIN keeps rows only when the `ON` comparison finds a match on both sides.","hint_1":"Choose the foreign key that points to the related table's primary key.","hint_2":"Check that the requested columns come from the two joined tables and that unmatched rows may disappear."},"options":{"a":"INNER JOIN returns all rows from both tables.","b":"INNER JOIN returns only rows with matching values in both tables.","c":"INNER JOIN can be used without an ON condition.","d":"INNER JOIN requires a condition to match rows."}},"dr-inner-join-order":{"title":"Order of INNER JOIN Components","prompt":"Arrange the components of an INNER JOIN query in the correct order.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"SELECT clause","t2":"FROM clause","t3":"INNER JOIN clause","t4":"ON condition"}},"fbc-qualified-columns":{"title":"Qualified Columns in Joins","prompt":"In a multi-table query, it's important to use qualified column names to avoid ambiguity. Complete the following statement: `SELECT [blank1] FROM students INNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;`","hint":"Use the table name to qualify the column.","help":{"concept":"Qualified column names specify the table each column belongs to.","hint_1":"Use the table name followed by a dot and the column name.","hint_2":"For example, `the blank` specifies the `name` column from the `students` table."},"template":"SELECT [blank1] FROM students INNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;","choices":["students.name","name","enrollments.course_id","course_id"]},"sc-table-aliases":{"title":"Using Table Aliases","prompt":"Why are table aliases useful in SQL queries?","hint":"Think about how aliases can simplify queries.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases provide a shorthand for table names, making queries easier to read and write.","hint_1":"Aliases can reduce the length of table names in queries.","hint_2":"They help avoid repetitive long table names."},"options":{"a":"They allow for shorter, more readable queries.","b":"They are required for all SQL queries.","c":"They replace the need for ON conditions.","d":"They automatically optimize query performance."}},"mc-qualified-columns":{"title":"Importance of Qualified Columns","prompt":"Why is it important to use qualified column names in multi-table queries? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how qualified names affect query clarity and correctness.","help":{"concept":"Qualified column names prevent ambiguity and ensure correct data retrieval.","hint_1":"They specify which table a column belongs to.","hint_2":"They prevent errors when tables have columns with the same name."},"options":{"a":"To prevent ambiguity when tables have columns with the same name.","b":"To ensure the query runs faster.","c":"To specify which table a column belongs to.","d":"To automatically join tables without an ON condition."}}}},"module-0-student-enrollment-roster":{"label":"Module 0 Project: Student Enrollment Activity Roster","summary":"Build a qualified and readable student-enrollment roster through five cumulative join steps.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A Roster That Can Be Trusted"},"project":{"title":"Student Enrollment Activity Roster"}},"projectSteps":{"step1":{"title":"Connect Students to Enrollment Records"},"step2":{"title":"Step 2: Give Duplicate IDs Clear Output Headings"},"step3":{"title":"Step 3: Shorten the Query with Table Aliases"},"step4":{"title":"Focus on Upper Grade Levels"},"step5":{"title":"Order the Roster Predictably"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"step1":{"title":"Connect Students to Enrollment Records","prompt":"Begin the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster. Return `students.id, students.name, enrollments.id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`.","hint":"This is the first project step. Build a clean starting version, then run it before moving on.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `students.id, students.name, enrollments.id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT \n students.id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;"},"step2":{"title":"Step 2: Give Duplicate IDs Clear Output Headings","prompt":"Extend the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster with the next approved requirement. Return `students.id AS student_id, students.name, enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`.","hint":"Change only the naming requirement for this step; keep the relationship and selected data intact.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `students.id AS student_id, students.name, enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n students.id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 2: Qualify Every Shared Identifier\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the same rows and qualify every selected id column with its table name or alias\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n students.id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 2: Qualify Every Shared Identifier\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the same rows and qualify every selected id column with its table name or alias\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n"}}},"step3":{"title":"Step 3: Shorten the Query with Table Aliases","prompt":"Extend the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster with the next approved requirement. Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`.","hint":"Change only the naming requirement for this step; keep the relationship and selected data intact.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Readable Table and Column Aliases\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use concise table aliases and rename the displayed identifiers as student_id, enrollment_id, and course_id\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Readable Table and Column Aliases\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use concise table aliases and rename the displayed identifiers as student_id, enrollment_id, and course_id\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n"}}},"step4":{"title":"Focus on Upper Grade Levels","prompt":"Extend the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster with the next approved requirement. Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n-- Project step 4: Focus on Upper Grade Levels\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the complete joined roster and include only students in grade level 10 or higher\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n-- Project step 4: Focus on Upper Grade Levels\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the complete joined roster and include only students in grade level 10 or higher\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n"}}},"step5":{"title":"Order the Roster Predictably","prompt":"Complete the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster. Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`. Sort the final result by `s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`. Sort the final result by `s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n-- Project step 5: Order the Roster Predictably\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Sort by student name ascending, then course_id ascending, while preserving the complete query\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10 \nORDER BY s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n-- Project step 5: Order the Roster Predictably\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Sort by student name ascending, then course_id ascending, while preserving the complete query\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10 \nORDER BY s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC;\n"}}}}}},"qualifying-columns-across-tables":{"label":"Qualifying Columns Across Tables","summary":"Use table-qualified column references so SQL and readers know which source each value comes from.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Give Every Column an Address"},"sketch1":{"title":"Separate Source Names from Output Names"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_qualifying_columns_across_tables_sketch0":{"title":"Disambiguate Enrollment and Student Columns","prompt":"Return `enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, students.name AS student_name, enrollments.term` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`.","hint":"Start from `enrollments`, then follow `student_id` to `students.id`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Return a readable enrollment-to-student result\n","solutionCode":"SELECT enrollments.id AS enrollment_id,\n students.name AS student_name,\n enrollments.term\nFROM enrollments\nINNER JOIN students\n ON enrollments.student_id = students.id\nORDER BY enrollments.id;\n"},"try_qualifying_columns_across_tables_sketch1":{"title":"Disambiguate Course and Department Columns","prompt":"Return `courses.id AS course_id, courses.title AS course_title, departments.name AS department_name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `courses.id`.","hint":"The relationship is `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `courses.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Return a readable course-to-department result\n","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.id AS course_id,\n courses.title AS course_title,\n departments.name AS department_name\nFROM courses\nINNER JOIN departments\n ON courses.department_id = departments.id\nORDER BY courses.id;\n"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of Qualifying Columns","prompt":"Why is it important to qualify column names in SQL queries involving multiple tables?","hint":"Think about how SQL distinguishes between columns with the same name in different tables.","help":{"concept":"Qualifying columns helps SQL distinguish between columns with the same name in different tables.","hint_1":"Consider what happens if two tables have a column with the same name.","hint_2":"Qualifying columns prevents ambiguity in SQL queries."},"options":{"a":"To prevent ambiguity when columns have the same name in different tables.","b":"To make the query run faster.","c":"To reduce the size of the database.","d":"To ensure the database schema is correct."}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Using Table Aliases","prompt":"What is the main benefit of using table aliases in SQL queries?","hint":"Consider how aliases affect the readability and length of SQL queries.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases provide shorthand references for table names, making queries more readable.","hint_1":"Aliases help shorten the query without losing clarity.","hint_2":"Using aliases can make complex queries easier to manage."},"options":{"a":"They make queries shorter and easier to read.","b":"They increase the execution speed of queries.","c":"They allow for more tables to be joined.","d":"They ensure data integrity."}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Identifying Qualified Columns","prompt":"Which of the following are examples of qualified column names? Select all that apply.","hint":"Qualified column names include the table name as a prefix.","help":{"concept":"Qualified column names include the table name to avoid ambiguity.","hint_1":"Look for column names that are prefixed with a table name.","hint_2":"Qualified columns are written as `table.column`."},"options":{"a":"students.id","b":"id","c":"enrollments.student_id","d":"student_id"}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Benefits of Using Aliases","prompt":"What are the benefits of using table aliases in SQL queries? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about how aliases affect query readability and management.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases simplify queries by providing shorthand references for table names.","hint_1":"Aliases can make complex queries easier to read and write.","hint_2":"They help manage queries with multiple tables."},"options":{"a":"Simplifies query writing","b":"Improves query readability","c":"Increases query execution speed","d":"Ensures data accuracy"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of SQL Clauses","prompt":"Arrange the SQL clauses in the correct order for a basic SELECT query.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"SELECT clause","t2":"FROM clause","t3":"JOIN clause","t4":"ON condition","t5":"WHERE clause"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Aliases Syntax","prompt":"Fill in the blank: To create an alias for a table in SQL, use the keyword `[blank1]`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"To create an alias for a table in SQL, use the keyword `[blank1]`.","choices":["AS","IS","IN","ON"]}}},"reading-keys-and-relationships":{"label":"Reading Keys and Relationships","summary":"Trace documented primary-key and foreign-key pairs before writing a join.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Meet the Tables Before the Join"},"sketch1":{"title":"Read the Database as a Map"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"practice":{"quiz-1":{"title":"Find the Student Identifier","prompt":"Which column uniquely identifies one row in the `students` table?","hint":"Look for the column declared as the table's primary key.","help":{"concept":"A primary key uniquely identifies one row in its own table.","hint_1":"Names and grade levels can repeat, but a primary-key value cannot.","hint_2":"Use the schema browser and find the key marker on `students`."},"options":{"a":"name","b":"grade_level","c":"id","d":"student_id"}},"quiz-2":{"title":"Follow the Student Relationship","prompt":"Which documented key pair connects an enrollment row to its student?","hint":"Start with the foreign key stored on `enrollments`.","help":{"concept":"A child table stores a foreign key that points to the parent's primary key.","hint_1":"The enrollment row stores the student's identifier in `student_id`.","hint_2":"Match that foreign key to the unique identifier on `students`."},"options":{"a":"enrollments.id → students.id","b":"enrollments.student_id → students.id","c":"enrollments.course_id → students.id","d":"students.grade_level → enrollments.student_id"}},"quiz-3":{"title":"Choose Valid Relationship Paths","prompt":"Which key pairs are documented relationships in the school schema? Select all that apply.","hint":"Use the foreign-key arrows in the ERD, not columns that merely share a type or name.","help":{"concept":"A valid relationship compares a declared foreign key with the referenced primary key.","hint_1":"Check the arrows leaving `courses` and `enrollments`.","hint_2":"Reject any pair that connects unrelated `id` columns."},"options":{"a":"courses.department_id → departments.id","b":"enrollments.course_id → courses.id","c":"students.id → departments.id","d":"enrollments.student_id → students.id"}},"quiz-4":{"title":"Recognize a Foreign Key","prompt":"Which statements describe a foreign key? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about where the value is stored and what table it points toward.","help":{"concept":"A foreign key records the identity of a related parent row.","hint_1":"The value may repeat because many child rows can point to one parent.","hint_2":"It must reference the key on the related table, not just a similarly named column."},"options":{"a":"It points to a key in a related table.","b":"Its values may repeat across child rows.","c":"It always uniquely identifies its own table row.","d":"It defines a path the join can follow."}},"quiz-5":{"title":"Trace a Relationship Safely","prompt":"Arrange the steps for deciding how two requested tables are related before writing SQL.","hint":"Start with the requested output, then verify the exact key path in the schema.","help":{"concept":"Join planning begins with the requested tables and ends with a verified foreign-key path.","hint_1":"Do not compare columns until you know which tables supply the requested fields.","hint_2":"The last check is confirming that the foreign key points to the intended primary key."},"tokens":{"t1":"Identify the tables that contain the requested fields","t2":"Find the primary key on the parent table","t3":"Find the matching foreign key on the related table","t4":"Verify the relationship arrow in the ERD"}},"quiz-6":{"title":"Complete the Course Relationship","prompt":"Complete the documented relationship from enrollments to courses.","hint":"The foreign key `course_id` points to the course table's unique identifier.","help":{"concept":"`enrollments.course_id` stores the identifier of the related course row.","hint_1":"Look for the primary key on `courses`.","hint_2":"Choose the column that uniquely identifies one course."},"template":"`enrollments.course_id` references `courses.[blank1]`.","choices":["id","title","department_id","name"]}}},"table-aliases-for-join-queries":{"label":"Table Aliases for Join Queries","summary":"Shorten table references while preserving a visible relationship path.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Shorten Table Names Without Losing Meaning"},"sketch1":{"title":"Choose Aliases a Reader Can Follow"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_table_aliases_for_join_queries_sketch0":{"title":"Shorten a Course-to-Department Join","prompt":"Use `c` and `d` as table aliases to return each course title with its department name. Return `c.title AS course_title, d.name AS department_name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `c.department_id = d.id`. Sort the final result by `c.title`.","hint":"Declare each alias beside its table, then use the same aliases in `SELECT` and `ON`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `c.department_id = d.id`. Sort the final result by `c.title`."},"starterCode":"-- Use short, consistent aliases for two related tables\n","solutionCode":"SELECT c.title AS course_title,\n d.name AS department_name\nFROM courses AS c\nINNER JOIN departments AS d\n ON c.department_id = d.id\nORDER BY c.title;\n"},"try_table_aliases_for_join_queries_sketch1":{"title":"Keep Student and Enrollment Aliases Consistent","prompt":"Use `s` and `e` as aliases to return student name, enrollment term, and course id. Return `s.name AS student_name, e.term AS enrollment_term, e.course_id` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Sort the final result by `s.name, e.course_id`.","hint":"Every qualified column should begin with either `s.` or `e.` after the aliases are declared.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Sort the final result by `s.name, e.course_id`."},"starterCode":"-- Build a concise two-table student enrollment query\n","solutionCode":"SELECT s.name AS student_name,\n e.term AS enrollment_term,\n e.course_id\nFROM students AS s\nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e\n ON s.id = e.student_id\nORDER BY s.name, e.course_id;\n"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of Table Aliases","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of using table aliases in SQL queries?","hint":"Think about how aliases affect the readability of queries.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases are used to simplify and clarify SQL queries.","hint_1":"Aliases make queries shorter and easier to read.","hint_2":"They help avoid repeating long table names."},"options":{"a":"To make queries run faster","b":"To simplify and clarify queries","c":"To change the data in the tables","d":"To create new tables"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Using Aliases with JOIN","prompt":"When using table aliases in a JOIN query, what must you ensure?","hint":"Consider how aliases relate to column references.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases must be used consistently in the query to avoid ambiguity.","hint_1":"Ensure that aliases are used for all table references.","hint_2":"Aliases should be used to qualify column names."},"options":{"a":"Aliases must be unique within the query","b":"Aliases must match the table names exactly","c":"Aliases can be used interchangeably","d":"Aliases are optional and can be omitted"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Benefits of Table Aliases","prompt":"Which of the following are benefits of using table aliases in SQL queries? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about how aliases improve query readability and maintenance.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases improve readability and maintainability of SQL queries.","hint_1":"Aliases make queries shorter and easier to read.","hint_2":"They help avoid confusion when multiple tables are involved."},"options":{"a":"Improves query readability","b":"Reduces typing effort","c":"Increases query execution speed","d":"Helps avoid column name conflicts"}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Table Aliases in Complex Queries","prompt":"In complex SQL queries involving multiple joins, why are table aliases particularly useful? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how aliases affect query complexity and clarity.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases help manage complexity and improve clarity in SQL queries.","hint_1":"Aliases reduce the need to repeat long table names.","hint_2":"They make it easier to read and understand the query structure."},"options":{"a":"They make the query more readable","b":"They allow for shorter column references","c":"They are required for all SQL queries","d":"They simplify the query structure"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of Operations in a JOIN Query","prompt":"Arrange the steps in the correct order for executing a JOIN query with table aliases.","hint":"Consider the logical flow of a JOIN query.","help":{"concept":"Executing a JOIN query involves selecting columns, joining tables, and applying conditions.","hint_1":"Start with selecting columns from the tables.","hint_2":"Join the tables using the ON condition."},"tokens":{"t1":"SELECT columns","t2":"FROM tables with aliases","t3":"JOIN tables using ON","t4":"Apply WHERE conditions"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"Alias Syntax","prompt":"In SQL, the syntax to create an alias for a table is `FROM table_name AS [blank1]`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"FROM table_name AS [blank1]","choices":["alias","AS","WITH","BY"]}}}},"multi-table-sql-module-1-relationship-paths":{"avoiding-cartesian-and-wrong-key-joins":{"label":"Avoiding Cartesian and Wrong-Key Joins","summary":"Diagnose results that multiply unexpectedly or match unrelated identifiers.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Spot a Cartesian Explosion"},"sketch1":{"title":"Follow Keys, Not Matching Numbers"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_avoiding_cartesian_and_wrong_key_joins_sketch0":{"title":"Try a Connected Grade-Level Course List","prompt":"List each enrolled student grade level beside the matching course title without creating a Cartesian product. Return `students.grade_level, courses.title` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`.","hint":"The bridge table supplies the two key comparisons that prevent unrelated combinations.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`."},"starterCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title\nFROM students\n-- Complete the JOINs here\n;","solutionCode":"SELECT students.grade_level,\n courses.title\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nORDER BY students.grade_level, courses.title;"},"try_avoiding_cartesian_and_wrong_key_joins_sketch1":{"title":"Repair a Wrong-Key Enrollment Audit","prompt":"Start from `enrollments` and return enrollment id, student name, and course title. Return `e.id AS enrollment_id, s.name AS student_name, c.title AS course_title` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `e.student_id = s.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `e.course_id = c.id`. Sort the final result by `e.id`.","hint":"`student_id` points to `students.id`; `course_id` points to `courses.id`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `e.course_id = c.id`. Sort the final result by `e.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Repair the key path for an enrollment audit\n","solutionCode":"SELECT e.id AS enrollment_id,\n s.name AS student_name,\n c.title AS course_title\nFROM enrollments AS e\nINNER JOIN students AS s\n ON e.student_id = s.id\nINNER JOIN courses AS c\n ON e.course_id = c.id\nORDER BY e.id;\n"}},"practice":{"quiz1":{"title":"Understanding Cartesian Products","prompt":"What is a Cartesian product in SQL?","hint":"Think about what happens when two tables are joined without an ON condition.","help":{"concept":"A Cartesian product results from joining tables without a condition.","hint_1":"Consider the result of joining every row from one table with every row from another.","hint_2":"It's the result of a join without specifying how the tables relate."},"options":{"a":"A join that multiplies rows from two tables without a condition","b":"A join that correctly matches rows based on a condition","c":"A join that filters rows based on a condition","d":"A join that combines rows from two tables with a condition"}},"quiz2":{"title":"Identifying Wrong-Key Joins","prompt":"What is a wrong-key join in SQL?","hint":"Consider what happens when tables are joined on unrelated columns.","help":{"concept":"A wrong-key join uses incorrect columns for joining tables.","hint_1":"Think about joining tables on columns that don't represent their relationship.","hint_2":"It's when tables are joined on columns that don't match their intended relationship."},"options":{"a":"A join using unrelated columns","b":"A join using correct foreign keys","c":"A join using primary keys","d":"A join using a bridge table"}},"quiz3":{"title":"Avoiding Cartesian Products","prompt":"Which of the following strategies help avoid Cartesian products? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how you can ensure tables are joined correctly.","help":{"concept":"Avoid Cartesian products by using proper join conditions.","hint_1":"Use ON conditions to specify how tables relate.","hint_2":"Ensure every join has a condition that matches related columns."},"options":{"a":"Use proper ON conditions in joins","b":"Join tables without any conditions","c":"Use WHERE clauses to filter results","d":"Join tables using a bridge table"}},"quiz4":{"title":"Order of Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to correctly join `students` and `courses` using the `enrollments` table.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"Join students to enrollments","t2":"Join enrollments to courses","t3":"Select student names and course titles"}},"quiz5":{"title":"Correct Join Condition","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the correct join condition: `JOIN enrollments ON students.id = [blank1]`","hint":"Identify the correct column in `enrollments` that relates to `students`.","help":{"concept":"Use the correct foreign key to join tables.","hint_1":"The column in `enrollments` that relates to `students` is a foreign key.","hint_2":"It's the column that references `students.id`."},"template":"JOIN enrollments ON students.id = [blank1]","choices":["enrollments.student_id","enrollments.course_id","students.name","courses.id"]},"quiz6":{"title":"Bridge Table Join","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the join using a bridge table: `JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = [blank1]`","hint":"Identify the correct column in `courses` that relates to `enrollments`.","help":{"concept":"Use the correct foreign key to join tables through a bridge table.","hint_1":"The column in `courses` that relates to `enrollments` is a primary key.","hint_2":"It's the column that `enrollments.course_id` references."},"template":"JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = [blank1]","choices":["courses.id","courses.title","enrollments.student_id","students.id"]}}},"extending-a-join-path":{"label":"Extending a Join Path","summary":"Learn to extend a join path by adding one related table at a time without rewriting the query from scratch.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Build a Join Path One Link at a Time"},"sketch1":{"title":"Add a Table Without Changing the Meaning"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_extending_a_join_path_sketch0":{"title":"Try Extending the Path to a Department ID","prompt":"Extend the student-to-course join path so each row also includes the id of the department that owns the course. Return `students.name, courses.title, departments.id AS department_id` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","hint":"Continue from `courses.department_id` to the matching department row.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title\nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nJOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\n-- Add the departments table join here","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name,\n courses.title,\n departments.id AS department_id\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nINNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;"},"try_extending_a_join_path_sketch1":{"title":"Try It: Include Term Information","prompt":"Modify the query to also include the term information for each enrollment. Return `students.name, courses.title, departments.name AS department_name, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","hint":"Add one verified relationship at a time.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title, departments.name AS department_name\nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nJOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nJOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id\n-- Add term information to the SELECT clause","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title, departments.name AS department_name, enrollments.term\nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nJOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nJOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Understanding Many-to-Many Relationships","prompt":"Which table acts as a bridge in a many-to-many relationship between students and courses?","hint":"Add one verified relationship at a time.","help":{"concept":"A longer join should extend an already-correct path by one documented relationship.","hint_1":"Keep the existing student-enrollment-course joins unchanged.","hint_2":"Add departments only through `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"options":{"a":"students","b":"courses","c":"enrollments","d":"departments"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Identifying Join Conditions","prompt":"What is the correct join condition to connect the `courses` table to the `departments` table?","hint":"Add one verified relationship at a time.","help":{"concept":"A longer join should extend an already-correct path by one documented relationship.","hint_1":"Keep the existing student-enrollment-course joins unchanged.","hint_2":"Add departments only through `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"options":{"a":"courses.id = departments.id","b":"courses.department_id = departments.id","c":"courses.id = departments.department_id","d":"courses.department_id = departments.department_id"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Characteristics of a Bridge Table","prompt":"Select all characteristics of a bridge table in a many-to-many relationship.","hint":"Consider what makes a bridge table unique in its role.","help":{"concept":"Bridge tables connect two tables in a many-to-many relationship.","hint_1":"Bridge tables contain foreign keys referencing both related tables.","hint_2":"They do not contain primary keys from the related tables themselves."},"options":{"a":"Contains foreign keys to both related tables","b":"Directly contains data from both related tables","c":"Facilitates many-to-many relationships","d":"Contains primary keys from related tables"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to correctly join the `students`, `enrollments`, `courses`, and `departments` tables.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"students","t2":"enrollments","t3":"courses","t4":"departments"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Join Syntax","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `students` and `enrollments` on the correct condition: `JOIN enrollments ON [blank1]`.","hint":"Identify the foreign key relationship between `students` and `enrollments`.","help":{"concept":"The join condition should match the foreign key in `enrollments` to the primary key in `students`.","hint_1":"The `enrollments` table references `students` using `student_id`.","hint_2":"The correct condition is `the blank`."},"template":"JOIN enrollments ON [blank1]","choices":["students.id = enrollments.student_id","students.student_id = enrollments.id","enrollments.id = students.student_id","enrollments.student_id = students.id"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Adding a Column to SELECT","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to add the `term` column from `enrollments` to the SELECT clause: `SELECT students.name, courses.title, [blank1]`.","hint":"The `term` column is directly available from the `enrollments` table.","help":{"concept":"Include additional columns in the SELECT clause to retrieve more data.","hint_1":"The `term` column provides information about the enrollment period.","hint_2":"Add `the blank` to the SELECT clause."},"template":"SELECT students.name, courses.title, [blank1]","choices":["enrollments.term","courses.term","students.term","departments.term"]}}},"joining-through-a-bridge-table":{"label":"Joining Through a Bridge Table","summary":"Connect two entity tables through the enrollment records that relate them.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Cross the Enrollment Bridge"},"sketch1":{"title":"Carry the Path One Table Farther"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_joining_through_a_bridge_table_sketch0":{"title":"Try the Bridge with Enrollment Terms","prompt":"Use `enrollments` as the bridge to list each student name, course title, and enrollment term. Return `students.name AS student_name, courses.title AS course_title, enrollments.term AS enrollment_term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.name, courses.title`.","hint":"Follow both foreign keys in the bridge, then include one value stored on the bridge row itself.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.name, courses.title`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name AS student_name,\n courses.title AS course_title,\n enrollments.term AS enrollment_term\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nORDER BY students.name, courses.title;"},"try_joining_through_a_bridge_table_sketch1":{"title":"Try a Four-Table Path for Grade Levels","prompt":"Follow the full relationship path to list each student grade level, course title, and department name for every enrollment. Return `students.grade_level, courses.title AS course_title, departments.name AS department_name` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`.","hint":"Keep `enrollments` between students and courses, then extend from courses to departments.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.grade_level,\n courses.title AS course_title,\n departments.name AS department_name\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nINNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id\nORDER BY students.grade_level, courses.title;"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of a Bridge Table","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of a bridge table in a database?","hint":"Think about how bridge tables connect other tables.","help":{"concept":"Bridge tables connect two tables that have a many-to-many relationship.","hint_1":"Bridge tables help in linking two tables indirectly.","hint_2":"They are used to manage many-to-many relationships."},"options":{"a":"To store redundant data","b":"To connect two tables with a many-to-many relationship","c":"To enforce data integrity","d":"To improve query performance"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Identifying Bridge Tables","prompt":"Which table acts as a bridge table between `students` and `courses` in the school database?","hint":"Follow both sides of the enrollment bridge.","help":{"concept":"The `enrollments` bridge connects students to courses through two separate key relationships.","hint_1":"Join students to enrollments first, then enrollments to courses.","hint_2":"Use one `ON` clause for each foreign-key arrow and keep one row per enrollment."},"options":{"a":"students","b":"courses","c":"enrollments","d":"departments"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Join Syntax","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `students` and `enrollments` on `student_id`.","hint":"Use the correct SQL syntax for joining tables.","help":{"concept":"The `ON` clause specifies the condition for joining tables.","hint_1":"The `ON` clause follows the `JOIN` keyword.","hint_2":"Use `the blank`."},"template":"SELECT * FROM students JOIN enrollments ON [blank1];","choices":["students.id = enrollments.student_id","students.name = enrollments.student_id","students.id = enrollments.course_id","students.name = enrollments.course_id"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Extending a Query","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `courses` and `departments` on `department_id`.","hint":"Use the correct SQL syntax for joining tables.","help":{"concept":"The `ON` clause specifies the condition for joining tables.","hint_1":"The `ON` clause follows the `JOIN` keyword.","hint_2":"Use `the blank`."},"template":"SELECT * FROM courses JOIN departments ON [blank1];","choices":["courses.department_id = departments.id","courses.id = departments.department_id","courses.title = departments.id","courses.id = departments.name"]},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Characteristics of Bridge Tables","prompt":"Which of the following are characteristics of a bridge table? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider the role of bridge tables in managing relationships.","help":{"concept":"Bridge tables manage many-to-many relationships by linking two tables.","hint_1":"They contain foreign keys to both related tables.","hint_2":"They do not store redundant data but facilitate connections."},"options":{"a":"Contains foreign keys to related tables","b":"Stores redundant data","c":"Facilitates many-to-many relationships","d":"Improves query performance by itself"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of SQL Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to join `students`, `enrollments`, and `courses` in the correct order.","hint":"Start with the table that contains the primary key.","help":{"concept":"The order of joins should follow the relationship path from primary to foreign keys.","hint_1":"Begin with `students` and join through `enrollments`.","hint_2":"Finish by joining `courses`."},"tokens":{"t1":"JOIN students to enrollments on student_id","t2":"JOIN enrollments to courses on course_id","t3":"SELECT columns from students, enrollments, and courses"}}}},"module-1-course-enrollment-directory":{"label":"Module 1 Project: Course Enrollment Directory","summary":"Build a department-to-student enrollment directory through five cumulative multi-table steps.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A Directory Built Across Four Tables"},"project":{"title":"Course Enrollment Directory Project"}},"projectSteps":{"step_1":{"title":"Connect Courses to Departments"},"step_2":{"title":"Add Enrollment Records"},"step_3":{"title":"Add Student Details"},"step_4":{"title":"Clarify the Directory Output"},"step_5":{"title":"Sort the Directory for Review"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"step_1":{"title":"Connect Courses to Departments","prompt":"Begin the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory. Return `courses.title, departments.name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","hint":"This is the first project step. Build a clean starting version, then run it before moving on.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `courses.title, departments.name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;"},"step_2":{"title":"Add Enrollment Records","prompt":"Extend the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory with the next approved requirement. Return `courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;\n-- Project step 2: Add Enrollment Records\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include enrollments so each result row represents one enrollment in a course\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;\n-- Project step 2: Add Enrollment Records\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include enrollments so each result row represents one enrollment in a course\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n"}}},"step_3":{"title":"Add Student Details","prompt":"Extend the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory with the next approved requirement. Return `courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Student Details\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include student details such as name and grade level\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Student Details\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include student details such as name and grade level\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n"}}},"step_4":{"title":"Clarify the Directory Output","prompt":"Extend the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory with the next approved requirement. Return `departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 4: Clarify the Directory Output\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use exact aliases for department, course, student, grade_level, and term without changing the row grain\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 4: Clarify the Directory Output\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use exact aliases for department, course, student, grade_level, and term without changing the row grain\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n"}}},"step_5":{"title":"Sort the Directory for Review","prompt":"Complete the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory. Return `departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `department ASC, course ASC, student ASC`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `department ASC, course ASC, student ASC`."},"starterCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 5: Sort the Directory for Review\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Order the results by department, course, and student in ascending order for a clear review\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id ORDER BY department ASC, course ASC, student ASC;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 5: Sort the Directory for Review\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Order the results by department, course, and student in ascending order for a clear review\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id ORDER BY department ASC, course ASC, student ASC;\n"}}}}}},"one-to-many-and-many-to-many-results":{"label":"One-to-Many and Many-to-Many Results","summary":"Predict why one parent row may appear several times after joining to related detail rows.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Read Repeated Rows Correctly"},"sketch1":{"title":"Recognize a Many-to-Many Result"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_one_to_many_and_many_to_many_results_sketch0":{"title":"Try One Row per Course ID","prompt":"Return one row per course with the course id and its department name. Return `courses.id AS course_id, departments.name AS department_name` from `departments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`.","hint":"The many side is `courses`, so one output row should represent one course.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \nFROM departments\nJOIN courses ON ;","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.id AS course_id,\n departments.name AS department_name\nFROM departments\nINNER JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id\nORDER BY departments.id, courses.id;"},"try_one_to_many_and_many_to_many_results_sketch1":{"title":"Try One Row per Enrollment","prompt":"Return one row per enrollment with the enrollment id, student grade level, and course title. Return `enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, students.grade_level, courses.title AS course_title` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`.","hint":"Use the bridge row as the grain and include its id in the result.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON \nJOIN courses ON ;","solutionCode":"SELECT enrollments.id AS enrollment_id,\n students.grade_level,\n courses.title AS course_title\nFROM enrollments\nINNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nORDER BY enrollments.id;"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Understanding One-to-Many Relationships","prompt":"In a one-to-many relationship, how many records in the second table can be associated with a single record in the first table?","hint":"Ask what one output row represents.","help":{"concept":"Relationship shape explains why a parent may repeat and what one joined result row represents.","hint_1":"Identify the detail or bridge row that can repeat for one parent.","hint_2":"State the result grain in plain language before deciding whether repeated rows are correct."},"options":{"a":"One","b":"Many","c":"None","d":"Exactly two"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Identifying Bridge Tables","prompt":"Which table acts as a bridge between students and courses in a many-to-many relationship?","hint":"Ask what one output row represents.","help":{"concept":"Relationship shape explains why a parent may repeat and what one joined result row represents.","hint_1":"Identify the detail or bridge row that can repeat for one parent.","hint_2":"State the result grain in plain language before deciding whether repeated rows are correct."},"options":{"a":"students","b":"courses","c":"enrollments","d":"departments"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Join Syntax","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `students` and `enrollments` on the student ID.","hint":"Use the correct SQL syntax for joining tables.","help":{"concept":"The `ON` clause specifies the condition for joining tables.","hint_1":"The `ON` clause should match the primary key of one table to the foreign key of another.","hint_2":"Ensure the column names are correctly qualified with table names."},"template":"SELECT * FROM students JOIN enrollments ON students.id = [blank1];","choices":["enrollments.student_id","students.student_id","enrollments.id","students.id"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Name the Result Grain","prompt":"After joining departments to courses without grouping, what does one result row represent?","hint":"Read the selected detail table and identify which row can repeat for one department.","help":{"concept":"Result grain describes what one output row represents; it is not determined by a relationship label alone.","hint_1":"A department can own several course rows.","hint_2":"The ungrouped joined result has one row for each matching course."},"template":"One result row represents [blank1] together with its department.","choices":["one course","one department total","one student","one database"]},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Characteristics of Many-to-Many Relationships","prompt":"Select all characteristics of a many-to-many relationship.","hint":"Consider how many-to-many relationships are structured.","help":{"concept":"Many-to-many relationships involve a bridge table to connect two tables.","hint_1":"Think about the role of the bridge table.","hint_2":"Consider how each table can relate to multiple records in the other."},"options":{"a":"Requires a bridge table","b":"Each record in one table can relate to multiple records in the other","c":"Directly connects two tables without intermediaries","d":"Involves only two tables"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of SQL Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to perform a join between `students` and `courses` using `enrollments`.","hint":"Think about the sequence of joining tables in a many-to-many relationship.","help":{"concept":"Joining tables in a many-to-many relationship involves using a bridge table.","hint_1":"Start by joining the first table to the bridge table.","hint_2":"Then join the bridge table to the second table."},"tokens":{"t1":"Join students to enrollments","t2":"Join enrollments to courses","t3":"Select columns from students and courses"}}}}},"multi-table-sql-module-2-outer-joins-and-accurate-counts":{"counting-related-rows-without-inflation":{"label":"Counting Related Rows Without Inflation","summary":"Learn to count matched rows and unique entities accurately in SQL without allowing join multiplication to distort reports.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Count the Related Row, Not the Placeholder"},"sketch1":{"title":"Count Entities Once at the Intended Grain"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_counting_related_rows_without_inflation_sketch0":{"title":"Try Counting Enrollments per Student","prompt":"List every student and the number of enrollment rows they have. Calculate and return `students.name, COUNT(enrollments.id) AS enrollment_count` from `students`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`.","hint":"Count a nullable identifier from the right table, not `COUNT(*)`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name,\n COUNT(enrollments.id) AS enrollment_count\nFROM students\nLEFT JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nGROUP BY students.id, students.name\nORDER BY students.id;"},"try_counting_related_rows_without_inflation_sketch1":{"title":"Try Counting Department Breadth per Student","prompt":"List every student and the number of distinct departments represented by their enrolled courses. Calculate and return `students.name, COUNT(DISTINCT courses.department_id) AS department_count` from `students`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`.","hint":"Follow enrollments to courses, then count unique department ids at the student grain.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name,\n COUNT(DISTINCT courses.department_id) AS department_count\nFROM students\nLEFT JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nLEFT JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nGROUP BY students.id, students.name\nORDER BY students.id;"}},"practice":{"quiz1":{"title":"Purpose of COUNT with LEFT JOIN","prompt":"What is the purpose of using COUNT(column) with a LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Consider how COUNT(column) handles NULL values.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(column) with LEFT JOIN counts non-NULL values, preserving unmatched rows.","hint_1":"COUNT(column) ignores NULLs, which are common in LEFT JOIN results.","hint_2":"Using COUNT(column) ensures unmatched rows are counted as zero."},"options":{"a":"To count all rows, including NULLs","b":"To count only non-NULL values","c":"To count NULL values only","d":"To ignore all rows"}},"quiz2":{"title":"Benefits of COUNT(DISTINCT)","prompt":"What are the benefits of using COUNT(DISTINCT column) in SQL? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about how COUNT(DISTINCT) affects duplicate values.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(DISTINCT) counts unique values, reducing duplicates.","hint_1":"It helps in counting unique entities in a dataset.","hint_2":"It prevents duplicate values from inflating counts."},"options":{"a":"Counts all values, including duplicates","b":"Counts only unique values","c":"Reduces duplicate inflation","d":"Ignores NULL values"}},"quiz3":{"title":"Plan a Join-Aware Count","prompt":"Arrange the checks for building a grouped count that preserves empty groups and avoids duplicate inflation.","hint":"Define the metric and result grain before choosing the count expression.","help":{"concept":"A trustworthy joined count begins with the reporting grain and the entity being counted.","hint_1":"Preserve the requested groups before adding detail tables.","hint_2":"Use a right-side identifier for related rows and `DISTINCT` when the metric is unique entities."},"tokens":{"t1":"State what one result row represents","t2":"Choose the starting table whose groups must remain","t3":"Follow the documented relationship path","t4":"Count the identifier that matches the requested metric","t5":"Verify zero groups and repeated entities in the result"}},"quiz4":{"title":"COUNT with NULL Handling","prompt":"In a LEFT JOIN, using COUNT(column) will count only the [blank1] values.","hint":"Consider what COUNT(column) does with NULLs.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(column) counts the blank values in a result set.","hint_1":"COUNT(column) ignores NULLs, focusing on actual data.","hint_2":"NULLs are not counted by COUNT(column)."},"template":"In a LEFT JOIN, using COUNT(column) will count only the [blank1] values.","choices":["non-NULL","NULL","all","zero"]},"quiz5":{"title":"Purpose of COUNT(DISTINCT)","prompt":"The purpose of COUNT(DISTINCT column) is to count [blank1] values.","hint":"Think about how COUNT(DISTINCT) handles duplicates.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(DISTINCT) counts the blank values, excluding duplicates.","hint_1":"It focuses on the blank entries in a dataset.","hint_2":"Duplicates are not counted by COUNT(DISTINCT)."},"template":"The purpose of COUNT(DISTINCT column) is to count [blank1] values.","choices":["unique","duplicate","all","NULL"]},"quiz6":{"title":"Understanding Report Grain","prompt":"Why is it important to state the grouped result grain before choosing a count expression? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how the result grain affects the interpretation of counts.","help":{"concept":"The result grain defines what each row represents, affecting count accuracy.","hint_1":"The grain determines the level of detail in the report.","hint_2":"Choosing the wrong grain can lead to misleading counts."},"options":{"a":"To ensure accurate counts","b":"To define the level of detail","c":"To ignore unmatched rows","d":"To simplify the query"}}}},"filtering-left-joins-with-on-and-where":{"label":"Filtering LEFT JOINs with ON and WHERE","summary":"Place right-table conditions according to whether unmatched left rows must survive.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Know When the Filter Runs"},"sketch1":{"title":"Move One Condition and Watch the Result Change"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_filtering_left_joins_with_on_and_where_sketch0":{"title":"Preserve Every Department While Limiting Matches","prompt":"Return every department, but match only courses whose title contains `History`. Return `d.name AS department_name, c.title AS history_course` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `d.id = c.department_id AND c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`.","hint":"Add the title condition after the key comparison inside the `ON` clause.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `d.id = c.department_id AND c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Keep every department while matching only History courses\n","solutionCode":"SELECT d.name AS department_name,\n c.title AS history_course\nFROM departments AS d\nLEFT JOIN courses AS c\n ON d.id = c.department_id\n AND c.title LIKE '%History%'\nORDER BY d.name;\n"},"try_filtering_left_joins_with_on_and_where_sketch1":{"title":"Move the Same Condition to WHERE","prompt":"Return `d.name AS department_name, c.title AS history_course` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `d.id = c.department_id`. Keep only rows where `c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`.","hint":"Keep the key comparison in `ON`; move only the title condition below the join.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Move the same right-table filter to WHERE\n","solutionCode":"SELECT d.name AS department_name,\n c.title AS history_course\nFROM departments AS d\nLEFT JOIN courses AS c\n ON d.id = c.department_id\nWHERE c.title LIKE '%History%'\nORDER BY d.name;\n"}},"practice":{"multi-choice-1":{"title":"What Does LEFT JOIN Preserve?","prompt":"Which statement correctly describes the preserved side of a LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Decide whether unmatched left rows must survive.","help":{"concept":"A right-table condition in `ON` limits matches; the same condition in `WHERE` can remove unmatched left rows.","hint_1":"Decide whether the report must preserve left rows with no qualifying match.","hint_2":"Compare the row count when the same right-table condition moves from `ON` to `WHERE`."},"options":{"a":"LEFT JOIN returns only matched rows from both tables.","b":"LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"LEFT JOIN excludes unmatched rows from the left table.","d":"LEFT JOIN is the same as INNER JOIN."}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"What Can a WHERE Filter Remove?","prompt":"What happens when `WHERE` requires a value from the nullable right side of a LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Think about how WHERE affects unmatched rows in a LEFT JOIN.","help":{"concept":"Placing a condition in WHERE can filter out unmatched rows from the left table.","hint_1":"WHERE filters the entire result set, potentially excluding unmatched rows.","hint_2":"A WHERE condition can remove rows where the right table columns are NULL."},"options":{"a":"It filters the entire result set, potentially excluding unmatched rows.","b":"It only affects the matched rows from the right table.","c":"It has no effect on the result set.","d":"It ensures all unmatched rows are included."}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Choose Where the Right-Table Filter Belongs","prompt":"Arrange the reasoning steps for deciding whether a right-table condition belongs in `ON` or `WHERE`.","hint":"Decide first whether unmatched left rows must remain.","help":{"concept":"Filter placement follows the report requirement, not a memorized clause order.","hint_1":"Start by identifying the preserved table and the rows the report must keep.","hint_2":"Use `ON` to limit matches; use `WHERE` to filter the finished result."},"tokens":{"t1":"Identify which table's rows must be preserved","t2":"Decide whether unmatched left rows must remain","t3":"Put a match-limiting right-table condition in ON","t4":"Put a final-result filter in WHERE"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Clause","prompt":"In a LEFT JOIN, the condition that specifies how the tables are related is placed in the [blank1] clause.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"In a LEFT JOIN, the condition that specifies how the tables are related is placed in the [blank1] clause.","choices":["ON","WHERE","SELECT","FROM"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Effect of WHERE Clause","prompt":"Placing a condition in the WHERE clause of a LEFT JOIN can unintentionally remove [blank1] rows.","hint":"Consider what happens to the blank rows when a WHERE condition is applied.","help":{"concept":"A WHERE condition can filter out the blank rows from the left table.","hint_1":"WHERE conditions can exclude rows where the right table columns are NULL.","hint_2":"the blank rows from the left table can be removed by a WHERE condition."},"template":"Placing a condition in the WHERE clause of a LEFT JOIN can unintentionally remove [blank1] rows.","choices":["unmatched","matched","all","none"]},"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of LEFT JOIN","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of using a LEFT JOIN in SQL?","hint":"Think about what LEFT JOIN achieves compared to other types of joins.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN is used to include all rows from the left table, regardless of matches in the right table.","hint_1":"LEFT JOIN ensures all rows from the left table are included.","hint_2":"LEFT JOIN is useful for preserving unmatched rows from the left table."},"options":{"a":"To include only matched rows from both tables.","b":"To include all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"To exclude unmatched rows from the left table.","d":"To perform a full outer join."}}}},"finding-missing-relationships":{"label":"Finding Missing Relationships","summary":"Use LEFT JOIN plus a right-side IS NULL check to locate missing related records.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Turn NULL into Evidence"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use the Anti-Join Pattern Deliberately"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_finding_missing_relationships_sketch0":{"title":"Try a Filtered Anti-Join","prompt":"Find every department that does not offer a course whose title contains `History`. Return `departments.name` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id AND courses.title LIKE '%History%'`. Keep only rows where `courses.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `departments.name`.","hint":"Filter the optional course relationship before checking whether a match exists.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `courses.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `departments.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name\nFROM departments\nLEFT JOIN courses\n ON departments.id = courses.department_id\n AND courses.title LIKE '%History%'\nWHERE courses.id IS NULL\nORDER BY departments.name;"},"try_finding_missing_relationships_sketch1":{"title":"Try Finding Students Missing One Course","prompt":"Find students who are not enrolled in Biology, whose course id is `1`. Return `students.name` from `students` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id AND enrollments.course_id = 1`. Keep only rows where `enrollments.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `students.id`.","hint":"The question is about one specific relationship, so limit the optional enrollment match in the ON clause.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `enrollments.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name\nFROM students\nLEFT JOIN enrollments\n ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\n AND enrollments.course_id = 1\nWHERE enrollments.id IS NULL\nORDER BY students.id;"}},"practice":{"multi-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Characteristics","prompt":"Which of the following statements are true about LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Preserve the audited table, then check the right-side key for NULL.","help":{"concept":"The anti-join pattern preserves left rows, then selects those whose right-side identifier is NULL.","hint_1":"Start from the entities you want to audit for missing relationships.","hint_2":"Check a non-nullable key from the right table with `IS NULL` after the LEFT JOIN."},"options":{"a":"LEFT JOIN returns only matched rows from both tables.","b":"LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"LEFT JOIN fills unmatched right table rows with NULLs.","d":"LEFT JOIN excludes unmatched rows from the left table."}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Anti-Join Pattern","prompt":"What is the purpose of using an anti-join pattern in SQL?","hint":"Think about what an anti-join pattern helps you find.","help":{"concept":"An anti-join pattern is used to find rows in one table that do not have corresponding rows in another table.","hint_1":"Anti-join helps identify missing relationships.","hint_2":"It finds rows in the left table without matches in the right table."},"options":{"a":"To find matching rows between two tables.","b":"To find rows in one table without corresponding rows in another table.","c":"To update rows in a table based on another table.","d":"To delete rows from a table."}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Result","prompt":"In a LEFT JOIN, unmatched rows from the right table are filled with [blank1].","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"In a LEFT JOIN, unmatched rows from the right table are filled with [blank1].","choices":["NULL","0","empty string","default value"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Anti-Join Check","prompt":"To perform an anti-join, you check for [blank1] in the right table's columns.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"To perform an anti-join, you check for [blank1] in the right table's columns.","choices":["NULL","duplicates","primary keys","foreign keys"]},"single-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Purpose","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of a LEFT JOIN in SQL?","hint":"Consider what a LEFT JOIN allows you to do with unmatched rows.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN allows you to include all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right table.","hint_1":"LEFT JOIN preserves all rows from the left table.","hint_2":"It helps identify missing relationships by including unmatched rows."},"options":{"a":"To combine only matching rows from two tables.","b":"To include all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"To exclude unmatched rows from both tables.","d":"To update rows in the left table based on the right table."}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Process","prompt":"Arrange the steps to perform a LEFT JOIN to find missing relationships.","hint":"Think about the sequence of operations in a LEFT JOIN.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN involves joining tables and checking for NULLs to find missing relationships.","hint_1":"Start with the LEFT JOIN operation.","hint_2":"End with checking for NULLs in the right table."},"tokens":{"t1":"Perform LEFT JOIN","t2":"Specify ON condition","t3":"Check for NULL in right table","t4":"Select columns from left table"}}}},"left-join-preserves-unmatched-rows":{"label":"LEFT JOIN Preserves Unmatched Rows","summary":"Learn how LEFT JOIN can be used to preserve all rows from a starting table, even when there are no matching records in the joined table.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Choose Which Rows Must Survive"},"sketch1":{"title":"Preserve the Starting Entity Across a Longer Path"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_left_join_preserves_unmatched_rows_sketch0":{"title":"Try LEFT JOIN with Every Department","prompt":"List every department beside a related course id. Return `departments.name, courses.id` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`.","hint":"Place the table that must be preserved on the left side of the join.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name, courses.id\nFROM departments\nLEFT JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id\nORDER BY departments.id, courses.id;"},"try_left_join_preserves_unmatched_rows_sketch1":{"title":"Try Preserving Departments through a Longer Path","prompt":"List every department with the names of students enrolled in its courses. Return `departments.name AS department_name, students.name AS student_name` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, students.name`.","hint":"Keep every join after `departments` as a LEFT JOIN so a missing row does not break the path.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, students.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department_name,\n students.name AS student_name\nFROM departments\nLEFT JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id\nLEFT JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id\nLEFT JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id\nORDER BY departments.id, students.name;"}},"practice":{"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Understanding LEFT JOIN","prompt":"Which of the following statements about LEFT JOIN is true?","hint":"Consider how LEFT JOIN handles unmatched rows.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN includes all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","hint_1":"LEFT JOIN will include unmatched rows from the left table with NULLs for the right table columns.","hint_2":"LEFT JOIN is useful for preserving all rows from the left table."},"options":{"a":"LEFT JOIN only includes rows with matches in both tables.","b":"LEFT JOIN includes all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right tabl</article></body></html>

13:["$","$L14",null,{"formats":"$undefined","locale":"en","messages":{"Module0":{"title":"Module 0 Visual Simulator","badges":{"meta":"{mode} • Vectors • Dot • Projection"},"sections":{"overlays":"Overlays","liveMath":"Live Math","practice":"Practice Mode"},"buttons":{"randomize":"Randomize a & b","reset":"Reset","zeroA":"Zero a","zeroB":"Zero b","newQuestion":"New question","check":"Check","reveal":"Reveal"},"status":{"idle":"Click “New question”. Use overlays to reason visually, then answer.","question":"Question: {prompt}. Enter a number (tolerance ±{tolerance}{unit}).","noQuestion":"No active question. Click “New question” first.","invalidNumber":"Please enter a valid number (e.g., 3.5 or -2).","correct":"✅ Correct. {value} is within tolerance.","incorrect":"❌ Not quite. You said {value}. Try again using the overlays.","noReveal":"No question to reveal. Click “New question” first.","answer":"Answer: {value}{unit}","randomized":"Randomized vectors. 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Purple is $\\vec t_{\\perp \\vec r}$.","alphaUndef":"\\\\text{undefined (}\\\\vec r=\\\\vec 0\\\\text{)}","checkOk":"\\\\approx 0\\ \\text{(perpendicular ✅)}","checkBad":"= {val}\\ \\text{(not } \\perp\\text{)}","overlay":{"perpLabel":"t⊥r","alphaUndef":"α=undef","alpha":"α={val}"}},"vectorBasics":{"title":"**Vector basics**","drag":"Drag the tip of $\\vec v$ (blue).","unit":"- Unit vector:","note":"**Note:** {note}","noteZero":"Zero vector: unit vector is undefined.","noteNonZero":"Unit vector keeps the same direction.","overlay":"green dashed = unit vector"}},"SpanBasis":{"title":"Basis • Subspace • Span ({mode})","subtitle":"Drag a and b, or type values. 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Handle the empty range.\n2. Choose either valid middle element when a range has even length.\n3. Create the root for that range.\n4. Recursively build the left and right ranges and set parent links.\n\n**Rebalance an existing BST**\n1. Traverse inorder to obtain sorted keys or sorted node references.\n2. Rebuild with the midpoint rule.\n3. Return a root whose parent is `NULL`.\n\nThe harness checks ordering, almost-balance, height, and parent links on odd, even, skewed, and empty inputs. Equivalent linear-time designs pass: lower-middle or upper-middle selection, key copying or node relinking, and different helper names are all valid.","hint":"Use a half-open range `[begin,end)`. Its length is `end-begin`; after choosing `middle`, recurse on `[begin,middle)` and `[middle+1,end)`.","help":{"concept":"Inorder traversal converts BST shape into sorted order. 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Reject inputs that cannot contain two four-index pairs, such as `n < 4`.\n2. Generate each unordered pair exactly once with `i < j`.\n3. Compute the pair sum and look it up in constant expected or worst-case time.\n4. When the sum was seen before, confirm that the saved pair and current pair use four distinct indices.\n5. Release any allocated memory on both the `true` and `false` paths.\n\nThe required runtime is `O(n²)`. A direct-address table is the demonstrated solution because values are bounded by `k`, but a correct hash-table solution or another equivalent quadratic design also passes. The validator checks behavior and does not search for exact source text such as `2 * k`.","hint":"Trace the pair order `(0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,2), ...`. A table entry should remember enough about the first pair to compare indices when the same sum appears again.","help":{"concept":"There are `n(n-1)/2` unordered pairs. If each pair performs O(1) lookup/update work, the complete algorithm is Θ(n²).","hint_1":"The largest value is at most `k-1`, so the largest sum is at most `2k-2`; any safely sized table covering that range is valid.","hint_2":"Do not return true for the same pair encountered twice; store or compare indices explicitly."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nstatic void print_case(const char *name, const int *values, size_t n, int k) {\n printf(\"%s=%s\\n\", name,\n has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(values, n, k) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n const int basic_yes[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int basic_no[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n const int later_yes[] = {1, 2, 4, 5};\n const int upper_yes[] = {2, 5, 9, 12, 15};\n const int distinct_no[] = {1, 3, 7, 12};\n\n print_case(\"basic-yes\", basic_yes, 4, 5);\n print_case(\"basic-no\", basic_no, 4, 9);\n print_case(\"later-yes\", later_yes, 4, 6);\n print_case(\"upper-yes\", upper_yes, 5, 16);\n print_case(\"distinct-no\", distinct_no, 4, 13);\n print_case(\"too-short\", basic_yes, 3, 5);\n print_case(\"null\", NULL, 0, 5);\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nstatic void print_case(const char *name, const int *values, size_t n, int k) {\n printf(\"%s=%s\\n\", name,\n has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(values, n, k) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n const int basic_yes[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int basic_no[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n const int later_yes[] = {1, 2, 4, 5};\n const int upper_yes[] = {2, 5, 9, 12, 15};\n const int distinct_no[] = {1, 3, 7, 12};\n\n print_case(\"basic-yes\", basic_yes, 4, 5);\n print_case(\"basic-no\", basic_no, 4, 9);\n print_case(\"later-yes\", later_yes, 4, 6);\n print_case(\"upper-yes\", upper_yes, 5, 16);\n print_case(\"distinct-no\", distinct_no, 4, 13);\n print_case(\"too-short\", basic_yes, 3, 5);\n print_case(\"null\", NULL, 0, 5);\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nstatic void print_case(const char *name, const int *values, size_t n, int k) {\n printf(\"%s=%s\\n\", name,\n has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(values, n, k) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n const int basic_yes[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int basic_no[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n const int later_yes[] = {1, 2, 4, 5};\n const int upper_yes[] = {2, 5, 9, 12, 15};\n const int distinct_no[] = {1, 3, 7, 12};\n\n print_case(\"basic-yes\", basic_yes, 4, 5);\n print_case(\"basic-no\", basic_no, 4, 9);\n print_case(\"later-yes\", later_yes, 4, 6);\n print_case(\"upper-yes\", upper_yes, 5, 16);\n print_case(\"distinct-no\", distinct_no, 4, 13);\n print_case(\"too-short\", basic_yes, 3, 5);\n print_case(\"null\", NULL, 0, 5);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_pair_sums_c":{"content":"#include \"pair_sums.h\"\n\nbool has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(const int *values, size_t n, int k) {\n (void)values;\n (void)n;\n (void)k;\n /* TODO 1: enumerate every unordered pair exactly once. */\n /* TODO 2: remember enough state to recognize an equal-sum disjoint pair. */\n return false;\n}\n"},"algorithms_pair_sums_h":{"content":"#ifndef PAIR_SUMS_H\n#define PAIR_SUMS_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\nbool has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(const int *values, size_t n, int k);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nstatic void print_case(const char *name, const int *values, size_t n, int k) {\n printf(\"%s=%s\\n\", name,\n has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(values, n, k) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n const int basic_yes[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int basic_no[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n const int later_yes[] = {1, 2, 4, 5};\n const int upper_yes[] = {2, 5, 9, 12, 15};\n const int distinct_no[] = {1, 3, 7, 12};\n\n print_case(\"basic-yes\", basic_yes, 4, 5);\n print_case(\"basic-no\", basic_no, 4, 9);\n print_case(\"later-yes\", later_yes, 4, 6);\n print_case(\"upper-yes\", upper_yes, 5, 16);\n print_case(\"distinct-no\", distinct_no, 4, 13);\n print_case(\"too-short\", basic_yes, 3, 5);\n print_case(\"null\", NULL, 0, 5);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_pair_sums_c":{"content":"$1b"},"algorithms_pair_sums_h":{"content":"#ifndef PAIR_SUMS_H\n#define PAIR_SUMS_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\nbool has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(const int *values, size_t n, int k);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Run the provided behavioral harness and use the failing case to locate the logic error."},{"message":"Equivalent correct implementations are accepted; no exact source phrase is required."}]}}},"quiz":{"pair-sum-table":{"title":"Why can the O(n²) pair-sum algorithm use a direct-address table?","prompt":"Why can the O(n²) pair-sum algorithm use a direct-address table?","hint":"Use the promise that every positive input value is smaller than `k`. What range can a sum occupy?","help":{"concept":"A pair sum is an integer in a bounded range below `2k`, so it can directly select a table slot in O(1) time.","hint_1":"The nested loops still contribute Θ(n²) pair visits.","hint_2":"The table changes lookup cost, not the number of pairs."},"options":{"a":"The input is already sorted.","b":"Every pair has a different sum.","c":"Each value is positive and smaller than k, so every sum is in a bounded range below 2k.","d":"C arrays automatically resolve hash collisions."}}}},"insert-linked-binary-heap":{"label":"Question 5 — Insert into a Pointer-Based Complete Heap","summary":"Trace the binary index path, node attachment, each upheap swap, and O(log n) cost","cards":{"question-5-problem":{"title":"Question 5: Use the Array Index Without an Array"},"heap-animation":{"title":"Trace heap_insert at Conceptual Index 8"},"heap-project":{"title":"Hands-on: Insert into the Linked Heap"}},"projectSteps":{"pointer_heap_insert":{"title":"Hands-on: Insert into the Linked Heap"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"pointer_heap_insert":{"title":"Hands-on: Insert into the Linked Heap","prompt":"Open `structures/heap.c` and implement `heap_insert`.\n\nUse the conceptual one-based array index `n + 1` even though the tree is pointer-based:\n\n1. Handle insertion into an empty heap.\n2. Find the highest set bit of index `n + 1`.\n3. Ignore that leading bit; each remaining intermediate bit chooses left (`0`) or right (`1`) while walking to the parent.\n4. Use the final bit to attach the new node on the correct side and set its parent link.\n5. While the new key is smaller than its parent's key, swap keys and move upward.\n\nThe harness checks an empty insertion and concrete positions `8` and `9`, including level order, heap order, node count, and parent links. Any correct O(log n) path method and upheap implementation passes; exact bit-loop syntax is not graded.","hint":"Write the target index in binary. After removing the leading `1`, all but the last bit walk to the parent; the last bit selects the new left or right child.","help":{"concept":"A complete tree has the same positions as a one-based heap array. Binary index bits encode the unique root-to-position path.","hint_1":"For index `8 = 1000₂`, walk left, left, then attach left.","hint_2":"Swap keys during upheap rather than pointer subtrees; the complete-tree shape and parent links then remain unchanged."},"starterCode":"$1c","solutionCode":"$1d","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"$1e"},"structures_heap_c":{"content":"$1f"},"structures_heap_h":{"content":"#ifndef HEAP_H\n#define HEAP_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\ntypedef struct HeapNode {\n int key;\n struct HeapNode *left;\n struct HeapNode *right;\n struct HeapNode *parent;\n} HeapNode;\n\nHeapNode *heap_from_level_order(const int *values, size_t n);\nHeapNode *heap_insert(HeapNode *root, size_t n, int value);\nvoid heap_print_level_order(const HeapNode *root);\nbool heap_parent_links_valid(const HeapNode *root, const HeapNode *parent);\nvoid heap_free(HeapNode *root);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"$20"},"structures_heap_c":{"content":"$21"},"structures_heap_h":{"content":"#ifndef HEAP_H\n#define HEAP_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\ntypedef struct HeapNode {\n int key;\n struct HeapNode *left;\n struct HeapNode *right;\n struct HeapNode *parent;\n} HeapNode;\n\nHeapNode *heap_from_level_order(const int *values, size_t n);\nHeapNode *heap_insert(HeapNode *root, size_t n, int value);\nvoid heap_print_level_order(const HeapNode *root);\nbool heap_parent_links_valid(const HeapNode *root, const HeapNode *parent);\nvoid heap_free(HeapNode *root);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Run the provided behavioral harness and use the failing case to locate the logic error."},{"message":"Equivalent correct implementations are accepted; no exact source phrase is required."}]}}}},"priority-queue-with-stacks":{"label":"Question 4 — Build a Priority Queue from Stacks","summary":"Trace every pop, minimum replacement, duplicate preservation, and restore step","cards":{"question-4-problem":{"title":"Question 4: Remove One Minimum Without Random Access"},"priority-queue-animation":{"title":"Trace pq_extract_min with Real Stack Values"},"priority-queue-project":{"title":"Hands-on: Build the Stack Priority Queue"}},"projectSteps":{"priority_queue_stacks":{"title":"Hands-on: Build the Stack Priority Queue"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"priority_queue_stacks":{"title":"Hands-on: Build the Stack Priority Queue","prompt":"Open `structures/priority_queue.c` and implement `pq_extract_min` using only the provided stack API.\n\nFollow this state checklist:\n\n1. Return `false` when the data stack is empty.\n2. Pop one value into a local `minimum` candidate.\n3. Pop every remaining value from `data`.\n4. When a smaller value appears, move the old minimum to `scratch` and replace it.\n5. Otherwise move the current value to `scratch`—including values equal to the minimum.\n6. Restore every scratch value to `data`, write one minimum to the output pointer, and return `true`.\n\nThe tests check duplicates, full sorted extraction order, a single value, and an empty queue. Equivalent stack-only implementations pass; exact loop syntax and local variable names are not graded.","hint":"Keep exactly one value outside both stacks as the candidate to remove. Every other popped value must eventually reach `scratch` and then return to `data`.","help":{"concept":"A stack exposes only the top, so finding a minimum requires examining all `n` values. The scratch stack temporarily stores the `n-1` values that remain in the queue.","hint_1":"Use `<`, not `<=`, when replacing the current minimum; an equal minimum must remain in the queue.","hint_2":"Restoring scratch reverses it again, so the remaining data stack is ready for the next extraction."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nstatic void fill(PriorityQueue *queue, const int *values, size_t n) {\n pq_init(queue);\n for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n pq_insert(queue, values[i]);\n }\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n const int duplicates[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n fill(&queue, duplicates, 5);\n\n printf(\"duplicates=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\nextract-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n\n const int single[] = {7};\n fill(&queue, single, 1);\n printf(\"single=\");\n if (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) printf(\"%d\", value);\n printf(\"\\nsingle-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nstatic void fill(PriorityQueue *queue, const int *values, size_t n) {\n pq_init(queue);\n for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n pq_insert(queue, values[i]);\n }\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n const int duplicates[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n fill(&queue, duplicates, 5);\n\n printf(\"duplicates=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\nextract-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n\n const int single[] = {7};\n fill(&queue, single, 1);\n printf(\"single=\");\n if (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) printf(\"%d\", value);\n printf(\"\\nsingle-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nstatic void fill(PriorityQueue *queue, const int *values, size_t n) {\n pq_init(queue);\n for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n pq_insert(queue, values[i]);\n }\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n const int duplicates[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n fill(&queue, duplicates, 5);\n\n printf(\"duplicates=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\nextract-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n\n const int single[] = {7};\n fill(&queue, single, 1);\n printf(\"single=\");\n if (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) printf(\"%d\", value);\n printf(\"\\nsingle-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_c":{"content":"#include \"priority_queue.h\"\n\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue) { stack_init(&queue->data); stack_init(&queue->scratch); }\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority) { return stack_push(&queue->data, priority); }\n\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority) {\n (void)queue;\n (void)priority;\n /* TODO 1: keep one popped value as the current minimum. */\n /* TODO 2: move every other value through scratch, preserving duplicates. */\n /* TODO 3: restore scratch and return exactly one minimum. */\n return false;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_h":{"content":"#ifndef PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n#define PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n\n#include \n#include \"stack.h\"\n\ntypedef struct { Stack data; Stack scratch; } PriorityQueue;\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue);\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority);\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority);\n\n#endif\n"},"structures_stack_c":{"content":"#include \"stack.h\"\n\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack) { stack->size = 0; }\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value) { if (stack->size == STACK_CAPACITY) return false; stack->values[stack->size++] = value; return true; }\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value) { if (stack->size == 0) return false; *value = stack->values[--stack->size]; return true; }\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack) { return stack->size == 0; }\n"},"structures_stack_h":{"content":"#ifndef STACK_H\n#define STACK_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\n#define STACK_CAPACITY 64\n\ntypedef struct { int values[STACK_CAPACITY]; size_t size; } Stack;\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack);\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value);\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value);\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nstatic void fill(PriorityQueue *queue, const int *values, size_t n) {\n pq_init(queue);\n for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n pq_insert(queue, values[i]);\n }\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n const int duplicates[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n fill(&queue, duplicates, 5);\n\n printf(\"duplicates=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\nextract-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n\n const int single[] = {7};\n fill(&queue, single, 1);\n printf(\"single=\");\n if (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) printf(\"%d\", value);\n printf(\"\\nsingle-empty=%s\\n\",\n pq_extract_min(&queue, &value) ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_c":{"content":"#include \"priority_queue.h\"\n\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue) { stack_init(&queue->data); stack_init(&queue->scratch); }\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority) { return stack_push(&queue->data, priority); }\n\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority) {\n if (stack_is_empty(&queue->data)) return false;\n\n int minimum;\n stack_pop(&queue->data, &minimum);\n\n int current;\n while (stack_pop(&queue->data, ¤t)) {\n if (current < minimum) {\n stack_push(&queue->scratch, minimum);\n minimum = current;\n } else {\n stack_push(&queue->scratch, current);\n }\n }\n\n while (stack_pop(&queue->scratch, ¤t)) {\n stack_push(&queue->data, current);\n }\n\n *priority = minimum;\n return true;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_h":{"content":"#ifndef PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n#define PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n\n#include \n#include \"stack.h\"\n\ntypedef struct { Stack data; Stack scratch; } PriorityQueue;\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue);\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority);\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority);\n\n#endif\n"},"structures_stack_c":{"content":"#include \"stack.h\"\n\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack) { stack->size = 0; }\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value) { if (stack->size == STACK_CAPACITY) return false; stack->values[stack->size++] = value; return true; }\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value) { if (stack->size == 0) return false; *value = stack->values[--stack->size]; return true; }\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack) { return stack->size == 0; }\n"},"structures_stack_h":{"content":"#ifndef STACK_H\n#define STACK_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\n#define STACK_CAPACITY 64\n\ntypedef struct { int values[STACK_CAPACITY]; size_t size; } Stack;\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack);\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value);\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value);\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Run the provided behavioral harness and use the failing case to locate the logic error."},{"message":"Equivalent correct implementations are accepted; no exact source phrase is required."}]}}},"quiz":{"operation-costs":{"title":"Which runtime combination matches the lesson designs?","prompt":"Which runtime combination matches the lesson designs?","hint":"Insertion is one push. Extraction must inspect every stored value. Heap insertion follows one root-to-leaf path.","help":{"concept":"This stack design deliberately makes insertion O(1) and extraction Θ(n); the pointer heap insertion is O(log n).","hint_1":"Count legal stack operations, not array indexing that the abstraction does not expose.","hint_2":"A complete heap has logarithmic height."},"options":{"a":"stack-PQ insert O(1), extractMin O(n), pointer-heap insert Θ(log n)","b":"stack-PQ insert O(n), extractMin O(1), pointer-heap insert Θ(n)","c":"stack-PQ insert O(log n), extractMin O(log n), pointer-heap insert Θ(1)","d":"all three operations are Θ(n²)"}}}},"recursive-boolean-configurations":{"label":"Question 1 — Trace Recursion, Solve the Recurrence","summary":"Build the actual foo(3) call tree, unroll T(n), and prove Θ(2ⁿ)","cards":{"introduction":{"title":"How to Solve Each Written-Assignment Problem"},"question-1-problem":{"title":"Question 1: Read the Function and the Runtime Goal"},"recursion-animation":{"title":"Animate the Complete foo(3) Call Tree"},"recursion-project":{"title":"Hands-on: Implement and Measure foo"}},"projectSteps":{"recursion_runtime":{"title":"Hands-on: Implement and Measure foo"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"recursion_runtime":{"title":"Hands-on: Implement and Measure foo","prompt":"Open `algorithms/recursion.c`. Implement the two recursive branches, then run the supplied harness. Work in this order:\n\n1. Confirm the base case `i == n`.\n2. Set `bits[i] = true` and recurse with `i + 1`.\n3. Return to the same frame, set `bits[i] = false`, and recurse again.\n4. Check `n = 0`, `1`, `3`, and `4` against the call-tree formulas.\n\nThe validator checks observable counts. Equivalent correct implementations pass; branch order, helper names, formatting, and literal source phrases are not graded.","hint":"For a call with `m = n - i` undecided positions: the base case has one call and one leaf; otherwise the current call contributes one plus the two subtrees for `m - 1`.","help":{"concept":"Every internal call represents one partial Boolean prefix. Its true and false children extend that prefix by one position. Therefore `leaves = 2^n` and `calls = 1 + 2 + ... + 2^n = 2^(n+1) - 1`.","hint_1":"Increment `calls` once, immediately when the helper starts.","hint_2":"After the true recursive call returns, overwrite only `bits[i]` with false; earlier prefix values stay unchanged."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nstatic void print_stats(int n) {\n FooStats stats = foo(n);\n printf(\"n=%d leaves=%ld calls=%ld\\n\", n, stats.leaves, stats.calls);\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n print_stats(0);\n print_stats(1);\n print_stats(3);\n print_stats(4);\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nstatic void print_stats(int n) {\n FooStats stats = foo(n);\n printf(\"n=%d leaves=%ld calls=%ld\\n\", n, stats.leaves, stats.calls);\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n print_stats(0);\n print_stats(1);\n print_stats(3);\n print_stats(4);\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nstatic void print_stats(int n) {\n FooStats stats = foo(n);\n printf(\"n=%d leaves=%ld calls=%ld\\n\", n, stats.leaves, stats.calls);\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n print_stats(0);\n print_stats(1);\n print_stats(3);\n print_stats(4);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_c":{"content":"#include \"recursion.h\"\n#include \n\nstatic void foo_rec(bool *bits, int n, int i, FooStats *stats) {\n stats->calls++;\n\n if (i == n) {\n stats->leaves++;\n return;\n }\n\n /* Step 1: assign true at this position and recurse on i + 1. */\n /* Step 2: after that call returns, assign false and recurse again. */\n}\n\nFooStats foo(int n) {\n FooStats stats = {0, 0};\n bool bits[n > 0 ? n : 1];\n foo_rec(bits, n, 0, &stats);\n return stats;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_h":{"content":"#ifndef RECURSION_H\n#define RECURSION_H\n\ntypedef struct {\n long calls;\n long leaves;\n} FooStats;\n\nFooStats foo(int n);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nstatic void print_stats(int n) {\n FooStats stats = foo(n);\n printf(\"n=%d leaves=%ld calls=%ld\\n\", n, stats.leaves, stats.calls);\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n print_stats(0);\n print_stats(1);\n print_stats(3);\n print_stats(4);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_c":{"content":"#include \"recursion.h\"\n#include \n\nstatic void foo_rec(bool *bits, int n, int i, FooStats *stats) {\n stats->calls++;\n\n if (i == n) {\n stats->leaves++;\n return;\n }\n\n bits[i] = true;\n foo_rec(bits, n, i + 1, stats);\n\n bits[i] = false;\n foo_rec(bits, n, i + 1, stats);\n}\n\nFooStats foo(int n) {\n FooStats stats = {0, 0};\n if (n < 0) return stats;\n bool bits[n > 0 ? n : 1];\n foo_rec(bits, n, 0, &stats);\n return stats;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_h":{"content":"#ifndef RECURSION_H\n#define RECURSION_H\n\ntypedef struct {\n long calls;\n long leaves;\n} FooStats;\n\nFooStats foo(int n);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Run the provided behavioral harness and use the failing case to locate the logic error."},{"message":"Equivalent correct implementations are accepted; no exact source phrase is required."}]}}},"quiz":{"recurrence":{"title":"Which recurrence matches fooRec when printing a completed list is O(1)?","prompt":"Which recurrence matches fooRec when printing a completed list is O(1)?","hint":"One non-base call does constant local work and creates two calls with one fewer undecided position.","help":{"concept":"Define `T(m)` using the number of positions still undecided. Then both children have size `m - 1`.","hint_1":"Count recursive calls, not assignments: there are two recursive calls.","hint_2":"The assignments, comparison, counter update, and return are constant local work."},"options":{"a":"T(n) = T(n - 1) + Θ(1)","b":"T(n) = 2T(n - 1) + Θ(1)","c":"T(n) = T(n / 2) + Θ(n)","d":"T(n) = 2T(n / 2) + Θ(n)"}},"tight-bound":{"title":"What tight bound follows after unrolling the recurrence?","prompt":"What tight bound follows after unrolling the recurrence?","hint":"Unroll until the argument reaches zero; the constants form `1 + 2 + 4 + ...`.","help":{"concept":"After `k` substitutions, `T(n) = 2^k T(n-k) + c(2^k - 1)`. Set `k = n` to reach `T(0)`.","hint_1":"Do not replace the geometric sum by `n`; its terms double.","hint_2":"Both the base-case term and accumulated local work are proportional to `2^n`."},"options":{"a":"Θ(log n)","b":"Θ(n)","c":"Θ(n²)","d":"Θ(2^n)"}}}},"written-assignment-2-lab":{"label":"CS260-Style Algorithm Design Lab","summary":"Use animations and executable C projects to solve five recurrence and data-structure design problems.","cards":{"introduction":{"title":"How This Lesson Uses the Original Assignment"},"question-1-problem":{"title":"Question 1: Read the Recurrence Problem First"},"recursion-animation":{"title":"Question 1 Walkthrough: Recurrence to Tight Bound"},"recursion-project":{"title":"Question 1 C Lab: Build and Measure the Recursion"},"question-2-problem":{"title":"Question 2: Read the Equal Pair-Sum Problem First"},"pair-sums-animation":{"title":"Question 2 Walkthrough: Pair Sums and Buckets"},"pair-sums-project":{"title":"Question 2 C Lab: Detect Equal Disjoint Pair Sums"},"question-3-problem":{"title":"Question 3: Read the BST Problem First"},"bst-animation":{"title":"Question 3 Walkthrough: Build and Rebalance the BST"},"bst-project":{"title":"Question 3 C Lab: Build and Rebalance a BST"},"question-4-problem":{"title":"Question 4: Read the Stack-Only Priority Queue Problem"},"priority-queue-animation":{"title":"Question 4 Walkthrough: Extract One Minimum"},"priority-queue-project":{"title":"Question 4 C Lab: Priority Queue with Stacks"},"question-5-problem":{"title":"Question 5: Read the Linked Heap Problem First"},"heap-animation":{"title":"Question 5 Walkthrough: Follow the Binary Pointer Path"},"heap-project":{"title":"Question 5 C Lab: Insert into the Linked Heap"},"analysis-quiz":{"title":"Check the Five Design and Runtime Arguments"}},"projectSteps":{"recursion_runtime":{"title":"Instrument the Recursive Call Tree"},"equal_pair_sums":{"title":"Detect Equal Disjoint Pair Sums"},"almost_balanced_bst":{"title":"Build and Rebalance an Almost-Balanced BST"},"priority_queue_stacks":{"title":"Implement a Priority Queue with Stacks"},"pointer_heap_insert":{"title":"Insert into a Pointer-Based Heap in O(log n)"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"recursion_runtime":{"title":"Instrument the Recursive Call Tree","prompt":"Open `algorithms/recursion.c`. Complete `foo_rec` so every non-base call explores both Boolean choices and advances to `i + 1`. The supplied `main.c` runs `foo(4)` and reports the number of leaves and total calls. Use the animation to connect the measurements to `T(n) = 2T(n - 1) + Θ(1)`.","hint":"Each non-base call must make two recursive calls after assigning the current slot.","help":{"concept":"The recursion forms a full binary tree. There are `2^n` leaves and `2^(n+1)-1` total calls, so the runtime is `Θ(2^n)` when printing a completed list is treated as constant time.","hint_1":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change.","hint_2":"Keep the implementation general; do not print the expected output directly."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n FooStats stats = foo(4);\n printf(\"leaves=%ld\\n\", stats.leaves);\n printf(\"calls=%ld\\n\", stats.calls);\n printf(\"tight=Theta(2^n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n FooStats stats = foo(4);\n printf(\"leaves=%ld\\n\", stats.leaves);\n printf(\"calls=%ld\\n\", stats.calls);\n printf(\"tight=Theta(2^n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n FooStats stats = foo(4);\n printf(\"leaves=%ld\\n\", stats.leaves);\n printf(\"calls=%ld\\n\", stats.calls);\n printf(\"tight=Theta(2^n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_c":{"content":"#include \"recursion.h\"\n#include \n\nstatic void foo_rec(bool *bits, int n, int i, FooStats *stats) {\n stats->calls++;\n\n if (i == n) {\n stats->leaves++;\n return;\n }\n\n /* TODO: explore the branch where bits[i] is true. */\n /* TODO: explore the branch where bits[i] is false. */\n}\n\nFooStats foo(int n) {\n FooStats stats = {0, 0};\n bool bits[n > 0 ? n : 1];\n foo_rec(bits, n, 0, &stats);\n return stats;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_h":{"content":"#ifndef RECURSION_H\n#define RECURSION_H\n\ntypedef struct {\n long calls;\n long leaves;\n} FooStats;\n\nFooStats foo(int n);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/recursion.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n FooStats stats = foo(4);\n printf(\"leaves=%ld\\n\", stats.leaves);\n printf(\"calls=%ld\\n\", stats.calls);\n printf(\"tight=Theta(2^n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_c":{"content":"#include \"recursion.h\"\n#include \n\nstatic void foo_rec(bool *bits, int n, int i, FooStats *stats) {\n stats->calls++;\n\n if (i == n) {\n stats->leaves++;\n return;\n }\n\n bits[i] = true;\n foo_rec(bits, n, i + 1, stats);\n\n bits[i] = false;\n foo_rec(bits, n, i + 1, stats);\n}\n\nFooStats foo(int n) {\n FooStats stats = {0, 0};\n bool bits[n > 0 ? n : 1];\n foo_rec(bits, n, 0, &stats);\n return stats;\n}\n"},"algorithms_recursion_h":{"content":"#ifndef RECURSION_H\n#define RECURSION_H\n\ntypedef struct {\n long calls;\n long leaves;\n} FooStats;\n\nFooStats foo(int n);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Keep the base case at `i == n`."},{"message":"Assign the true branch before its recursive call."},{"message":"Assign the false branch before its recursive call."}]},"equal_pair_sums":{"title":"Detect Equal Disjoint Pair Sums","prompt":"Open `algorithms/pair_sums.c`. Implement `has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums` in `O(n²)` time. Every value is a unique positive integer smaller than `k`, so a direct table of possible sums is allowed. Examine each unordered pair once, remember the first pair that produced each sum, and return `true` when a later pair with four distinct indices reaches the same sum.","hint":"The largest possible sum is smaller than `2 * k`, so the sum itself can index a collision-free table.","help":{"concept":"Nested loops generate `Θ(n²)` pairs. A direct-address table makes each lookup and insertion `O(1)`, producing `Θ(n²)` total time and `O(k)` auxiliary space.","hint_1":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change.","hint_2":"Keep the implementation general; do not print the expected output directly."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int case1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int case2[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n\n printf(\"case1=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case1, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"case2=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case2, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int case1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int case2[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n\n printf(\"case1=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case1, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"case2=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case2, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int case1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int case2[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n\n printf(\"case1=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case1, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"case2=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case2, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_pair_sums_c":{"content":"#include \"pair_sums.h\"\n\nbool has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(const int *values, size_t n, int k) {\n (void)values;\n (void)n;\n (void)k;\n /* TODO: examine each unordered pair and remember the first pair for each sum. */\n return false;\n}\n"},"algorithms_pair_sums_h":{"content":"#ifndef PAIR_SUMS_H\n#define PAIR_SUMS_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\nbool has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(const int *values, size_t n, int k);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"algorithms/pair_sums.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int case1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};\n const int case2[] = {1, 2, 4, 8};\n\n printf(\"case1=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case1, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"case2=%s\\n\", has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(case2, 4, 10) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"algorithms_pair_sums_c":{"content":"$22"},"algorithms_pair_sums_h":{"content":"#ifndef PAIR_SUMS_H\n#define PAIR_SUMS_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\nbool has_equal_disjoint_pair_sums(const int *values, size_t n, int k);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Use an outer loop over the first pair index."},{"message":"Use an inner loop that visits each unordered pair once."},{"message":"Size the direct-address table from the bounded sum range."}]},"almost_balanced_bst":{"title":"Build and Rebalance an Almost-Balanced BST","prompt":"Open `structures/bst.c`. Implement `bst_build_balanced` from a sorted array and `bst_rebalance` for an arbitrary BST. The required approach is linear: inorder traversal writes the keys in sorted order, and midpoint recursion rebuilds a tree whose left and right subtree sizes differ by at most one at every node.","hint":"Use half-open array ranges. Choose one middle key as the root, then recurse on the left and right ranges.","help":{"concept":"Inorder traversal visits each node once, and midpoint construction creates each replacement node once. The two passes are `Θ(n)`, and every recursive range splits into sizes that differ by at most one.","hint_1":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change.","hint_2":"Keep the implementation general; do not print the expected output directly."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/bst.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n Node *root = NULL;\n for (int value = 1; value <= 7; value++) {\n root = bst_insert(root, value);\n }\n\n root = bst_rebalance(root);\n printf(\"balanced=%s\\n\", bst_is_almost_balanced(root) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"inorder=\");\n bst_print_inorder(root);\n printf(\"\\nheight=%d\\n\", bst_height(root));\n\n bst_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/bst.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n Node *root = NULL;\n for (int value = 1; value <= 7; value++) {\n root = bst_insert(root, value);\n }\n\n root = bst_rebalance(root);\n printf(\"balanced=%s\\n\", bst_is_almost_balanced(root) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"inorder=\");\n bst_print_inorder(root);\n printf(\"\\nheight=%d\\n\", bst_height(root));\n\n bst_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/bst.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n Node *root = NULL;\n for (int value = 1; value <= 7; value++) {\n root = bst_insert(root, value);\n }\n\n root = bst_rebalance(root);\n printf(\"balanced=%s\\n\", bst_is_almost_balanced(root) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"inorder=\");\n bst_print_inorder(root);\n printf(\"\\nheight=%d\\n\", bst_height(root));\n\n bst_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_bst_c":{"content":"$23"},"structures_bst_h":{"content":"#ifndef BST_H\n#define BST_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\ntypedef struct Node {\n int key;\n struct Node *left;\n struct Node *right;\n struct Node *parent;\n} Node;\n\nNode *bst_insert(Node *root, int key);\nNode *bst_build_balanced(const int *sorted, size_t n);\nNode *bst_rebalance(Node *root);\nbool bst_is_almost_balanced(const Node *root);\nint bst_height(const Node *root);\nvoid bst_print_inorder(const Node *root);\nvoid bst_free(Node *root);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/bst.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n Node *root = NULL;\n for (int value = 1; value <= 7; value++) {\n root = bst_insert(root, value);\n }\n\n root = bst_rebalance(root);\n printf(\"balanced=%s\\n\", bst_is_almost_balanced(root) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n printf(\"inorder=\");\n bst_print_inorder(root);\n printf(\"\\nheight=%d\\n\", bst_height(root));\n\n bst_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_bst_c":{"content":"$24"},"structures_bst_h":{"content":"#ifndef BST_H\n#define BST_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\ntypedef struct Node {\n int key;\n struct Node *left;\n struct Node *right;\n struct Node *parent;\n} Node;\n\nNode *bst_insert(Node *root, int key);\nNode *bst_build_balanced(const int *sorted, size_t n);\nNode *bst_rebalance(Node *root);\nbool bst_is_almost_balanced(const Node *root);\nint bst_height(const Node *root);\nvoid bst_print_inorder(const Node *root);\nvoid bst_free(Node *root);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Choose a midpoint from each sorted subrange."},{"message":"Collect the original BST keys with an inorder traversal."},{"message":"Rebuild the tree from the sorted key array."}]},"priority_queue_stacks":{"title":"Implement a Priority Queue with Stacks","prompt":"Open `structures/priority_queue.c`. Keep `insert` as one stack push. Implement `extract_min` using only `push`, `pop`, and `isEmpty` behavior: pop every priority, retain exactly one smallest value, move all other values through the scratch stack, and restore them to the data stack. Duplicate minimum priorities must be removed one at a time.","hint":"Initialize the minimum from the first pop. When a smaller value appears, move the old minimum into the scratch stack.","help":{"concept":"This design makes `insert` `O(1)`. `extract_min` performs a scan and a restore pass, both linear in the number of stored priorities, so it is `O(n)` and uses `O(n)` auxiliary stack capacity.","hint_1":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change.","hint_2":"Keep the implementation general; do not print the expected output directly."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n pq_init(&queue);\n const int values[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(values) / sizeof(values[0]); i++) {\n pq_insert(&queue, values[i]);\n }\n\n printf(\"order=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\ninsert=O(1)\\nextract=O(n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n pq_init(&queue);\n const int values[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(values) / sizeof(values[0]); i++) {\n pq_insert(&queue, values[i]);\n }\n\n printf(\"order=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\ninsert=O(1)\\nextract=O(n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n pq_init(&queue);\n const int values[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(values) / sizeof(values[0]); i++) {\n pq_insert(&queue, values[i]);\n }\n\n printf(\"order=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\ninsert=O(1)\\nextract=O(n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_c":{"content":"#include \"priority_queue.h\"\n\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue) { stack_init(&queue->data); stack_init(&queue->scratch); }\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority) { return stack_push(&queue->data, priority); }\n\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority) {\n (void)queue;\n (void)priority;\n /* TODO: pop through data, keep one minimum aside, then restore all other values. */\n return false;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_h":{"content":"#ifndef PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n#define PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n\n#include \n#include \"stack.h\"\n\ntypedef struct { Stack data; Stack scratch; } PriorityQueue;\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue);\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority);\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority);\n\n#endif\n"},"structures_stack_c":{"content":"#include \"stack.h\"\n\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack) { stack->size = 0; }\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value) { if (stack->size == STACK_CAPACITY) return false; stack->values[stack->size++] = value; return true; }\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value) { if (stack->size == 0) return false; *value = stack->values[--stack->size]; return true; }\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack) { return stack->size == 0; }\n"},"structures_stack_h":{"content":"#ifndef STACK_H\n#define STACK_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\n#define STACK_CAPACITY 64\n\ntypedef struct { int values[STACK_CAPACITY]; size_t size; } Stack;\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack);\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value);\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value);\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/priority_queue.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n PriorityQueue queue;\n pq_init(&queue);\n const int values[] = {4, 1, 3, 1, 2};\n for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(values) / sizeof(values[0]); i++) {\n pq_insert(&queue, values[i]);\n }\n\n printf(\"order=\");\n int value;\n while (pq_extract_min(&queue, &value)) {\n printf(\"%d \", value);\n }\n printf(\"\\ninsert=O(1)\\nextract=O(n)\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_c":{"content":"#include \"priority_queue.h\"\n\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue) { stack_init(&queue->data); stack_init(&queue->scratch); }\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority) { return stack_push(&queue->data, priority); }\n\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority) {\n if (stack_is_empty(&queue->data)) return false;\n\n int minimum;\n stack_pop(&queue->data, &minimum);\n\n int current;\n while (stack_pop(&queue->data, ¤t)) {\n if (current < minimum) {\n stack_push(&queue->scratch, minimum);\n minimum = current;\n } else {\n stack_push(&queue->scratch, current);\n }\n }\n\n while (stack_pop(&queue->scratch, ¤t)) {\n stack_push(&queue->data, current);\n }\n\n *priority = minimum;\n return true;\n}\n"},"structures_priority_queue_h":{"content":"#ifndef PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n#define PRIORITY_QUEUE_H\n\n#include \n#include \"stack.h\"\n\ntypedef struct { Stack data; Stack scratch; } PriorityQueue;\nvoid pq_init(PriorityQueue *queue);\nbool pq_insert(PriorityQueue *queue, int priority);\nbool pq_extract_min(PriorityQueue *queue, int *priority);\n\n#endif\n"},"structures_stack_c":{"content":"#include \"stack.h\"\n\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack) { stack->size = 0; }\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value) { if (stack->size == STACK_CAPACITY) return false; stack->values[stack->size++] = value; return true; }\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value) { if (stack->size == 0) return false; *value = stack->values[--stack->size]; return true; }\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack) { return stack->size == 0; }\n"},"structures_stack_h":{"content":"#ifndef STACK_H\n#define STACK_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\n#define STACK_CAPACITY 64\n\ntypedef struct { int values[STACK_CAPACITY]; size_t size; } Stack;\nvoid stack_init(Stack *stack);\nbool stack_push(Stack *stack, int value);\nbool stack_pop(Stack *stack, int *value);\nbool stack_is_empty(const Stack *stack);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Scan the data stack using only pop operations."},{"message":"Use the scratch stack to preserve every nonremoved priority."},{"message":"Return exactly one minimum priority."}]},"pointer_heap_insert":{"title":"Insert into a Pointer-Based Heap in O(log n)","prompt":"Open `structures/heap.c`. Implement `heap_insert` without scanning the tree. The next node occupies conceptual array index `n + 1`. Read that index in binary: after the leading `1`, each remaining bit selects left (`0`) or right (`1`). Traverse all path bits except the final attachment bit, link the new node with its parent, then upheap by swapping keys.","hint":"For index `8`, binary `1000` means root → left → left, then attach as the left child.","help":{"concept":"The complete-tree height is `Θ(log n)`. Decoding the index path takes one pointer step per tree level, and upheap also moves at most one level at a time, so insertion is `Θ(log n)`.","hint_1":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change.","hint_2":"Keep the implementation general; do not print the expected output directly."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/heap.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int initial[] = {10, 20, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60};\n HeapNode *root = heap_from_level_order(initial, 7);\n root = heap_insert(root, 7, 5);\n\n printf(\"level=\");\n heap_print_level_order(root);\n printf(\"\\nparent-links=%s\\n\", heap_parent_links_valid(root, NULL) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n\n heap_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"structures/heap.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int initial[] = {10, 20, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60};\n HeapNode *root = heap_from_level_order(initial, 7);\n root = heap_insert(root, 7, 5);\n\n printf(\"level=\");\n heap_print_level_order(root);\n printf(\"\\nparent-links=%s\\n\", heap_parent_links_valid(root, NULL) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n\n heap_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/heap.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int initial[] = {10, 20, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60};\n HeapNode *root = heap_from_level_order(initial, 7);\n root = heap_insert(root, 7, 5);\n\n printf(\"level=\");\n heap_print_level_order(root);\n printf(\"\\nparent-links=%s\\n\", heap_parent_links_valid(root, NULL) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n\n heap_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_heap_c":{"content":"$25"},"structures_heap_h":{"content":"#ifndef HEAP_H\n#define HEAP_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\ntypedef struct HeapNode {\n int key;\n struct HeapNode *left;\n struct HeapNode *right;\n struct HeapNode *parent;\n} HeapNode;\n\nHeapNode *heap_from_level_order(const int *values, size_t n);\nHeapNode *heap_insert(HeapNode *root, size_t n, int value);\nvoid heap_print_level_order(const HeapNode *root);\nbool heap_parent_links_valid(const HeapNode *root, const HeapNode *parent);\nvoid heap_free(HeapNode *root);\n\n#endif\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"structures/heap.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const int initial[] = {10, 20, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60};\n HeapNode *root = heap_from_level_order(initial, 7);\n root = heap_insert(root, 7, 5);\n\n printf(\"level=\");\n heap_print_level_order(root);\n printf(\"\\nparent-links=%s\\n\", heap_parent_links_valid(root, NULL) ? \"yes\" : \"no\");\n\n heap_free(root);\n return 0;\n}\n"},"structures_heap_c":{"content":"$26"},"structures_heap_h":{"content":"#ifndef HEAP_H\n#define HEAP_H\n\n#include \n#include \n\ntypedef struct HeapNode {\n int key;\n struct HeapNode *left;\n struct HeapNode *right;\n struct HeapNode *parent;\n} HeapNode;\n\nHeapNode *heap_from_level_order(const int *values, size_t n);\nHeapNode *heap_insert(HeapNode *root, size_t n, int value);\nvoid heap_print_level_order(const HeapNode *root);\nbool heap_parent_links_valid(const HeapNode *root, const HeapNode *parent);\nvoid heap_free(HeapNode *root);\n\n#endif\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Use the conceptual next array index."},{"message":"Find the leading binary bit before traversing the path."},{"message":"Maintain parent links and use them during upheap."}]}}},"quiz":{"recurrence":{"title":"Which recurrence matches fooRec when printing a completed list is O(1)?","prompt":"Which recurrence matches fooRec when printing a completed list is O(1)?","hint":"Trace the relevant animation and identify the operation that dominates the runtime.","help":{"concept":"Every non-base call performs constant local work and makes two calls with one fewer undecided position.","hint_1":"Separate correctness from runtime: first identify what the algorithm must do.","hint_2":"Then count the loops, recursion branches, stack transfers, or pointer levels involved."},"options":{"a":"T(n) = T(n - 1) + Θ(1)","b":"T(n) = 2T(n - 1) + Θ(1)","c":"T(n) = T(n / 2) + Θ(n)","d":"T(n) = 2T(n / 2) + Θ(n)"}},"tight-bound":{"title":"What tight bound follows after unrolling the recurrence?","prompt":"What tight bound follows after unrolling the recurrence?","hint":"Trace the relevant animation and identify the operation that dominates the runtime.","help":{"concept":"The recursion tree doubles at every level and has 2^n leaves.","hint_1":"Separate correctness from runtime: first identify what the algorithm must do.","hint_2":"Then count the loops, recursion branches, stack transfers, or pointer levels involved."},"options":{"a":"Θ(log n)","b":"Θ(n)","c":"Θ(n²)","d":"Θ(2^n)"}},"same-bst":{"title":"Which two insertion orders generate the same BST?","prompt":"Which two insertion orders generate the same BST?","hint":"Trace the relevant animation and identify the operation that dominates the runtime.","help":{"concept":"The root must remain 4, and the relative insertion order must preserve the same left and right ancestor relationships.","hint_1":"Separate correctness from runtime: first identify what the algorithm must do.","hint_2":"Then count the loops, recursion branches, stack transfers, or pointer levels involved."},"options":{"a":"(4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7) and (4, 6, 2, 5, 7, 1, 3)","b":"(4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7) and (2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)","c":"(4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7) and (7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)","d":"(4, 2, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7) and (4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 6, 7)"}},"pair-sum-table":{"title":"Why can the O(n²) pair-sum algorithm use a direct-address table?","prompt":"Why can the O(n²) pair-sum algorithm use a direct-address table?","hint":"Trace the relevant animation and identify the operation that dominates the runtime.","help":{"concept":"The bounded value range turns each possible sum into a valid table index, so no hash function is needed.","hint_1":"Separate correctness from runtime: first identify what the algorithm must do.","hint_2":"Then count the loops, recursion branches, stack transfers, or pointer levels involved."},"options":{"a":"The input is already sorted.","b":"Every pair has a different sum.","c":"Each value is positive and smaller than k, so every sum is in a bounded range below 2k.","d":"C arrays automatically resolve hash collisions."}},"operation-costs":{"title":"Which runtime combination matches the lesson designs?","prompt":"Which runtime combination matches the lesson designs?","hint":"Trace the relevant animation and identify the operation that dominates the runtime.","help":{"concept":"The stack design defers work to extraction, while the heap follows one root-to-leaf path and then upheaps along that path.","hint_1":"Separate correctness from runtime: first identify what the algorithm must do.","hint_2":"Then count the loops, recursion branches, stack transfers, or pointer levels involved."},"options":{"a":"stack-PQ insert O(1), extractMin O(n), pointer-heap insert Θ(log n)","b":"stack-PQ insert O(n), extractMin O(1), pointer-heap insert Θ(n)","c":"stack-PQ insert O(log n), extractMin O(log n), pointer-heap insert Θ(1)","d":"all three operations are Θ(n²)"}}}}}},"c-runtime-analysis-asymptotics":{"c-runtime-analysis-asymptotics-module-1-frequency-counting":{"constant-and-rectangular-loops":{"label":"Fixed and Rectangular Nested Loops","summary":"Compare Foo1’s fixed strip with Foo2’s growing square.","cards":{"foo1-foo2-walkthrough":{"title":"Foo1 and Foo2: Fixed Width versus an n × n Rectangle"},"rectangle-animation":{"title":"Fixed Strip versus Growing Rectangle"},"guided-lab":{"title":"Guided C Lab"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"count_foo1_foo2":{"title":"Derive Exact Counts for Foo1 and Foo2"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"count_foo1_foo2":{"title":"Derive Exact Counts for Foo1 and Foo2","prompt":"Complete the four helpers in `analysis.c`. Count tuple-print calls separately from all `printf` calls. Use formulas rather than reproducing the printing loops.","hint":"Foo1 adds one newline to each group of three tuple prints. Foo2 adds one newline to each row of n tuple prints.","help":{"concept":"The exact tuple counts are `3n` and `n²`; total printf counts are `4n` and `n²+n`.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"foo1 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n\\n\", foo1_tuple_prints(n), foo1_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo2 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo2_tuple_prints(n), foo2_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"foo1 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n\\n\", foo1_tuple_prints(n), foo1_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo2 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo2_tuple_prints(n), foo2_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"foo1 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n\\n\", foo1_tuple_prints(n), foo1_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo2 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo2_tuple_prints(n), foo2_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo1_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo1_all_printf_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo2_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo2_all_printf_calls(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo1_tuple_prints(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo1_all_printf_calls(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo2_tuple_prints(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo2_all_printf_calls(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"foo1 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n\\n\", foo1_tuple_prints(n), foo1_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo2 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo2_tuple_prints(n), foo2_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo1_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo1_all_printf_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo2_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo2_all_printf_calls(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo1_tuple_prints(long long n) { return 3 * n; }\nlong long foo1_all_printf_calls(long long n) { return 4 * n; }\nlong long foo2_tuple_prints(long long n) { return n * n; }\nlong long foo2_all_printf_calls(long long n) { return n * n + n; }\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Foo1 has exactly three tuple prints per row."},{"message":"Foo2 forms an n by n rectangle."},{"message":"Include one newline call for each Foo2 row."}]}}},"quiz":{"foo1-reason":{"title":"Why Foo1 is linear","prompt":"Why is Foo1 Θ(n) even though it contains two loops?","hint":"Ask whether the inner bound grows with n.","help":{"concept":"A fixed inner bound contributes a constant factor, so 3n is Θ(n).","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Nested loops are always linear","b":"The inner loop runs a fixed 3 times","c":"printf is constant-time only outside loops","d":"The outer loop runs once"}},"foo2-all":{"title":"Count every printf","prompt":"How many total printf calls does Foo2 make, including newlines?","hint":"There is one newline after each row.","help":{"concept":"The n² tuple prints plus n newline prints give n²+n.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"n²","b":"2n","c":"n²+n","d":"n³"}}}},"dependent-triangular-loops":{"label":"Dependent Inner Loops Form Triangles","summary":"Derive Foo3 by summing row lengths.","cards":{"foo3-walkthrough":{"title":"Foo3: Sum a Dependent Inner Loop"},"triangle-animation":{"title":"Build the Triangular Count One Row at a Time"},"guided-lab":{"title":"Guided C Lab"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"count_foo3":{"title":"Count Foo3’s Triangle"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"count_foo3":{"title":"Count Foo3’s Triangle","prompt":"Complete `foo3_tuple_prints` by accumulating each row length. Then include the `n` newline calls in `foo3_all_printf_calls`.","hint":"The inner loop runs i times for the current row.","help":{"concept":"A dependent inner loop becomes a sum over i. The exact tuple count is n(n−1)/2.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 7;\n printf(\"foo3 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo3_tuple_prints(n), foo3_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 7;\n printf(\"foo3 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo3_tuple_prints(n), foo3_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 7;\n printf(\"foo3 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo3_tuple_prints(n), foo3_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo3_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo3_all_printf_calls(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo3_tuple_prints(long long n) {\n /* TODO: add row lengths 0 through n - 1. */\n return 0;\n}\nlong long foo3_all_printf_calls(long long n) {\n /* TODO: include one newline for every outer iteration. */\n return 0;\n}\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 7;\n printf(\"foo3 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^2\\n\", foo3_tuple_prints(n), foo3_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo3_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo3_all_printf_calls(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo3_tuple_prints(long long n) {\n long long total = 0;\n for (long long i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n total += i;\n }\n return total;\n}\nlong long foo3_all_printf_calls(long long n) {\n return foo3_tuple_prints(n) + n;\n}\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Add the current row length i to the running count."},{"message":"Add one newline for each outer-loop iteration."}]}}},"quiz":{"triangle-exact":{"title":"Exact triangular count","prompt":"What is the exact number of tuple prints in Foo3?","hint":"Write the row lengths from i=0 through i=n−1.","help":{"concept":"The sum 0+1+...+(n−1) equals n(n−1)/2.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"n²","b":"n(n−1)/2","c":"n(n+1)","d":"n−1"}},"triangle-theta":{"title":"Tight bound","prompt":"Why is n(n−1)/2 still Θ(n²)?","hint":"Expand the expression.","help":{"concept":"n(n−1)/2 = (n²−n)/2 has dominant term n²/2.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"The 1/2 factor changes only the constant","b":"Every triangle is a square","c":"The −n term becomes exponential","d":"Θ ignores n"}}}},"frequency-count-method":{"label":"The Frequency-Count Method","summary":"Trace first, derive the exact count, then classify.","cards":{"method-overview":{"title":"The Tutor-Style Frequency-Count Method"},"method-animation":{"title":"Think → Trace → Count → Sum → Simplify → Classify"},"guided-lab":{"title":"Guided C Lab"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"count_patterns":{"title":"Count Three Common Loop Shapes"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"count_patterns":{"title":"Count Three Common Loop Shapes","prompt":"Open `analysis.c`. Complete the three exact-count helpers. Use multiplication for the fixed strip and square, and the arithmetic-series formula for the triangle. Do not simulate enormous loops.","hint":"The triangle contains `0 + 1 + ... + (n - 1)` points.","help":{"concept":"Exact counts come before asymptotic labels. The functions should return `n·width`, `n²`, and `n(n−1)/2`.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 5;\n printf(\"n=%lld\\n\", n);\n printf(\"constant=%lld\\n\", count_constant_inner(n, 3));\n printf(\"square=%lld\\n\", count_square(n));\n printf(\"triangle=%lld\\n\", count_triangle(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 5;\n printf(\"n=%lld\\n\", n);\n printf(\"constant=%lld\\n\", count_constant_inner(n, 3));\n printf(\"square=%lld\\n\", count_square(n));\n printf(\"triangle=%lld\\n\", count_triangle(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 5;\n printf(\"n=%lld\\n\", n);\n printf(\"constant=%lld\\n\", count_constant_inner(n, 3));\n printf(\"square=%lld\\n\", count_square(n));\n printf(\"triangle=%lld\\n\", count_triangle(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long count_constant_inner(long long n, long long width);\nlong long count_square(long long n);\nlong long count_triangle(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\n\nlong long count_constant_inner(long long n, long long width) {\n /* TODO: exact count for n rows of fixed width. */\n return 0;\n}\n\nlong long count_square(long long n) {\n /* TODO: exact count for an n by n rectangle. */\n return 0;\n}\n\nlong long count_triangle(long long n) {\n /* TODO: exact count for row lengths 0 through n - 1. */\n return 0;\n}\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\n\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 5;\n printf(\"n=%lld\\n\", n);\n printf(\"constant=%lld\\n\", count_constant_inner(n, 3));\n printf(\"square=%lld\\n\", count_square(n));\n printf(\"triangle=%lld\\n\", count_triangle(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long count_constant_inner(long long n, long long width);\nlong long count_square(long long n);\nlong long count_triangle(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\n\nlong long count_constant_inner(long long n, long long width) {\n return n * width;\n}\n\nlong long count_square(long long n) {\n return n * n;\n}\n\nlong long count_triangle(long long n) {\n return n * (n - 1) / 2;\n}\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Multiply the number of rows by the fixed inner width."},{"message":"Use n times n for the rectangular pattern."},{"message":"Use the arithmetic-series formula for the triangle."}]}}},"quiz":{"fixed-inner":{"title":"Fixed inner loop","prompt":"An outer loop runs n times and its inner loop always runs 3 times. What is the tight bound?","hint":"The inner bound is a constant, not n.","help":{"concept":"The exact body count is 3n, and constant factors disappear in Θ notation.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Θ(1)","b":"Θ(log n)","c":"Θ(n)","d":"Θ(n²)"}},"sequential-rule":{"title":"Sequential blocks","prompt":"Two separate loops each run n times. How are their costs combined?","hint":"The second loop is not inside the first.","help":{"concept":"Sequential work adds: n + n = 2n = Θ(n).","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Multiply them to get n²","b":"Add them to get 2n","c":"Keep only the first loop","d":"Treat them as logarithmic"}}}},"moving-loop-bounds":{"label":"Moving Loop Bounds and Cubic Work","summary":"Analyze Foo4 and Foo4_5 with exact interval counts.","cards":{"foo4-walkthrough":{"title":"Foo4 and Foo4_5: Cubic Work with Moving Bounds"},"moving-bounds-animation":{"title":"Rectangle Plus or Minus a Triangular Correction"},"guided-lab":{"title":"Guided C Lab"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"count_foo4_variants":{"title":"Count Foo4 and Foo4_5 Exactly"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"count_foo4_variants":{"title":"Count Foo4 and Foo4_5 Exactly","prompt":"Complete all four helpers. Use the integer-interval length for Foo4 and subtract the triangular correction for Foo4_5.","hint":"For Foo4_5, sum n²−i over i=0 through n−1.","help":{"concept":"Foo4 is n(n²−n). Foo4_5 is n³−n(n−1)/2. Both are Θ(n³).","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 4;\n printf(\"foo4 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo4_tuple_prints(n), foo4_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo45 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo45_tuple_prints(n), foo45_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 4;\n printf(\"foo4 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo4_tuple_prints(n), foo4_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo45 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo45_tuple_prints(n), foo45_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 4;\n printf(\"foo4 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo4_tuple_prints(n), foo4_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo45 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo45_tuple_prints(n), foo45_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo4_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo4_all_printf_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo45_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo45_all_printf_calls(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo4_tuple_prints(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo4_all_printf_calls(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo45_tuple_prints(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo45_all_printf_calls(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 4;\n printf(\"foo4 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo4_tuple_prints(n), foo4_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo45 tuples=%lld all=%lld theta=n^3\\n\", foo45_tuple_prints(n), foo45_all_printf_calls(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo4_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo4_all_printf_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo45_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo45_all_printf_calls(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo4_tuple_prints(long long n) { return n * (n * n - n); }\nlong long foo4_all_printf_calls(long long n) { return foo4_tuple_prints(n) + n; }\nlong long foo45_tuple_prints(long long n) { return n * n * n - n * (n - 1) / 2; }\nlong long foo45_all_printf_calls(long long n) { return foo45_tuple_prints(n) + n; }\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Count n rows of width n²−n for Foo4."},{"message":"Subtract the triangular lower-bound correction for Foo4_5."},{"message":"Include one newline for each outer-loop row."}]}}},"quiz":{"foo4-row":{"title":"One Foo4 row","prompt":"How many tuple prints occur in one Foo4 row?","hint":"Count integers from n through n²−1.","help":{"concept":"The interval length is n²−n.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"n","b":"n²","c":"n²−n","d":"n³−n²"}},"foo45-row":{"title":"One Foo4_5 row","prompt":"How many tuple prints occur in Foo4_5 row i?","hint":"The loop starts at i and stops before n².","help":{"concept":"The interval i through n²−1 contains n²−i values.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"i","b":"n²−i","c":"n−i","d":"n²+i"}}}},"sequential-loops-and-linear-recursion":{"label":"Sequential Loops and Linear Recursion","summary":"Finish the runtime-analysis set with Foo5 and Foo6.","cards":{"foo5-foo6-walkthrough":{"title":"Foo5 and Foo6: Add Sequential Work and Trace a Call Chain"},"sequential-recursion-animation":{"title":"Add Blocks; Follow Recursive Calls"},"guided-lab":{"title":"Guided C Lab"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"count_foo5_foo6":{"title":"Count Sequential Loops and a Recursive Chain"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"count_foo5_foo6":{"title":"Count Sequential Loops and a Recursive Chain","prompt":"Complete the five helpers. Keep tuple prints, total calls, and stack depth distinct.","hint":"Foo6 makes one extra base-case call after the last printed pair.","help":{"concept":"Sequential loops add. A single recursive call per level forms a chain with n printed levels and one additional base-case call.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 8;\n printf(\"foo5 tuples=%lld all=%lld\\n\", foo5_tuple_prints(n), foo5_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo6 tuples=%lld calls=%lld stack=%lld\\n\", foo6_tuple_prints(n), foo6_total_calls(n), foo6_stack_depth(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 8;\n printf(\"foo5 tuples=%lld all=%lld\\n\", foo5_tuple_prints(n), foo5_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo6 tuples=%lld calls=%lld stack=%lld\\n\", foo6_tuple_prints(n), foo6_total_calls(n), foo6_stack_depth(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 8;\n printf(\"foo5 tuples=%lld all=%lld\\n\", foo5_tuple_prints(n), foo5_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo6 tuples=%lld calls=%lld stack=%lld\\n\", foo6_tuple_prints(n), foo6_total_calls(n), foo6_stack_depth(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo5_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo5_all_printf_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo6_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo6_total_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo6_stack_depth(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo5_tuple_prints(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo5_all_printf_calls(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo6_tuple_prints(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo6_total_calls(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long foo6_stack_depth(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"analysis.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 8;\n printf(\"foo5 tuples=%lld all=%lld\\n\", foo5_tuple_prints(n), foo5_all_printf_calls(n));\n printf(\"foo6 tuples=%lld calls=%lld stack=%lld\\n\", foo6_tuple_prints(n), foo6_total_calls(n), foo6_stack_depth(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"analysis_h":{"content":"#ifndef ANALYSIS_H\n#define ANALYSIS_H\nlong long foo5_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo5_all_printf_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo6_tuple_prints(long long n);\nlong long foo6_total_calls(long long n);\nlong long foo6_stack_depth(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"analysis_c":{"content":"#include \"analysis.h\"\nlong long foo5_tuple_prints(long long n) { return n + n; }\nlong long foo5_all_printf_calls(long long n) { return foo5_tuple_prints(n) + 2; }\nlong long foo6_tuple_prints(long long n) { return n; }\nlong long foo6_total_calls(long long n) { return n + 1; }\nlong long foo6_stack_depth(long long n) { return n; }\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Add the two sequential Foo5 loop counts."},{"message":"Include Foo6’s final base-case call."},{"message":"Report linear tuple prints and stack depth."}]}}},"quiz":{"sequential-cost":{"title":"Sequential loops","prompt":"Two separate n-iteration loops have what combined tight bound?","hint":"Add the two blocks.","help":{"concept":"n+n=2n, and constant factors do not change Θ.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Θ(1)","b":"Θ(n)","c":"Θ(n²)","d":"Θ(2ⁿ)"}},"foo6-base":{"title":"Foo6 base case","prompt":"Does the call Foo6(n,n,n) print a pair?","hint":"Read the order of statements.","help":{"concept":"The base-case test runs first, so the final call returns without printing.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Yes, before testing the base case","b":"Yes, because n is included","c":"No, it returns before printing","d":"Only when n is even"}}}}},"c-runtime-analysis-asymptotics-module-2-limit-method":{"big-o-omega-theta-by-limits":{"label":"Big-O, Big-Ω, and Big-Θ by Limits","summary":"Use one ratio and interpret its limiting outcome.","cards":{"limit-rule":{"title":"Classify Growth with the Ratio Limit"},"limit-outcomes-animation":{"title":"Three Possible Ratio Outcomes"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"quiz":{"limit-zero":{"title":"Ratio equals zero","prompt":"If lim f(n)/g(n)=0, which requested classification is correct?","hint":"f becomes small relative to g.","help":{"concept":"A zero ratio means f grows strictly slower, so f=O(g).","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=Ω(g)","b":"f=Θ(g)","c":"f=O(g)","d":"g=O(f) only"}},"limit-constant":{"title":"Positive finite ratio","prompt":"If lim f(n)/g(n)=3/2, what follows?","hint":"A positive finite constant indicates matching rates.","help":{"concept":"Constant-factor differences are exactly what Θ ignores.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=Θ(g)","b":"f=O(1)","c":"f=Ω(2ⁿ)","d":"No asymptotic relation"}},"limit-infinity":{"title":"Ratio diverges","prompt":"If lim f(n)/g(n)=∞, what follows?","hint":"The numerator dominates the denominator.","help":{"concept":"An infinite ratio means f grows strictly faster than g.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=O(g)","b":"f=Ω(g)","c":"f=Θ(g)","d":"f=Θ(1)"}}}},"exponential-limits-and-growth-order":{"label":"Exponential Comparisons and Growth Ordering","summary":"Finish the limit problems and order the major growth classes.","cards":{"exponential-and-ordering":{"title":"Exponential Limits and the Standard Growth Hierarchy"},"growth-order-animation":{"title":"Watch Growth Classes Separate"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"quiz":{"exp-poly":{"title":"Exponential over polynomial","prompt":"What is the relation between f=2ⁿ and g=10n²?","hint":"Exponentials eventually dominate fixed-degree polynomials.","help":{"concept":"The ratio 2ⁿ/(10n²) tends to infinity.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=O(g)","b":"f=Θ(g)","c":"f=Ω(g)","d":"Both are logarithmic"}},"two-vs-four":{"title":"Subtract exponents","prompt":"What is 2ⁿ relative to 2²ⁿ?","hint":"Simplify the ratio by subtracting exponents.","help":{"concept":"2ⁿ/2²ⁿ=2⁻ⁿ tends to zero.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Θ","b":"O","c":"Ω","d":"Equal for every n"}},"correct-order":{"title":"Growth order","prompt":"Which order is correct from slowest to fastest?","hint":"Use logarithm, powers, polynomial, exponential, factorial.","help":{"concept":"The standard hierarchy places factorial last and logarithm first.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"n < log n < n² < 2ⁿ","b":"log n < √n < n < n log n < n² < 2ⁿ < n!","c":"n! < 2ⁿ < n² < n","d":"√n < log n < n! < n"}},"factorial-reason":{"title":"Why factorial wins","prompt":"Why does n! eventually outgrow 2ⁿ?","hint":"Compare the factors in the product n!.","help":{"concept":"As n grows, multiplying by 3,4,5,... beats multiplying by 2 at every step.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Factorials are constants","b":"Most later factors in n! exceed 2","c":"2ⁿ decreases","d":"n! equals n²"}}}},"limit-method-review":{"label":"Limit-Method Review Lab","summary":"Use sampled ratios to support, not replace, symbolic conclusions.","cards":{"limit-review":{"title":"Limit-Method Review: Compute, Interpret, State"},"limit-review-animation":{"title":"A Repeatable Limit Decision Flow"},"guided-lab":{"title":"Guided C Lab"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"sample_ratios":{"title":"Sample Three Ratios in C"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"sample_ratios":{"title":"Sample Three Ratios in C","prompt":"Complete the three ratio functions. The output should numerically support the symbolic limits without replacing them.","hint":"Rewrite the exponential ratio as a repeated factor of 2/3.","help":{"concept":"Numerical values should move toward the limits derived in the lesson: 1.5, 0, and 0.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"ratios.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"poly_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", polynomial_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"degree_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", lower_degree_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"exp_ratio_n20=%.6f\\n\", exponential_ratio(20));\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"ratios.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"poly_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", polynomial_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"degree_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", lower_degree_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"exp_ratio_n20=%.6f\\n\", exponential_ratio(20));\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"ratios.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"poly_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", polynomial_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"degree_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", lower_degree_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"exp_ratio_n20=%.6f\\n\", exponential_ratio(20));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"ratios_h":{"content":"#ifndef RATIOS_H\n#define RATIOS_H\ndouble polynomial_ratio(double n);\ndouble lower_degree_ratio(double n);\ndouble exponential_ratio(int n);\n#endif\n"},"ratios_c":{"content":"#include \"ratios.h\"\ndouble polynomial_ratio(double n) { (void)n; return 0.0; }\ndouble lower_degree_ratio(double n) { (void)n; return 0.0; }\ndouble exponential_ratio(int n) { (void)n; return 0.0; }\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"ratios.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"poly_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", polynomial_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"degree_ratio_n1000=%.6f\\n\", lower_degree_ratio(1000.0));\n printf(\"exp_ratio_n20=%.6f\\n\", exponential_ratio(20));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"ratios_h":{"content":"#ifndef RATIOS_H\n#define RATIOS_H\ndouble polynomial_ratio(double n);\ndouble lower_degree_ratio(double n);\ndouble exponential_ratio(int n);\n#endif\n"},"ratios_c":{"content":"#include \"ratios.h\"\ndouble polynomial_ratio(double n) { return (3.0 * n * n + 7.0 * n) / (2.0 * n * n); }\ndouble lower_degree_ratio(double n) { return (2.0 * n * n * n * n - 3.0 * n * n + 7.0) / (n * n * n * n * n); }\ndouble exponential_ratio(int n) {\n double ratio = 1.0;\n for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) ratio *= 2.0 / 3.0;\n return ratio;\n}\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Build the polynomial numerator explicitly."},{"message":"Use n⁵ in the lower-degree comparison denominator."},{"message":"Build (2/3)^n as repeated multiplication."}]}}},"quiz":{"sampling-proof":{"title":"Sampling versus proof","prompt":"What role does the C sampling lab play?","hint":"Finite samples cannot establish an infinite-limit claim.","help":{"concept":"Sampling is a useful sanity check; algebra and limits provide the proof.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"It proves the limit for all n","b":"It checks the expected numerical trend","c":"It replaces asymptotic notation","d":"It makes constants irrelevant"}},"ratio-direction":{"title":"Keep the ratio direction","prompt":"Why must you compute f/g in the order requested?","hint":"Compare L with its reciprocal.","help":{"concept":"If f/g tends to 0, then g/f tends to infinity.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Because addition is not commutative","b":"Because reversing the ratio swaps zero and infinity","c":"Because g/f is undefined","d":"Because Θ uses subtraction"}}}},"polynomial-and-log-limit-comparisons":{"label":"Polynomial and Logarithmic Limit Comparisons","summary":"Work through the handout’s first eight ratio problems.","cards":{"worked-limits-one-eight":{"title":"Worked Limit Comparisons: Constants, Polynomials, and Logs"},"polynomial-log-animation":{"title":"Cancel, Normalize, or Differentiate"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"quiz":{"poly-same-degree":{"title":"Same polynomial degree","prompt":"For f=3n²+7n and g=2n², what is the relation?","hint":"Divide numerator and denominator by n².","help":{"concept":"The ratio tends to 3/2, a positive finite constant.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=O(g) only","b":"f=Ω(g) only","c":"f=Θ(g)","d":"No relation"}},"lower-degree":{"title":"Lower numerator degree","prompt":"For f=2n⁴−3n²+7 and g=n⁵, what is the relation?","hint":"Compare the highest polynomial degrees.","help":{"concept":"The ratio tends to 0 because degree 4 grows more slowly than degree 5.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=O(g)","b":"f=Ω(g)","c":"f=Θ(g)","d":"f=Θ(2ⁿ)"}},"log-square":{"title":"Polynomial versus log","prompt":"For f=n and g=(log n)², what is the relation?","hint":"Any positive power of n outruns a fixed log power.","help":{"concept":"The ratio n/(log n)² tends to infinity.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=O(g)","b":"f=Θ(g)","c":"f=Ω(g)","d":"Both are constant"}},"nlog-over-log":{"title":"Cancel the log factor","prompt":"For f=n log n+n and g=log n, what is the relation?","hint":"Divide each numerator term by log n.","help":{"concept":"The ratio is n+n/log n, which tends to infinity.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"f=O(g)","b":"f=Ω(g)","c":"f=Θ(g)","d":"f=Θ(1)"}}}}},"c-runtime-analysis-asymptotics-module-3-inequality-proofs":{"inequality-definition-recipe-and-big-o":{"label":"Big-O Proofs from the Definition","summary":"Prove two upper bounds and repair an invalid threshold.","cards":{"big-o-proofs":{"title":"Use the Inequality Definition to Prove Big-O"},"big-o-proof-animation":{"title":"Choose Constants, Then Validate the Threshold"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"quiz":{"poly-big-o-constants":{"title":"Valid polynomial constants","prompt":"Which pair proves 10n²=O(n³)?","hint":"Substitute the constants into 10n²≤cn³.","help":{"concept":"With c=10, the inequality reduces to 1≤n.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"c=1,n₀=1","b":"c=10,n₀=1","c":"c=0,n₀=1","d":"c=1,n₀=0 only"}},"exp-counterexample":{"title":"Check n₀","prompt":"Why is c=1,n₀=2 invalid for n²≤2ⁿ?","hint":"Test the next few integers.","help":{"concept":"At n=3, 9≤8 is false.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"n=2 fails","b":"n=3 fails","c":"n=4 fails","d":"c must be negative"}},"big-o-nonunique":{"title":"Constants are not unique","prompt":"What is required of Big-O constants?","hint":"The definition asks for existence, not optimality.","help":{"concept":"Big-O proofs only need one valid positive c and one valid threshold n₀.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"They must be the smallest possible","b":"Any positive pair that makes the inequality hold eventually is enough","c":"c must equal 1","d":"n₀ must equal 0"}}}},"prove-big-omega-bounds":{"label":"A Big-Ω Inequality Proof","summary":"Prove the cubic eventually stays above the quadratic expression.","cards":{"omega-proof":{"title":"Prove a Big-Ω Lower Bound"},"omega-proof-animation":{"title":"Build a Lower-Bound Inequality Chain"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"quiz":{"omega-direction":{"title":"Ω inequality direction","prompt":"Which inequality matches T(n)=Ω(g(n))?","hint":"Ω is a lower bound on T.","help":{"concept":"A positive multiple of g must lie below T eventually.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"0≤T(n)≤cg(n)","b":"0≤cg(n)≤T(n)","c":"T(n)=g(n) for all n","d":"cg(n)≤0"}},"omega-threshold":{"title":"Why n₀=2?","prompt":"Why does the proof choose n₀=2?","hint":"Inspect the final comparison 3n²≤2n³.","help":{"concept":"Dividing by n² gives 3≤2n, which is true for n≥2.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Because n²+n+1 is negative before 2","b":"Because 3≤2n begins at n=2","c":"Because c must equal n₀","d":"Because cubic functions start at 2"}},"omega-middle":{"title":"Purpose of 3n²","prompt":"Why introduce 3n² in the proof?","hint":"The middle expression should connect the two sides.","help":{"concept":"Bounding all three terms by n² makes the comparison simple.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"To make the expression exponential","b":"To create an easy upper bound for n²+n+1 that still lies below 2n³","c":"To change Ω into O","d":"To eliminate n₀"}}}},"prove-big-theta-bounds":{"label":"A Big-Θ Inequality Proof","summary":"Prove a cubic polynomial has tight cubic growth.","cards":{"theta-proof":{"title":"Prove a Two-Sided Big-Θ Bound"},"theta-proof-animation":{"title":"Squeeze a Polynomial Between Two Cubics"},"guided-lab":{"title":"Guided C Lab"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"verify_theta_bounds":{"title":"Sanity-Check the Θ Constants in C"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"verify_theta_bounds":{"title":"Sanity-Check the Θ Constants in C","prompt":"Complete `theta_bounds_hold`. Avoid floating point by multiplying the lower inequality by 2. The finite test supports the algebraic proof but does not replace it.","hint":"Check `n³ <= 2T(n)` for the lower bound and `T(n) <= 2n³` for the upper bound.","help":{"concept":"The chosen constants are c₁=1/2, c₂=2, and n₀=7.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"bounds.h\"\nint main(void) {\n int valid = 1;\n for (long long n = 7; n <= 50; n++) {\n if (!theta_bounds_hold(n)) valid = 0;\n }\n printf(\"n0=7\\nchecked_through=50\\nstatus=%s\\n\", valid ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"bounds.h\"\nint main(void) {\n int valid = 1;\n for (long long n = 7; n <= 50; n++) {\n if (!theta_bounds_hold(n)) valid = 0;\n }\n printf(\"n0=7\\nchecked_through=50\\nstatus=%s\\n\", valid ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"bounds.h\"\nint main(void) {\n int valid = 1;\n for (long long n = 7; n <= 50; n++) {\n if (!theta_bounds_hold(n)) valid = 0;\n }\n printf(\"n0=7\\nchecked_through=50\\nstatus=%s\\n\", valid ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"bounds_h":{"content":"#ifndef BOUNDS_H\n#define BOUNDS_H\nint theta_bounds_hold(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"bounds_c":{"content":"#include \"bounds.h\"\nint theta_bounds_hold(long long n) {\n (void)n;\n /* TODO: verify (1/2)n^3 <= T(n) <= 2n^3 without floating point. */\n return 0;\n}\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"bounds.h\"\nint main(void) {\n int valid = 1;\n for (long long n = 7; n <= 50; n++) {\n if (!theta_bounds_hold(n)) valid = 0;\n }\n printf(\"n0=7\\nchecked_through=50\\nstatus=%s\\n\", valid ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"bounds_h":{"content":"#ifndef BOUNDS_H\n#define BOUNDS_H\nint theta_bounds_hold(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"bounds_c":{"content":"#include \"bounds.h\"\nint theta_bounds_hold(long long n) {\n const long long cube = n * n * n;\n const long long t = cube - 3 * n * n - n + 1;\n const int lower_ok = cube <= 2 * t;\n const int upper_ok = t <= 2 * cube;\n return n >= 7 && t >= 0 && lower_ok && upper_ok;\n}\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Encode the lower bound without floating point."},{"message":"Encode the upper bound."},{"message":"Respect the proven threshold n₀=7."}]}}},"quiz":{"theta-needs-both":{"title":"Two-sided requirement","prompt":"What must a Θ proof establish?","hint":"Θ is a tight bound.","help":{"concept":"T must eventually stay between c₁g and c₂g.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Only an upper bound","b":"Only a lower bound","c":"Both lower and upper constant multiples after one threshold","d":"Exact equality for every n"}},"theta-small-negative":{"title":"Why a threshold?","prompt":"Why can the proof ignore small n where T(n) is negative?","hint":"Read the quantifier in the definition.","help":{"concept":"A finite prefix does not affect eventual growth.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Negative values are rounded to zero","b":"Asymptotic definitions only require the inequality for n≥n₀","c":"Θ applies only to even n","d":"c₁ may be negative"}}}},"theta-equivalence-review":{"label":"Θ Equivalence: True or False","summary":"Decide when two expressions describe the same growth class.","cards":{"theta-true-false":{"title":"Θ-Notation: Decide Whether the Classes Match"},"theta-equivalence-animation":{"title":"Strip Constants and Lower-Order Terms"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"quiz":{"theta-a":{"title":"n² and n²+7","prompt":"Is Θ(n²)=Θ(n²+7)?","hint":"Compare dominant terms or take a ratio.","help":{"concept":"The added constant is lower order.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"True","b":"False"}},"theta-b":{"title":"n² and 7n²","prompt":"Is Θ(n²)=Θ(7n²)?","hint":"Compare dominant terms or take a ratio.","help":{"concept":"A positive constant multiplier does not change Θ.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"True","b":"False"}},"theta-c":{"title":"7n²+18 and n²","prompt":"Is Θ(7n²+18)=Θ(n²)?","hint":"Compare dominant terms or take a ratio.","help":{"concept":"The quadratic term dominates the constant.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"True","b":"False"}},"theta-d":{"title":"n²+n and n²","prompt":"Is Θ(n²+n)=Θ(n²)?","hint":"Compare dominant terms or take a ratio.","help":{"concept":"The linear term is lower order.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"True","b":"False"}},"theta-e":{"title":"n² and n³","prompt":"Is Θ(n²)=Θ(n³)?","hint":"Compare dominant terms or take a ratio.","help":{"concept":"The ratio n²/n³ tends to zero.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"True","b":"False"}}}}},"c-runtime-analysis-asymptotics-module-4-capstone":{"runtime-analysis-capstone":{"label":"Runtime Analysis Capstone","summary":"Combine exact counting, Θ classification, and a formal bound.","cards":{"capstone-brief":{"title":"Capstone: Analyze New C Fragments from Exact Count to Formal Bound"},"capstone-animation":{"title":"Trace → Exact Formula → Θ → Proof"},"capstone-project":{"title":"Cumulative C Capstone"},"check-understanding":{"title":"Check Your Understanding"}},"projectSteps":{"derive_exact_counts":{"title":"Part 1: Derive Exact Counts"},"classify_dominant_terms":{"title":"Part 2: Classify the Dominant Terms"},"verify_new_theta_proof":{"title":"Part 3: Verify Explicit Θ Constants"}},"finalLab":{"steps":{"derive_exact_counts":{"title":"Part 1: Derive Exact Counts","prompt":"Implement the three exact count functions in `capstone.c`. Do not return only the dominant term.","hint":"Bar2 has row lengths n, n−1, ..., 1.","help":{"concept":"Exact counts preserve all terms and constant factors before asymptotic simplification.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"capstone.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"bar1=%lld\\n\", bar1_count(n));\n printf(\"bar2=%lld\\n\", bar2_count(n));\n printf(\"bar3=%lld\\n\", bar3_count(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"capstone.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"bar1=%lld\\n\", bar1_count(n));\n printf(\"bar2=%lld\\n\", bar2_count(n));\n printf(\"bar3=%lld\\n\", bar3_count(n));\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"capstone.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"bar1=%lld\\n\", bar1_count(n));\n printf(\"bar2=%lld\\n\", bar2_count(n));\n printf(\"bar3=%lld\\n\", bar3_count(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"capstone_h":{"content":"#ifndef CAPSTONE_H\n#define CAPSTONE_H\nlong long bar1_count(long long n);\nlong long bar2_count(long long n);\nlong long bar3_count(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"capstone_c":{"content":"#include \"capstone.h\"\nlong long bar1_count(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long bar2_count(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\nlong long bar3_count(long long n) { (void)n; return 0; }\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"capstone.h\"\nint main(void) {\n const long long n = 6;\n printf(\"bar1=%lld\\n\", bar1_count(n));\n printf(\"bar2=%lld\\n\", bar2_count(n));\n printf(\"bar3=%lld\\n\", bar3_count(n));\n return 0;\n}\n"},"capstone_h":{"content":"#ifndef CAPSTONE_H\n#define CAPSTONE_H\nlong long bar1_count(long long n);\nlong long bar2_count(long long n);\nlong long bar3_count(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"capstone_c":{"content":"#include \"capstone.h\"\nlong long bar1_count(long long n) { return 5 * n; }\nlong long bar2_count(long long n) { return n * (n + 1) / 2; }\nlong long bar3_count(long long n) { return n + n * n; }\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Bar1 has fixed width 5."},{"message":"Bar2 uses the sum 1 through n."},{"message":"Bar3 adds its sequential blocks."}]},"classify_dominant_terms":{"title":"Part 2: Classify the Dominant Terms","prompt":"Replace each TODO string with the tight Θ class implied by the exact formulas from Part 1.","hint":"Expand Bar2 and identify the highest power; for Bar3, the larger sequential block dominates.","help":{"concept":"5n is linear. n(n+1)/2 and n+n² are quadratic.","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"classify.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"bar1=%s\\n\", bar1_theta());\n printf(\"bar2=%s\\n\", bar2_theta());\n printf(\"bar3=%s\\n\", bar3_theta());\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"classify.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"bar1=%s\\n\", bar1_theta());\n printf(\"bar2=%s\\n\", bar2_theta());\n printf(\"bar3=%s\\n\", bar3_theta());\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"classify.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"bar1=%s\\n\", bar1_theta());\n printf(\"bar2=%s\\n\", bar2_theta());\n printf(\"bar3=%s\\n\", bar3_theta());\n return 0;\n}\n"},"classify_h":{"content":"#ifndef CLASSIFY_H\n#define CLASSIFY_H\nconst char *bar1_theta(void);\nconst char *bar2_theta(void);\nconst char *bar3_theta(void);\n#endif\n"},"classify_c":{"content":"#include \"classify.h\"\nconst char *bar1_theta(void) { return \"TODO\"; }\nconst char *bar2_theta(void) { return \"TODO\"; }\nconst char *bar3_theta(void) { return \"TODO\"; }\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"classify.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"bar1=%s\\n\", bar1_theta());\n printf(\"bar2=%s\\n\", bar2_theta());\n printf(\"bar3=%s\\n\", bar3_theta());\n return 0;\n}\n"},"classify_h":{"content":"#ifndef CLASSIFY_H\n#define CLASSIFY_H\nconst char *bar1_theta(void);\nconst char *bar2_theta(void);\nconst char *bar3_theta(void);\n#endif\n"},"classify_c":{"content":"#include \"classify.h\"\nconst char *bar1_theta(void) { return \"Theta(n)\"; }\nconst char *bar2_theta(void) { return \"Theta(n^2)\"; }\nconst char *bar3_theta(void) { return \"Theta(n^2)\"; }\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Return the linear class for Bar1."},{"message":"Return the quadratic class for Bar2 and Bar3."}]},"verify_new_theta_proof":{"title":"Part 3: Verify Explicit Θ Constants","prompt":"Implement the finite checker for the proposed constants c₁=6, c₂=11, and n₀=1. Then relate each inequality to the algebraic proof in the lesson.","hint":"Compute T(n), then compare it with 6n² and 11n².","help":{"concept":"For n≥1, the lower bound is immediate and the upper bound follows from 3n≤3n² and 2≤2n².","hint_1":"Work from the traced values to an exact count before simplifying.","hint_2":"Run the supplied test harness after each focused change."},"starterCode":"#include \n#include \"proof.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"c1=6 c2=11 n0=1\\n\");\n printf(\"n=1 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(1) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n printf(\"n=25 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(25) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n","solutionCode":"#include \n#include \"proof.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"c1=6 c2=11 n0=1\\n\");\n printf(\"n=1 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(1) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n printf(\"n=25 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(25) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n","starterFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"proof.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"c1=6 c2=11 n0=1\\n\");\n printf(\"n=1 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(1) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n printf(\"n=25 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(25) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"proof_h":{"content":"#ifndef PROOF_H\n#define PROOF_H\nint theta_proof_holds(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"proof_c":{"content":"#include \"proof.h\"\nint theta_proof_holds(long long n) {\n (void)n;\n /* TODO: verify 6n^2 <= 6n^2+3n+2 <= 11n^2 for n >= 1. */\n return 0;\n}\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_c":{"content":"#include \n#include \"proof.h\"\nint main(void) {\n printf(\"c1=6 c2=11 n0=1\\n\");\n printf(\"n=1 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(1) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n printf(\"n=25 %s\\n\", theta_proof_holds(25) ? \"valid\" : \"invalid\");\n return 0;\n}\n"},"proof_h":{"content":"#ifndef PROOF_H\n#define PROOF_H\nint theta_proof_holds(long long n);\n#endif\n"},"proof_c":{"content":"#include \"proof.h\"\nint theta_proof_holds(long long n) {\n if (n < 1) return 0;\n const long long n2 = n * n;\n const long long t = 6 * n2 + 3 * n + 2;\n return 6 * n2 <= t && t <= 11 * n2;\n}\n"}},"checks":[{"message":"Reject values before n₀."},{"message":"Check the lower bound."},{"message":"Check the upper bound."}]}}},"quiz":{"capstone-method":{"title":"Capstone workflow","prompt":"Which sequence best matches the course method?","hint":"Recall the course title animation.","help":{"concept":"The method makes work visible first and formalizes the bound last.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Guess Θ → skip exact count → test one n","b":"Trace → exact count → simplify → classify → prove","c":"Differentiate every loop","d":"Multiply all visible loops"}},"bar2-shape":{"title":"Bar2 shape","prompt":"What geometric shape represents Bar2’s row lengths?","hint":"Rows shrink from n to 1.","help":{"concept":"The sum n+(n−1)+...+1 forms a triangle.","hint_1":"Trace a small input or simplify the exact expression before choosing.","hint_2":"Check whether the work adds, multiplies, or forms a changing sum."},"options":{"a":"Constant strip","b":"Triangle","c":"Cube","d":"Single point"}}}}}},"git-foundations":{"git-foundations-module-1-start-tracking":{"configure-and-initialize-a-repository":{"label":"Initialize the Community Project Repository","summary":"Turn a two-file folder into a repository on main and configure a repository-local identity.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"An Ordinary Folder Becomes a Repository"},"sketch1":{"title":"Repository Metadata Stays Behind the Scenes"},"sketch2":{"title":"Identity Belongs to This Repository"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_configure_and_initialize_a_repository_sketch0":{"title":"Initialize the Community Project","prompt":"The terminal opens inside `community-project/`. The folder contains only `README.md` and `schedule.txt`, and it is not a Git repository yet. Initialize the current folder as a repository whose first branch is `main`. Do not edit or stage either file.","hint":"Create repository metadata in the current folder and name the first branch `main`.","help":{"concept":"`git init -b main` creates the hidden `.git` metadata directory in the current folder and chooses `main` as the first branch. It does not edit, stage, or commit the project files.","hint_1":"The terminal is already at the project root, so no `cd` command is needed.","hint_2":"The result should be a repository with zero commits and two untracked files."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git init -b main","instructions":"The terminal opens inside `community-project/`. The folder contains only `README.md` and `schedule.txt`, and it is not a Git repository yet. Initialize the current folder as a repository whose first branch is `main`. Do not edit or stage either file.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you turn the current folder into a repository whose first branch is `main`?"}}}},"try_configure_and_initialize_a_repository_sketch1":{"title":"Store the Local Author Name","prompt":"The repository now exists. Store the supplied author name `ZoeSkoul Learner` in this repository only. Do not change machine-wide Git settings.","hint":"Use repository-local configuration for the exact supplied name.","help":{"concept":"`git config --local user.name \"ZoeSkoul Learner\"` stores the author name inside this repository. `--local` prevents the course workspace from changing Git settings outside this project.","hint_1":"Keep quotation marks around the name because it contains a space.","hint_2":"Do not use `--global`."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git config --local user.name \"ZoeSkoul Learner\"","instructions":"The repository now exists. Store the supplied author name `ZoeSkoul Learner` in this repository only. Do not change machine-wide Git settings.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you store the supplied author name in this repository only?"}}}},"try_configure_and_initialize_a_repository_sketch2":{"title":"Complete and Verify the Local Identity","prompt":"Store `learner@zoeskoul.local` as the repository-local author email. Then read the local configuration and confirm that both the supplied name and email are present.","hint":"Add the email in the same local scope, then inspect that scope.","help":{"concept":"`git config --local user.email VALUE` stores the email for this repository. `git config --local --list` reads the local settings so you can verify both identity values before the first commit.","hint_1":"Use the exact email `learner@zoeskoul.local`.","hint_2":"The verification output should include both `user.name` and `user.email`."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git config --local user.email \"learner@zoeskoul.local\"\ngit config --local --list","instructions":"Store `learner@zoeskoul.local` as the repository-local author email. Then read the local configuration and confirm that both the supplied name and email are present.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you store the supplied local email?"},"1":{"message":"Did you read the repository-local configuration to verify both values?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Repository-Local Identity","prompt":"Why does this course use `git config --local` for the supplied author identity?","hint":"Choose the scope that changes only the current repository, not every repository on the computer.","help":{"concept":"Turn an ordinary project folder into a Git repository on `main`, inspect the metadata Git created, and keep the author identity local to that repository.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"It changes the identity only inside the current repository.","b":"It deletes any existing project history.","c":"It stages every file in the project.","d":"It changes the contents of the project files."}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Repository Initialization","prompt":"What command is used to initialize a new Git repository?","hint":"Look for the Git command that creates repository metadata in an ordinary folder.","help":{"concept":"Turn an ordinary project folder into a Git repository on `main`, inspect the metadata Git created, and keep the author identity local to that repository.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"git init","b":"git start","c":"git create","d":"git new"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order the First Repository Setup","prompt":"Arrange the setup steps in an order that can actually work.","hint":"Start with the state that must exist before the next action can make sense.","help":{"concept":"Turn an ordinary project folder into a Git repository on `main`, inspect the metadata Git created, and keep the author identity local to that repository.","hint_1":"Track how the project moves from working files to a proposed snapshot and then to history.","hint_2":"Read the ordered steps as one continuous repository story."},"tokens":{"t1":"Initialize the project folder as a repository","t2":"Store the repository-local author identity","t3":"Inspect the current repository state"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"Git Identity Configuration","prompt":"Complete the command to set the local Git user name: `git config --local user.name [blank1]`","hint":"Choose the term or symbol that matches the exact state described, not a nearby Git concept.","help":{"concept":"Turn an ordinary project folder into a Git repository on `main`, inspect the metadata Git created, and keep the author identity local to that repository.","hint_1":"Pay attention to whether the prompt describes an untracked path, a working-tree edit, staged work, or history.","hint_2":"Read spaces, punctuation, and status columns as meaningful when the question shows Git output."},"template":"git config --local user.name [blank1]","choices":["\"ZoeSkoul Learner\"","\"John Doe\"","\"Jane Smith\"","\"Git User\""]}}},"module-1-field-notes-repository":{"label":"Module Project: Start Volunteer Project History","summary":"Begin the two-file volunteer-project repository and record its first snapshot.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Parallel Project: Volunteer Project"},"project":{"title":"Build the Volunteer Project Baseline"}},"projectSteps":{"try_git_repo_inspection":{"title":"Inspect the Volunteer Project Folder"},"try_git_config":{"title":"Initialize Volunteer Project"},"try_git_init":{"title":"Configure the Volunteer Project Identity"},"try_git_stage_files":{"title":"Stage the Volunteer Project Baseline"},"try_git_commit":{"title":"Commit the Volunteer Project Baseline"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_git_repo_inspection":{"title":"Inspect the Volunteer Project Folder","prompt":"The project opens inside `volunteer-project/`. Use `pwd` to confirm your current directory, then use `ls` to verify that the folder contains these two plain-text files:\n\n* `README.md`\n* `assignments.txt`\n\nDo not initialize a Git repository yet.","hint":"Verify the project root and its small two-file starting set.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` prints the current directory. `ls` lists visible files in that directory. These terminal commands inspect the ordinary folder before Git is initialized.","hint_1":"The terminal is already inside `volunteer-project/`.","hint_2":"The listing should contain only the two learner files."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"pwd\nls","instructions":"The parallel project opens inside `volunteer-project/`. Confirm the current directory and list its two plain-text files: `README.md` and `assignments.txt`. Do not initialize Git yet.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you confirm the current project directory?"},"1":{"message":"Did you list the two supplied text files?"}}}},"try_git_config":{"title":"Initialize the Volunteer Project","prompt":"The two-file folder is ready and still has no Git repository metadata. Using the command you learned in the previous lesson, initialize a new Git repository with `main` as the initial branch. Do not change either file.","hint":"Reapply the initialization command from the guided project.","help":{"concept":"`git init -b main` creates repository metadata in the current folder and selects `main` as the first branch. The files remain untracked until you stage them.","hint_1":"Do not create another directory.","hint_2":"No commit should exist yet."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git init -b main","instructions":"The two-file folder is ready and still has no repository metadata. Initialize it on `main` without changing either file.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you initialize the current volunteer project on `main`?"}}}},"try_git_init":{"title":"Configure the Volunteer Project Identity","prompt":"Now that you have initialized the local Git repository, configure the commit identity for this repository only. Set the name to `ZoeSkoul Learner` and the email address to `learner@zoeskoul.local`.\n\nDo not change the global Git configuration.","hint":"Use the same two repository-local settings as the guided project.","help":{"concept":"`git config --local user.name VALUE` and `git config --local user.email VALUE` prepare this independent repository to record commits without changing global Git settings.","hint_1":"Use both exact supplied values.","hint_2":"Keep both settings local."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git config --local user.name \"ZoeSkoul Learner\"\ngit config --local user.email \"learner@zoeskoul.local\"","instructions":"Store the supplied name `ZoeSkoul Learner` and email `learner@zoeskoul.local` in this repository only.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you store the supplied local author name?"},"1":{"message":"Did you store the supplied local author email?"}}}},"try_git_stage_files":{"title":"Prepare the Volunteer Baseline","prompt":"The repository has been initialized, and its local commit identity is configured. Now it is time to prepare the first snapshot.\n\nStage only `README.md` and `assignments.txt`. Then, before committing, use the command you learned in the previous lesson to inspect the statistics for the staged changes.","hint":"Prepare the complete two-file baseline and review it.","help":{"concept":"`git add file1 file2` stages both project files.","hint_1":"`git diff --staged --stat` confirms which files the first snapshot would contain without recording it.","hint_2":"The staged summary should contain exactly two files."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git add README.md assignments.txt\ngit diff --staged --stat","instructions":"Stage only `README.md` and `assignments.txt`, then inspect the staged statistics before committing.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage both supplied volunteer files?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the staged file summary?"}}}},"try_git_commit":{"title":"Record and Verify the Volunteer Baseline","prompt":"Now record the prepared two-file snapshot with the commit message `Start volunteer project`.\n\nAfter the commit is created, use the commands you learned earlier to inspect the concise history and confirm that the short status shows no unfinished changes.","hint":"Commit once, then verify history and current state.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m ...` records the staged files. ","hint_1":"`git log --oneline` verifies the history entry,","hint_2":"and `git status --short` verifies that no tracked work remains unfinished."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Start volunteer project\"\ngit log --oneline\ngit status --short","instructions":"Record the prepared two-file snapshot with the message `Start volunteer project`. Then inspect concise history and confirm that short status has no unfinished entries.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\ngit -C volunteer-project add -A\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\ngit -C volunteer-project add -A\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the volunteer baseline with the requested message?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the concise history?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify that no unfinished file entries remain?"}}}}},"title":"Build the Volunteer Project Baseline","description":"This project starts with only README.md and assignments.txt. Reapply the Module 1 workflow in a different repository, then carry that exact history into later module projects."}},"module-1-volunteer-project-history":{"label":"Module Project: Start Volunteer Project History","summary":"Begin the two-file volunteer-project repository and record its first snapshot.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Parallel Project: Volunteer Project"},"project":{"title":"Build the Volunteer Project Baseline"}},"projectSteps":{"try_git_repo_inspection":{"title":"Inspect the Volunteer Project Folder"},"try_git_config":{"title":"Initialize Volunteer Project"},"try_git_init":{"title":"Configure the Volunteer Project Identity"},"try_git_stage_files":{"title":"Stage the Volunteer Project Baseline"},"try_git_commit":{"title":"Commit the Volunteer Project Baseline"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_git_repo_inspection":{"title":"Inspect the Volunteer Project Folder","prompt":"The project opens inside `volunteer-project/`. Use `pwd` to confirm your current directory, then use `ls` to verify that the folder contains these two plain-text files:\n\n* `README.md`\n* `assignments.txt`\n\nDo not initialize a Git repository yet.","hint":"Verify the project root and its small two-file starting set.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` prints the current directory. `ls` lists visible files in that directory. These terminal commands inspect the ordinary folder before Git is initialized.","hint_1":"The terminal is already inside `volunteer-project/`.","hint_2":"The listing should contain only the two learner files."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"pwd\nls","instructions":"The parallel project opens inside `volunteer-project/`. Confirm the current directory and list its two plain-text files: `README.md` and `assignments.txt`. Do not initialize Git yet.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you confirm the current project directory?"},"1":{"message":"Did you list the two supplied text files?"}}}},"try_git_config":{"title":"Initialize the Volunteer Project","prompt":"The two-file folder is ready and still has no Git repository metadata. Using the command you learned in the previous lesson, initialize a new Git repository with `main` as the initial branch. Do not change either file.","hint":"Reapply the initialization command from the guided project.","help":{"concept":"`git init -b main` creates repository metadata in the current folder and selects `main` as the first branch. The files remain untracked until you stage them.","hint_1":"Do not create another directory.","hint_2":"No commit should exist yet."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git init -b main","instructions":"The two-file folder is ready and still has no repository metadata. Initialize it on `main` without changing either file.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you initialize the current volunteer project on `main`?"}}}},"try_git_init":{"title":"Configure the Volunteer Project Identity","prompt":"Now that you have initialized the local Git repository, configure the commit identity for this repository only. Set the name to `ZoeSkoul Learner` and the email address to `learner@zoeskoul.local`.\n\nDo not change the global Git configuration.","hint":"Use the same two repository-local settings as the guided project.","help":{"concept":"`git config --local user.name VALUE` and `git config --local user.email VALUE` prepare this independent repository to record commits without changing global Git settings.","hint_1":"Use both exact supplied values.","hint_2":"Keep both settings local."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git config --local user.name \"ZoeSkoul Learner\"\ngit config --local user.email \"learner@zoeskoul.local\"","instructions":"Store the supplied name `ZoeSkoul Learner` and email `learner@zoeskoul.local` in this repository only.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you store the supplied local author name?"},"1":{"message":"Did you store the supplied local author email?"}}}},"try_git_stage_files":{"title":"Prepare the Volunteer Baseline","prompt":"The repository has been initialized, and its local commit identity is configured. Now it is time to prepare the first snapshot.\n\nStage only `README.md` and `assignments.txt`. Then, before committing, use the command you learned in the previous lesson to inspect the statistics for the staged changes.","hint":"Prepare the complete two-file baseline and review it.","help":{"concept":"`git add file1 file2` stages both project files.","hint_1":"`git diff --staged --stat` confirms which files the first snapshot would contain without recording it.","hint_2":"The staged summary should contain exactly two files."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git add README.md assignments.txt\ngit diff --staged --stat","instructions":"Stage only `README.md` and `assignments.txt`, then inspect the staged statistics before committing.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage both supplied volunteer files?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the staged file summary?"}}}},"try_git_commit":{"title":"Record and Verify the Volunteer Baseline","prompt":"Now record the prepared two-file snapshot with the commit message `Start volunteer project`.\n\nAfter the commit is created, use the commands you learned earlier to inspect the concise history and confirm that the short status shows no unfinished changes.","hint":"Commit once, then verify history and current state.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m ...` records the staged files. ","hint_1":"`git log --oneline` verifies the history entry,","hint_2":"and `git status --short` verifies that no tracked work remains unfinished."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Start volunteer project\"\ngit log --oneline\ngit status --short","instructions":"Record the prepared two-file snapshot with the message `Start volunteer project`. Then inspect concise history and confirm that short status has no unfinished entries.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\ngit -C volunteer-project add -A\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- volunteer-project\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\ngit -C volunteer-project init -q -b main\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C volunteer-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\ngit -C volunteer-project add -A\nfind volunteer-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s '# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n' > volunteer-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- volunteer-project\nprintf %s 'Volunteer assignments\n\nWelcome table: Sam\nTraining desk: unassigned\n' > volunteer-project/assignments.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the volunteer baseline with the requested message?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the concise history?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify that no unfinished file entries remain?"}}}}},"title":"Build the Volunteer Project Baseline","description":"This project starts with only README.md and assignments.txt. Reapply the Module 1 workflow in a different repository, then carry that exact history into later module projects."}},"read-tracked-and-untracked-state":{"label":"Read the Community Project State","summary":"Inspect the two untracked files, stage them, and review the proposed snapshot.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Status Compares Three Layers"},"sketch1":{"title":"Short Status Is a Compact Map"},"sketch2":{"title":"Read the Staged Summary"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_read_tracked_and_untracked_state_sketch0":{"title":"Read the Initial Repository State","prompt":"Ask Git for the full repository report. Use it to confirm that the branch is `main`, no commits exist yet, and `README.md` plus `schedule.txt` are untracked. Do not change repository state.","hint":"Use Git’s full status report as a read-only inspection.","help":{"concept":"`git status` describes the current branch and separates staged, unstaged, and untracked work. Running it does not change any file or repository layer.","hint_1":"Look for the `No commits yet` message and the two untracked file names.","hint_2":"Do not stage either file in this step."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git status","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"instructions":"Ask Git for the full repository report. Use it to confirm that the branch is `main`, no commits exist yet, and `README.md` plus `schedule.txt` are untracked. Do not change repository state.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you ask Git for the full repository report?"}}}},"try_read_tracked_and_untracked_state_sketch1":{"title":"Stage the Two Project Files","prompt":"Prepare the first proposed snapshot by staging only `README.md` and `schedule.txt`. Then inspect compact status and confirm that both paths appear in the staging-area column.","hint":"Name the two project files explicitly, then read compact status.","help":{"concept":"`git add README.md schedule.txt` copies the current versions of those two files into the staging area. `git status --short` compresses repository state into two columns; an `A` in the left column means the file is staged as an addition.","hint_1":"There are only two learner files in this module.","hint_2":"Staging prepares a proposal; it does not create a commit."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git add README.md schedule.txt\ngit status --short","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"instructions":"Prepare the first proposed snapshot by staging only `README.md` and `schedule.txt`. Then inspect compact status and confirm that both paths appear in the staging-area column.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage both `README.md` and `schedule.txt`?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the compact staged state?"}}}},"try_read_tracked_and_untracked_state_sketch2":{"title":"Review the Staged File Summary","prompt":"Both files are staged, but no commit has been created yet. Use the command you learned earlier to inspect the staged summary and confirm that the proposed snapshot contains exactly two files.\n\nDo not create the commit yet.","hint":"Ask Git for a statistics-only view of the staging area.","help":{"concept":"`git diff --staged --stat` summarizes the files and line counts currently in the staging area. `--staged` reads the proposed snapshot, and `--stat` keeps the output compact. The command does not commit anything.","hint_1":"The summary should name `README.md` and `schedule.txt`.","hint_2":"Leave both files staged for the next lesson."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git diff --staged --stat","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\ngit -C community-project add -A\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\ngit -C community-project add -A\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"instructions":"The two files are staged and no commit exists yet. Inspect the staged summary to verify that the proposed snapshot contains exactly two files without recording it.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the staged two-file summary?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-2":{"title":"Understanding git status --short","prompt":"What does the `??` symbol indicate in the output of `git status --short`?","hint":"In short status, two question marks appear beside a file Git has not started tracking.","help":{"concept":"Read full and short status reports to tell untracked files, unstaged edits, staged work, and clean state apart.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"A modified file","b":"A deleted file","c":"An untracked file","d":"A staged file"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Read the Two Columns","prompt":"Which statements about short status are correct? Select all that apply.","hint":"Judge each option independently; choose only the statements that stay true in this exact repository state.","help":{"concept":"Read full and short status reports to tell untracked files, unstaged edits, staged work, and clean state apart.","hint_1":"A partly true option is still wrong if it adds an effect Git does not guarantee.","hint_2":"Use the layer named in the prompt—working tree, staging area, or history—to test each choice."},"options":{"a":"The left column describes staged changes.","b":"The right column describes working-tree changes.","c":"`??` marks an untracked path.","d":"Every listed path has already been committed."}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"Unstaged Modification Column","prompt":"In short status, an unstaged tracked-file edit uses the letter `[blank1]` in the right column.","hint":"Choose the term or symbol that matches the exact state described, not a nearby Git concept.","help":{"concept":"Read full and short status reports to tell untracked files, unstaged edits, staged work, and clean state apart.","hint_1":"Pay attention to whether the prompt describes an untracked path, a working-tree edit, staged work, or history.","hint_2":"Read spaces, punctuation, and status columns as meaningful when the question shows Git output."},"template":"An unstaged tracked-file edit uses `[blank1]` in the right column.","choices":["M","A","D","??"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Untracked File Marker","prompt":"In short status, a file Git has never tracked begins with `[blank1]`.","hint":"Choose the term or symbol that matches the exact state described, not a nearby Git concept.","help":{"concept":"Read full and short status reports to tell untracked files, unstaged edits, staged work, and clean state apart.","hint_1":"Pay attention to whether the prompt describes an untracked path, a working-tree edit, staged work, or history.","hint_2":"Read spaces, punctuation, and status columns as meaningful when the question shows Git output."},"template":"A file Git has never tracked begins with `[blank1]`.","choices":["??","M ","A ","D "]}}},"why-version-control-matters":{"label":"Why Version Control Matters","summary":"Meet Git, review the small terminal skills you need, and see how three projects build the same inspect-change-verify habit.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Before You Begin"},"sketch1":{"title":"Three Small Projects, One Learning Pattern"}}},"working-tree-staging-and-history":{"label":"Record the First Community Project Snapshot","summary":"Commit the staged two-file baseline and verify its history and clean state.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"The Proposal Carries Forward"},"sketch1":{"title":"A Commit Records the Proposal"},"sketch2":{"title":"Verify History and Current State Separately"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_working_tree_staging_and_history_sketch0":{"title":"Record the First Community Snapshot","prompt":"The two project files are already staged. Record that proposal with the commit message `Start community project`. Do not restage or edit anything.","hint":"Commit the prepared staging area with the exact message.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m \"Start community project\"` records the current staging area as one local history entry. `-m` supplies the commit message directly. Only staged content enters the commit.","hint_1":"Use the message exactly as written.","hint_2":"After the command, the repository should contain one commit."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Start community project\"","instructions":"The two project files are already staged. Record that proposal with the commit message `Start community project`. Do not restage or edit anything.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\ngit -C community-project add -A\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- community-project\nmkdir -p -- community-project\ngit -C community-project init -q -b main\ngit -C community-project config --local user.name 'ZoeSkoul Learner'\ngit -C community-project config --local user.email learner@zoeskoul.local\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\ngit -C community-project add -A\nfind community-project -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 ! -name .git -exec rm -rf -- {} +\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s '# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n' > community-project/README.md\nmkdir -p -- community-project\nprintf %s 'Community events\n\nSaturday cleanup: 10:00 AM\n' > community-project/schedule.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the staged two-file snapshot with the requested message?"}}}},"try_working_tree_staging_and_history_sketch1":{"title":"Read the First History Entry","prompt":"Read the concise history and confirm that the newest entry is `Start community project`.","hint":"Use the one-line history view.","help":{"concept":"`git log --oneline` lists commits newest first, showing a short identifier and the commit message on one line. It reads history without changing it.","hint_1":"There should be exactly one history entry.","hint_2":"The short identifier can differ; the message is what matters here."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git log --oneline","instructions":"Read the concise history and confirm that the newest entry is `Start community project`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$27"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$28"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you read the concise commit history?"}}}},"try_working_tree_staging_and_history_sketch2":{"title":"Confirm a Clean Working State","prompt":"Inspect compact status after the first commit. A clean repository produces no file entries.","hint":"Read short status and look for an empty result.","help":{"concept":"`git status --short` prints one line per unfinished path. No output means the working tree and staging area match the current commit.","hint_1":"Do not create or edit a file.","hint_2":"The repository should remain at one commit."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short","instructions":"Inspect compact status after the first commit. A clean repository produces no file entries.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$29"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$2a"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you verify that no unfinished file entries remain?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Identify the Working Tree","prompt":"What is the working tree in Git?","hint":"Choose the layer that contains the project files you can open and edit right now.","help":{"concept":"Follow one edit from the working tree to the staging area and into a named commit, checking each boundary along the way.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"The project files and folders you can currently edit","b":"The proposed snapshot prepared for the next commit","c":"The sequence of recorded commits","d":"The list of patterns Git should ignore"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Purpose of the Staging Area","prompt":"What is the purpose of the staging area in Git?","hint":"Choose the layer where selected changes wait before they become a commit.","help":{"concept":"Follow one edit from the working tree to the staging area and into a named commit, checking each boundary along the way.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"To prepare selected changes for the next commit","b":"To store the complete commit history","c":"To display only unstaged line changes","d":"To initialize an ordinary folder"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"What a Commit Records","prompt":"Which facts about a commit are correct? Select all that apply.","hint":"Judge each option independently; choose only the statements that stay true in this exact repository state.","help":{"concept":"Follow one edit from the working tree to the staging area and into a named commit, checking each boundary along the way.","hint_1":"A partly true option is still wrong if it adds an effect Git does not guarantee.","hint_2":"Use the layer named in the prompt—working tree, staging area, or history—to test each choice."},"options":{"a":"It records the staged snapshot.","b":"It includes a message and author identity.","c":"It automatically includes every unstaged edit.","d":"It becomes part of repository history."}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of Git Workflow","prompt":"Arrange the steps of the Git workflow in the correct order.","hint":"Start with the state that must exist before the next action can make sense.","help":{"concept":"Follow one edit from the working tree to the staging area and into a named commit, checking each boundary along the way.","hint_1":"Track how the project moves from working files to a proposed snapshot and then to history.","hint_2":"Read the ordered steps as one continuous repository story."},"tokens":{"t1":"Edit files in the working tree","t2":"Stage changes in the staging area","t3":"Commit changes to the commit history"}}}}},"git-foundations-module-2-meaningful-history":{"inspect-unstaged-changes-with-diff":{"label":"Add and Inspect Exact Project Changes","summary":"Add one third file, then inspect two supplied text edits without staging them.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Diff Shows Exact Text Changes"},"sketch2":{"title":"Name the File When Focus Matters"},"sketch3":{"title":"Inspect Before You Stage"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_inspect_unstaged_changes_with_diff_sketch0":{"title":"Create the Third Project File","prompt":"The community project continues with the two tracked files from Module 1: `README.md` and `schedule.txt`. The community organizers now need a contact list, but `contacts.txt` does not exist yet.\n\nCreate `community-project/contacts.txt`. Starting on line 1, enter exactly:\n\n```text\nCommunity contacts\n\nHelp desk: 555-0100\n```\nThen use the terminal to:\n\n1. Inspect the short status and confirm that Git shows `?? contacts.txt`.\n2. Stage only `contacts.txt`.\n3. Create a focused commit with the exact message `Add community contacts`.\n\nWhen you finish, the repository should contain three tracked files and two commits. Do not change `README.md` or `schedule.txt`.","hint":"Create and save the exact three-line file first. Then inspect it as untracked, stage only that file, and commit it with the supplied message.","help":{"concept":"An untracked file is not part of history until it is staged and committed. `git status --short` identifies it with `??`; `git add contacts.txt` stages it; `git commit -m \"Add community contacts\"` records it as the repository’s third file.","hint_1":"Do not change `README.md` or `schedule.txt`.","hint_2":"The new commit should add only `contacts.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short\ngit add contacts.txt\ngit commit -m \"Add community contacts\"","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$2b"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$2c"}},"instructions":"`community-project/` should begin this lesson with only `README.md` and `schedule.txt`; `contacts.txt` should not exist yet. Create `community-project/contacts.txt`. Starting on line 1, enter exactly these three lines: `Community contacts`, a blank line, and `Help desk: 555-0100`. Save the file.\n\nThen use the terminal to inspect short status, stage only `contacts.txt`, and record it with the exact commit message `Add community contacts`.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the new file before staging it?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only `contacts.txt`?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the contact list as its own commit?"}}}},"try_inspect_unstaged_changes_with_diff_sketch2":{"title":"Change and Inspect the Cleanup Time","prompt":"The cleanup coordinator moved Saturday’s start time earlier so volunteers can finish before an afternoon event. Open `community-project/schedule.txt` and find this line:\n\n`Saturday cleanup: 10:00 AM`\n\nReplace it with:\n\n`Saturday cleanup: 9:30 AM`\n\nSave the file. Then use the command you learned earlier to inspect only the unstaged changes in `schedule.txt`.\n\nDo not stage the file yet.\n","hint":"Make the exact one-line edit, then compare the working copy with the staged version.","help":{"concept":"`git diff -- schedule.txt` shows unstaged line changes for that file. A removed line begins with `-` and an added line begins with `+`. The command is read-only.","hint_1":"Change only the cleanup time.","hint_2":"The diff should show one removed line and one added line."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- schedule.txt","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$2d"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$2e"}},"instructions":"Open `community-project/schedule.txt`. Find `Saturday cleanup: 10:00 AM` and replace it with `Saturday cleanup: 9:30 AM`. Save the file. Then inspect only that unstaged change. Do not stage it yet.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the unstaged schedule change?"}}}},"try_inspect_unstaged_changes_with_diff_sketch3":{"title":"Change and Inspect the Help Desk Number","prompt":"The help desk has a new phone number, so the project contact list must be corrected. Open `community-project/contacts.txt` and find this line:\n\n`Help desk: 555-0100`\n\nReplace it with:\n\n`Help desk: 555-0130`. Then use the command you learned earlier to inspect only the unstaged changes in `contacts.txt`.\n\nLeave the changes in both `schedule.txt` and `contacts.txt` unstaged.\n","hint":"Make the exact contact edit and narrow the diff to that path.","help":{"concept":"`git diff -- contacts.txt` limits the unstaged comparison to the contact file even though another file is also modified. Naming the path changes only the output, not repository state.","hint_1":"Do not stage either edit.","hint_2":"The schedule change must remain present for the next topic."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- contacts.txt","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$2f"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$30"}},"instructions":"Open `community-project/contacts.txt`. Find `Help desk: 555-0100` and replace it with `Help desk: 555-0130`. Save the file. Then inspect only the contact change. Leave both edits unstaged.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect only the contact-number change?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Using git diff","prompt":"When should you use `git diff`?","hint":"Ordinary `git diff` is most useful while a working-tree edit is still unstaged.","help":{"concept":"Move from a file-level status report to a line-level review, and separate unrelated edits before they reach the staging area.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"After the change has already been committed","b":"Before staging a working-tree change","c":"When you want to list earlier commit subjects","d":"When you want to create repository metadata"}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Interpreting Diff Output","prompt":"Which symbol in `git diff` output indicates a line has been added?","hint":"Choose the one answer that describes this command or concept precisely.","help":{"concept":"Move from a file-level status report to a line-level review, and separate unrelated edits before they reach the staging area.","hint_1":"Remove choices that act on a different repository layer or promise behavior Git does not provide.","hint_2":"Prefer the exact definition used in this chapter over a nearby Git idea."},"options":{"a":"-","b":"+","c":"*","d":"/"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"Symbol for Removed Lines","prompt":"In `git diff`, lines that have been removed are indicated by the symbol `[blank1]`.","hint":"Choose the term or symbol that matches the exact state described, not a nearby Git concept.","help":{"concept":"Move from a file-level status report to a line-level review, and separate unrelated edits before they reach the staging area.","hint_1":"Pay attention to whether the prompt describes an untracked path, a working-tree edit, staged work, or history.","hint_2":"Read spaces, punctuation, and status columns as meaningful when the question shows Git output."},"template":"In `git diff`, lines that have been removed are indicated by the symbol `[blank1]`.","choices":["-","+","*","/"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Purpose of git diff","prompt":"The primary purpose of `git diff` is to show changes in the [blank1] that are not yet staged.","hint":"Choose the term or symbol that matches the exact state described, not a nearby Git concept.","help":{"concept":"Move from a file-level status report to a line-level review, and separate unrelated edits before they reach the staging area.","hint_1":"Pay attention to whether the prompt describes an untracked path, a working-tree edit, staged work, or history.","hint_2":"Read spaces, punctuation, and status columns as meaningful when the question shows Git output."},"template":"The primary purpose of `git diff` is to show changes in the [blank1] that are not yet staged.","choices":["working tree","staging area","commit history","ignore file"]}}},"module-2-community-website-history":{"label":"Module Project: Build Volunteer Project History","summary":"Add one file and record two focused volunteer-project updates.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Continue Volunteer Project"},"project":{"title":"Build Focused Volunteer Project History"}},"projectSteps":{"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch0":{"title":"Edit the Signup Schedule Entry"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch1":{"title":"Commit the Signup Schedule Entry"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch2":{"title":"Edit the Help Desk Number"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch3":{"title":"Stage and Review the Styles"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch4":{"title":"Commit the Styles Separately"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch5":{"title":"Audit the Volunteer Project History"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch0":{"title":"Add the Meeting-Times File","prompt":"Continue `volunteer-project/` from its Module 1 snapshot. Create `meeting-times.txt` with exactly three lines: `Volunteer meeting times`, a blank line, and `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM`. Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add volunteer meeting times`.","hint":"Add only the supplied third file and record it separately.","help":{"concept":"This step reuses the familiar new-file workflow: create the exact text, stage the path, and commit it. The repository grows from two files to three without introducing unrelated content.","hint_1":"Do not edit `README.md` or `assignments.txt`.","hint_2":"The new commit should add only `meeting-times.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short\ngit add meeting-times.txt\ngit commit -m \"Add volunteer meeting times\"","instructions":"Continue `volunteer-project/` from its Module 1 snapshot. Create `meeting-times.txt` with exactly three lines: `Volunteer meeting times`, a blank line, and `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM`. Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add volunteer meeting times`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$31"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$32"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the new meeting-times file?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the new meeting-times file?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the third file as its own commit?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch1":{"title":"Inspect the Assignment Change","prompt":"Open `volunteer-project/assignments.txt`. Replace `Training desk: unassigned` with `Training desk: Riley`. Save the file, then inspect its unstaged diff.","hint":"Make the exact one-line change and review it before staging.","help":{"concept":"`git diff -- assignments.txt` shows the unstaged assignment change and leaves repository state untouched.","hint_1":"Do not change the welcome-table assignment.","hint_2":"Leave the edit unstaged for the next step."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- assignments.txt","instructions":"Open `volunteer-project/assignments.txt`. Replace `Training desk: unassigned` with `Training desk: Riley`. Save the file, then inspect its unstaged diff.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$33"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$34"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the assignment change before staging it?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch2":{"title":"Stage and Review the Assignment Change","prompt":"Stage only `assignments.txt`, then inspect its staged diff.","hint":"Prepare and review one focused purpose.","help":{"concept":"`git add assignments.txt` moves the edit into the staging area. `git diff --staged -- assignments.txt` verifies exactly what the next commit would record.","hint_1":"No other file should be staged.","hint_2":"Do not commit yet."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git add assignments.txt\ngit diff --staged -- assignments.txt","instructions":"Stage only `assignments.txt`, then inspect its staged diff.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$35"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$36"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage only the assignment change?"},"1":{"message":"Did you review the staged assignment change?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch3":{"title":"Commit the Assignment Change","prompt":"Record the staged assignment update with the message `Update volunteer assignments`.","hint":"Commit the prepared one-file snapshot.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m \"Update volunteer assignments\"` records the staged assignment change and leaves the repository ready for the meeting-time update.","hint_1":"Use the exact message.","hint_2":"The repository should be clean immediately afterward."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Update volunteer assignments\"","instructions":"Record the staged assignment update with the message `Update volunteer assignments`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$37"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$38"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the assignment update as its own commit?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch4":{"title":"Move the Orientation Earlier","prompt":"Open `volunteer-project/meeting-times.txt`. Replace `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM` with `Orientation: Saturday 9:30 AM`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage the file, review the staged diff, and commit it with the message `Update volunteer meeting time`.","hint":"Follow the complete inspect, stage, review, commit workflow for the exact time change.","help":{"concept":"`git diff` reviews the working-tree edit, `git add` prepares it, `git diff --staged` reviews the proposal, and `git commit` records the focused snapshot.","hint_1":"Do not edit another file.","hint_2":"The new commit should affect only `meeting-times.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- meeting-times.txt\ngit add meeting-times.txt\ngit diff --staged -- meeting-times.txt\ngit commit -m \"Update volunteer meeting time\"","instructions":"Open `volunteer-project/meeting-times.txt`. Replace `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM` with `Orientation: Saturday 9:30 AM`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage the file, review the staged diff, and commit it with the message `Update volunteer meeting time`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$39"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$3a"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the meeting-time change?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage the meeting-time change?"},"2":{"message":"Did you review the staged meeting-time change?"},"3":{"message":"Did you record the meeting-time update separately?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch5":{"title":"Audit the Volunteer Project History","prompt":"Inspect the concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status. Confirm that the repository contains four focused commits and no unfinished tracked work.","hint":"Verify timeline, latest snapshot, and current state.","help":{"concept":"`git log --oneline` audits the sequence, `git show --stat --oneline HEAD` audits the newest snapshot, and `git status --short` verifies the handoff is clean.","hint_1":"The newest message should be `Update volunteer meeting time`.","hint_2":"Short status should produce no file entries."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git log --oneline\ngit show --stat --oneline HEAD\ngit status --short","instructions":"Inspect the concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status. Confirm that the repository contains four focused commits and no unfinished tracked work.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$3b"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$3c"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the volunteer history?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the newest snapshot summary?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify a clean current state?"}}}}},"description":"Continue the same volunteer-project repository. Add one third file, then create two focused text changes without introducing unrelated files.","title":"Build Focused Volunteer Project History"}},"module-2-volunteer-project-history":{"label":"Module Project: Build Volunteer Project History","summary":"Add one file and record two focused volunteer-project updates.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Continue Volunteer Project"},"project":{"title":"Build Focused Volunteer Project History"}},"projectSteps":{"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch0":{"title":"Edit the Signup Schedule Entry"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch1":{"title":"Commit the Signup Schedule Entry"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch2":{"title":"Edit the Help Desk Number"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch3":{"title":"Stage and Review the Styles"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch4":{"title":"Commit the Styles Separately"},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch5":{"title":"Audit the Volunteer Project History"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch0":{"title":"Add the Meeting-Times File","prompt":"Continue `volunteer-project/` from its Module 1 snapshot. Create `meeting-times.txt` with exactly three lines: `Volunteer meeting times`, a blank line, and `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM`. Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add volunteer meeting times`.","hint":"Add only the supplied third file and record it separately.","help":{"concept":"This step reuses the familiar new-file workflow: create the exact text, stage the path, and commit it. The repository grows from two files to three without introducing unrelated content.","hint_1":"Do not edit `README.md` or `assignments.txt`.","hint_2":"The new commit should add only `meeting-times.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short\ngit add meeting-times.txt\ngit commit -m \"Add volunteer meeting times\"","instructions":"Continue `volunteer-project/` from its Module 1 snapshot. Create `meeting-times.txt` with exactly three lines: `Volunteer meeting times`, a blank line, and `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM`. Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add volunteer meeting times`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$3d"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$3e"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the new meeting-times file?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the new meeting-times file?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the third file as its own commit?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch1":{"title":"Inspect the Assignment Change","prompt":"Riley has agreed to manage the training desk. Open `volunteer-project/assignments.txt`. Replace `Training desk: unassigned` with `Training desk: Riley`. Save the file, then inspect its unstaged diff.","hint":"Make the exact one-line change and review it before staging.","help":{"concept":"`git diff -- assignments.txt` shows the unstaged assignment change and leaves repository state untouched.","hint_1":"Do not change the welcome-table assignment.","hint_2":"Leave the edit unstaged for the next step."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- assignments.txt","instructions":"Riley has agreed to manage the training desk. Open `volunteer-project/assignments.txt`. Replace `Training desk: unassigned` with `Training desk: Riley`. Save the file, then inspect its unstaged diff.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$3f"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$40"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the assignment change before staging it?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch2":{"title":"Stage and Review the Assignment Change","prompt":"Stage only `assignments.txt`, then inspect its staged diff.","hint":"Prepare and review one focused purpose.","help":{"concept":"`git add assignments.txt` moves the edit into the staging area. `git diff --staged -- assignments.txt` verifies exactly what the next commit would record.","hint_1":"No other file should be staged.","hint_2":"Do not commit yet."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git add assignments.txt\ngit diff --staged -- assignments.txt","instructions":"Stage only `assignments.txt`, then inspect its staged diff.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$41"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$42"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage only the assignment change?"},"1":{"message":"Did you review the staged assignment change?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch3":{"title":"Commit the Assignment Change","prompt":"Record the staged assignment update with the message `Update volunteer assignments`.","hint":"Commit the prepared one-file snapshot.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m \"Update volunteer assignments\"` records the staged assignment change and leaves the repository ready for the meeting-time update.","hint_1":"Use the exact message.","hint_2":"The repository should be clean immediately afterward."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Update volunteer assignments\"","instructions":"Record the staged assignment update with the message `Update volunteer assignments`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$43"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$44"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the assignment update as its own commit?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch4":{"title":"Move the Orientation Earlier","prompt":"The orientation coordinator moved the session earlier so setup can finish before visitors arrive. Open `volunteer-project/meeting-times.txt`. Replace `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM` with `Orientation: Saturday 9:30 AM`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage the file, review the staged diff, and commit it with the message `Update volunteer meeting time`.","hint":"Follow the complete inspect, stage, review, commit workflow for the exact time change.","help":{"concept":"`git diff` reviews the working-tree edit, `git add` prepares it, `git diff --staged` reviews the proposal, and `git commit` records the focused snapshot.","hint_1":"Do not edit another file.","hint_2":"The new commit should affect only `meeting-times.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- meeting-times.txt\ngit add meeting-times.txt\ngit diff --staged -- meeting-times.txt\ngit commit -m \"Update volunteer meeting time\"","instructions":"The orientation coordinator moved the session earlier so setup can finish before visitors arrive. Open `volunteer-project/meeting-times.txt`. Replace `Orientation: Saturday 10:00 AM` with `Orientation: Saturday 9:30 AM`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage the file, review the staged diff, and commit it with the message `Update volunteer meeting time`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$45"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$46"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the meeting-time change?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage the meeting-time change?"},"2":{"message":"Did you review the staged meeting-time change?"},"3":{"message":"Did you record the meeting-time update separately?"}}}},"try_module_2_community_website_history_sketch5":{"title":"Audit the Volunteer Project History","prompt":"Inspect the concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status. Confirm that the repository contains four focused commits and no unfinished tracked work.","hint":"Verify timeline, latest snapshot, and current state.","help":{"concept":"`git log --oneline` audits the sequence, `git show --stat --oneline HEAD` audits the newest snapshot, and `git status --short` verifies the handoff is clean.","hint_1":"The newest message should be `Update volunteer meeting time`.","hint_2":"Short status should produce no file entries."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git log --oneline\ngit show --stat --oneline HEAD\ngit status --short","instructions":"Inspect the concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status. Confirm that the repository contains four focused commits and no unfinished tracked work.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$47"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$48"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the volunteer history?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the newest snapshot summary?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify a clean current state?"}}}}},"description":"Continue the same volunteer-project repository. Add one third file, then create two focused text changes without introducing unrelated files.","title":"Build Focused Volunteer Project History"}},"read-history-with-log-and-show":{"label":"Read the History You Built","summary":"Inspect the community-project history and committed file content without changing state.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Read the Project Timeline"},"sketch1":{"title":"HEAD Names the Current Snapshot"},"sketch2":{"title":"Show Can Read Committed Content"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_read_history_with_log_and_show_sketch0":{"title":"Read the Four-Commit Timeline","prompt":"Read the commit messages from top to bottom and confirm that they appear in this order:\n\n1. `Update community contacts`\n2. `Update community schedule`\n3. `Add community contacts`\n4. `Start community project`\n\nTogether, these messages tell the story of how the project developed without requiring you to open each file.\n","hint":"Use the one-line history view.","help":{"concept":"`git log --oneline` lists commits newest first. It lets you audit the sequence of focused snapshots without changing repository state.","hint_1":"There should be four entries.","hint_2":"Check the messages rather than memorizing commit identifiers."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git log --oneline","instructions":"Read the concise history. Confirm that the newest entries are the contact update, the schedule update, the added contact file, and the original project snapshot.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$49"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$4a"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you read the four-entry timeline?"}}}},"try_read_history_with_log_and_show_sketch1":{"title":"Inspect the Latest Snapshot Summary","prompt":"Use `git show --stat --oneline HEAD` to inspect that commit. The output combines its commit message with a compact summary of the file changed in the snapshot.\n\nConfirm that the newest commit is `Update community contacts` and that its statistics include only `contacts.txt`.","hint":"Ask Git to show `HEAD` with a one-line subject and file statistics.","help":{"concept":"`HEAD` names the current commit. `git show --stat --oneline HEAD` displays its subject plus a compact summary of the files changed in that snapshot.","hint_1":"The latest commit should concern `contacts.txt`.","hint_2":"This inspection must not change status."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git show --stat --oneline HEAD","instructions":"Inspect the newest commit and its compact file statistics.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$4b"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$4c"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the latest commit summary?"}}}},"try_read_history_with_log_and_show_sketch2":{"title":"Read a File from the Latest Snapshot","prompt":"Read the committed version of `contacts.txt` directly from `HEAD` without opening or changing the working file.","hint":"Use Git’s `commit:path` form.","help":{"concept":"`git show HEAD:contacts.txt` prints that file exactly as stored in the current commit. It reads history and leaves the working tree untouched.","hint_1":"The output should contain `Help desk: 555-0130`.","hint_2":"Do not redirect the output into a file."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git show HEAD:contacts.txt","instructions":"Read the committed version of `contacts.txt` directly from `HEAD` without opening or changing the working file.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$4d"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$4e"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you read the committed contact file from `HEAD`?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"HEAD in Git","prompt":"What does `HEAD` identify in this course?","hint":"`HEAD` points to the commit currently checked out, not to the staging area or the first commit.","help":{"concept":"Scan the repository timeline, open one checkpoint, understand `HEAD`, and move between overview and detail.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"The first commit ever recorded","b":"The staging area","c":"The currently checked-out commit","d":"The list of ignored paths"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Understanding git log --oneline","prompt":"What information does `git log --oneline` provide?","hint":"Choose the one answer that describes this command or concept precisely.","help":{"concept":"Scan the repository timeline, open one checkpoint, understand `HEAD`, and move between overview and detail.","hint_1":"Remove choices that act on a different repository layer or promise behavior Git does not provide.","hint_2":"Prefer the exact definition used in this chapter over a nearby Git idea."},"options":{"a":"A full line-by-line diff for every commit","b":"A compact one-line summary of each commit","c":"Only the files currently in the staging area","d":"Only the untracked files in the working tree"}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Purpose of git show","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of the `git show` command?","hint":"Choose the one answer that describes this command or concept precisely.","help":{"concept":"Scan the repository timeline, open one checkpoint, understand `HEAD`, and move between overview and detail.","hint_1":"Remove choices that act on a different repository layer or promise behavior Git does not provide.","hint_2":"Prefer the exact definition used in this chapter over a nearby Git idea."},"options":{"a":"To list every commit as one short line","b":"To display the details of a selected commit","c":"To initialize an ordinary project folder","d":"To stage every current file"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of Git Commands","prompt":"Arrange the following Git commands in the order you would use them to inspect a commit's history and details.","hint":"Start with the state that must exist before the next action can make sense.","help":{"concept":"Scan the repository timeline, open one checkpoint, understand `HEAD`, and move between overview and detail.","hint_1":"Track how the project moves from working files to a proposed snapshot and then to history.","hint_2":"Read the ordered steps as one continuous repository story."},"tokens":{"t1":"git log --oneline","t2":"git show HEAD"}}}},"stage-intentionally":{"label":"Stage One Purpose at a Time","summary":"Separate two supplied community-project purposes into focused snapshots.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"One Project Can Hold Several Purposes"},"sketch1":{"title":"Stage the First Purpose by Name"},"sketch2":{"title":"Review the Staged Snapshot"},"sketch3":{"title":"Commit, Then Continue"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_stage_intentionally_sketch0":{"title":"Stage Only the Schedule Purpose","prompt":"A focused commit should contain one clear purpose. Use `git add schedule.txt` to stage only the schedule update. The contact change must remain unstaged in the working tree.\n\nAfter staging, the proposed snapshot should contain only the change to `schedule.txt`. Do not commit it yet.","hint":"Name the schedule path explicitly.","help":{"concept":"`git add schedule.txt` copies only the current schedule into the staging area. The contact edit stays unstaged, allowing the two purposes to become separate commits.","hint_1":"Do not use `git add .`.","hint_2":"After staging, short status would show one staged edit and one unstaged edit."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git add schedule.txt","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$4f"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$50"}},"instructions":"Two unrelated edits are present: the cleanup time in `schedule.txt` and the help-desk number in `contacts.txt`. Stage only `schedule.txt` so the first proposed snapshot contains one purpose.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage only the schedule change?"}}}},"try_stage_intentionally_sketch1":{"title":"Review the Proposed Schedule Snapshot","prompt":"Inspect only the staged change in `schedule.txt` before committing. The unstaged edit in `contacts.txt` must remain outside this comparison.\n\nDo not create the commit yet.\n","hint":"Read the staging-area diff for `schedule.txt`.","help":{"concept":"`git diff --staged -- schedule.txt` compares the staged schedule with the current commit. `--staged` is essential here because ordinary `git diff` reads unstaged work instead.","hint_1":"The output should show only the cleanup-time change.","hint_2":"Do not commit yet."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git diff --staged -- schedule.txt","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$51"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$52"}},"instructions":"Inspect the staged schedule change before committing it. The unstaged contact edit must remain outside this comparison.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you review the staged schedule snapshot?"}}}},"try_stage_intentionally_sketch2":{"title":"Commit the Schedule Separately","prompt":"Now record the staged schedule update with the exact commit message `Update community schedule`.\n\nBecause only `schedule.txt` is staged, the commit will not include the unrelated change in `contacts.txt`.\n\nAfter committing, inspect the short status. Confirm that only the unstaged contact edit remains unfinished, proving that Git committed only the prepared schedule change.\n","hint":"Commit the current staging area, then inspect what remains.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m \"Update community schedule\"` records only the staged schedule. `git status --short` then reveals the still-unstaged contact edit, proving the commit boundary stayed focused.","hint_1":"Do not stage `contacts.txt` before this commit.","hint_2":"The repository should gain one commit and retain one unstaged edit."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Update community schedule\"\ngit status --short","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$53"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$54"}},"instructions":"Record the staged schedule change with the message `Update community schedule`. Then inspect short status and confirm that only the contact edit remains unfinished.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the schedule as its own commit?"},"1":{"message":"Did you verify that the contact edit remains unstaged?"}}}},"try_stage_intentionally_sketch3":{"title":"Record the Contact Change Separately","prompt":"Stage only `contacts.txt`, inspect its staged change, and then create a commit with the exact message `Update community contacts`.\n\nWhen you finish, the contact update should be recorded in its own commit.\n","hint":"Prepare, inspect, and commit the remaining single-purpose change.","help":{"concept":"`git add contacts.txt` stages the remaining edit. `git diff --staged -- contacts.txt` reviews the proposal, and the commit records it as a separate history entry.","hint_1":"The staged diff should contain only the phone-number update.","hint_2":"The final repository state should be clean."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git add contacts.txt\ngit diff --staged -- contacts.txt\ngit commit -m \"Update community contacts\"","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$55"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$56"}},"instructions":"Stage `contacts.txt`, review its staged diff, and record it with the message `Update community contacts`.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the remaining contact change?"},"1":{"message":"Did you review the staged contact change?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the contact update separately?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Choose a Focused Snapshot","prompt":"Two unrelated files are modified. What best keeps the next commit focused?","hint":"A focused commit starts by staging only the file or files that serve the same purpose.","help":{"concept":"Build the next snapshot one purpose at a time, review the staged version, and reverse a staging decision without losing work.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"Stage only the changes that serve one shared purpose.","b":"To commit changes automatically","c":"To discard every working-tree change","d":"To list the recorded commit history"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"A Coherent Snapshot","prompt":"Which practices help keep a commit focused? Select all that apply.","hint":"Judge each option independently; choose only the statements that stay true in this exact repository state.","help":{"concept":"Build the next snapshot one purpose at a time, review the staged version, and reverse a staging decision without losing work.","hint_1":"A partly true option is still wrong if it adds an effect Git does not guarantee.","hint_2":"Use the layer named in the prompt—working tree, staging area, or history—to test each choice."},"options":{"a":"Stage files that serve the same project result.","b":"Review the staged snapshot before committing.","c":"Stage every changed file so status becomes quiet.","d":"Use a subject that describes the result."}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Inspect the Staged Boundary","prompt":"Which commands can help verify what is staged?","hint":"Choose the one answer that describes this command or concept precisely.","help":{"concept":"Build the next snapshot one purpose at a time, review the staged version, and reverse a staging decision without losing work.","hint_1":"Remove choices that act on a different repository layer or promise behavior Git does not provide.","hint_2":"Prefer the exact definition used in this chapter over a nearby Git idea."},"options":{"a":"git diff --staged","b":"git diff --staged --name-only","c":"git status --short","d":"git init"}},"fill-blank-1":{"title":"Write a Focused Commit Subject","prompt":"The staged change expands the community cleanup time. Complete the subject: `git commit -m \"[blank1]\"`.","hint":"Choose the term or symbol that matches the exact state described, not a nearby Git concept.","help":{"concept":"Build the next snapshot one purpose at a time, review the staged version, and reverse a staging decision without losing work.","hint_1":"Pay attention to whether the prompt describes an untracked path, a working-tree edit, staged work, or history.","hint_2":"Read spaces, punctuation, and status columns as meaningful when the question shows Git output."},"template":"git commit -m \"[blank1]\"","choices":["Update community cleanup time","changes","update files","work in progress"]}}}},"git-foundations-module-3-manage-tracked-files":{"ignore-generated-files":{"label":"Keep Generated Files Out of History","summary":"Add one generated file, introduce one ignore rule, and stop tracking generated output safely.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Ignore Rules Describe Untracked Noise"},"sketch2":{"title":"Tracked Files Need an Extra Step"},"sketch3":{"title":"The Policy Is Project Source"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_ignore_generated_files_sketch0":{"title":"Add a Generated Summary Once","prompt":"To simulate output from the project’s summary tool, create `community-project/generated/summary.txt`. Starting on line 1, enter exactly:\n\n```text\nGenerated summary\n\nCreated automatically from project notes.\n```\n\nSave the file. Then use the terminal to:\n\n1. Inspect the short status and confirm that Git identifies the new file.\n2. Stage only `generated/summary.txt`.\n3. Create a commit with the exact message `Add generated summary`.\n\nThe next steps will reconsider whether an automatically generated file should remain tracked.\n","hint":"Create the supplied generated file and record it so the next lesson can correct that tracking decision.","help":{"concept":"Git can track any text file, even one that can be regenerated. This step intentionally records the summary so you can later learn why an ignore rule alone does not stop tracking an existing path.","hint_1":"Do not create any other generated file yet.","hint_2":"The commit should add only `generated/summary.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short\ngit add generated/summary.txt\ngit commit -m \"Add generated summary\"","instructions":"Create `community-project/generated/summary.txt`. Starting on line 1, enter exactly three lines: `Generated summary`, a blank line, and `Created automatically from project notes.` Save it. Inspect short status, stage the file, and commit it with the message `Add generated summary`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$57"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$58"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the new generated summary?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the generated summary?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the generated summary once?"}}}},"try_ignore_generated_files_sketch2":{"title":"Apply the Ignore Rule to Tracked Output","prompt":"$59","hint":"Track the policy, remove only the summary’s index entry, and verify that the local file is now ignored.","help":{"concept":"A `.gitignore` line containing `generated/` matches untracked files in that folder. Because `summary.txt` was already tracked, `git rm --cached generated/summary.txt` is also required. `--cached` removes the index entry while preserving the working file.","hint_1":"Do not use plain `git rm`, which would delete the local file.","hint_2":"The ignored summary should appear with `!!` when ignored paths are shown."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git add .gitignore\ngit rm --cached generated/summary.txt\ngit status --short --ignored","instructions":"Create `community-project/.gitignore` with exactly `generated/` on line 1. Save it. Stage `.gitignore`, then stop tracking `generated/summary.txt` without deleting its local file. Inspect status with ignored paths included. Do not commit yet.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$5a"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$5b"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the ignore policy?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stop tracking the summary without deleting it?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify that the local summary is now ignored?"}}}},"try_ignore_generated_files_sketch3":{"title":"Record the Ignore Policy","prompt":"Record the staged changes with the exact commit message:\n\n```bash\ngit commit -m \"Ignore generated output\"\n```\n\nThen inspect the normal short status.\n\nA clean result confirms that the ignore policy was committed and that no tracked changes remain unfinished. The generated summary still exists on the local computer, but Git now leaves it out of ordinary status results and future staging.","hint":"Commit the prepared policy change and verify the tracked state.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m \"Ignore generated output\"` records `.gitignore` and removes the generated summary from the current tracked snapshot. The local summary remains on disk, ignored by the new rule.","hint_1":"Do not delete `generated/summary.txt`.","hint_2":"Normal short status should produce no entries."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Ignore generated output\"\ngit status --short","instructions":"The ignore policy and generated-file untracking are staged. Record them with the message `Ignore generated output`, then confirm that normal short status is clean.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$5c"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$5d"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the ignore policy and tracked-file cleanup?"},"1":{"message":"Did you verify that normal status is clean?"}}}}},"practice":{"ignore-generated-files-single-choice-0":{"title":"Purpose of .gitignore","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of a `.gitignore` file in a Git repository?","hint":"A `.gitignore` rule prevents matching untracked paths from entering ordinary staging and status workflows.","help":{"concept":"Write narrow ignore rules, prove which rule matches, and separate “ignored” from “already tracked.”","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"To track changes in all files","b":"To ignore specific files and directories","c":"To delete files from the repository","d":"To rename files in the repository"}},"ignore-generated-files-single-choice-1":{"title":"Effect of Adding to .gitignore","prompt":"What happens when you add a file to `.gitignore` that has already been committed?","hint":"Ignore rules do not retroactively untrack a file that is already part of repository history.","help":{"concept":"Write narrow ignore rules, prove which rule matches, and separate “ignored” from “already tracked.”","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"The file is automatically deleted from the repository","b":"The file is untracked and removed from history","c":"The file remains tracked and in history","d":"The file is renamed in the repository"}},"ignore-generated-files-multi-choice-0":{"title":"Verify the Ignore Policy","prompt":"Which statements describe the generated-file policy in this lesson? Select all that apply.","hint":"Separate the local file from Git tracking: the summary stays on disk while the ignore rule keeps it out of future snapshots.","help":{"concept":"Write narrow ignore rules, prove which rule matches, and separate “ignored” from “already tracked.”","hint_1":"A partly true option is still wrong if it adds an effect Git does not guarantee.","hint_2":"Use the layer named in the prompt—working tree, staging area, or history—to test each choice."},"options":{"a":"`.gitignore` contains the rule `generated/`.","b":"`generated/summary.txt` remains available locally.","c":"`git rm --cached` deletes the local summary from disk.","d":"Ignored files still appear in ordinary `git status --short` output."}},"ignore-generated-files-drag-reorder-0":{"title":"Stop Tracking a Local-Only File","prompt":"Arrange the safe steps for a file that is already tracked but should remain only on each developer’s machine.","hint":"Start with the state that must exist before the next action can make sense.","help":{"concept":"Write narrow ignore rules, prove which rule matches, and separate “ignored” from “already tracked.”","hint_1":"Track how the project moves from working files to a proposed snapshot and then to history.","hint_2":"Read the ordered steps as one continuous repository story."},"tokens":{"t1":"Add a narrow ignore rule","t2":"Remove the path from Git’s index while keeping the working copy","t3":"Commit the policy change"}}}},"module-3-clean-release-snapshot":{"label":"Module Project: Clean the Volunteer Project Repository","summary":"Finish volunteer-project with path cleanup, one ignore rule, safe recovery, and a clean handoff.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Finish Volunteer Project Cleanly"},"project":{"title":"Prepare the Volunteer Project Handoff"}},"projectSteps":{"try_module_3_sketch0":{"title":"Rename Assignments to Roles"},"try_module_3_sketch1":{"title":"Remove the Obsolete Schedule"},"try_module_3_sketch2":{"title":"Write the Exact Ignore File"},"try_module_3_sketch3":{"title":"Stage the Ignore Policy"},"try_module_3_sketch4":{"title":"Create and Recover a README Mistake"},"try_module_3_sketch5":{"title":"Commit and Verify the Volunteer Project Handoff"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_module_3_sketch0":{"title":"Add the Generated Volunteer Report","prompt":"Create `volunteer-project/generated/report.txt` with exactly three lines: `Generated volunteer report`, a blank line, and `Prepared automatically from assignments.` Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add generated report`.","hint":"Record the supplied generated file once so you can later correct the tracking policy.","help":{"concept":"This mirrors the guided project: a generated file can be committed, but a later ignore policy should keep regeneratable output outside future snapshots.","hint_1":"Do not change the three existing project files.","hint_2":"The commit should add only the report."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short\ngit add generated/report.txt\ngit commit -m \"Add generated report\"","instructions":"Create `volunteer-project/generated/report.txt` with exactly three lines: `Generated volunteer report`, a blank line, and `Prepared automatically from assignments.` Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add generated report`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$5e"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$5f"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the new report?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the report?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the generated report once?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch1":{"title":"Rename Assignments to Roles","prompt":"Rename tracked `assignments.txt` to `roles.txt` with Git.","hint":"Use the Git-aware move for the tracked path.","help":{"concept":"`git mv assignments.txt roles.txt` renames the file and stages the path change together.","hint_1":"Keep it in the repository root.","hint_2":"Do not edit its text."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git mv assignments.txt roles.txt","instructions":"Rename tracked `assignments.txt` to `roles.txt` with Git.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$60"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$61"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you rename the tracked assignment list to `roles.txt`?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch2":{"title":"Remove the Obsolete Meeting-Time File","prompt":"The orientation schedule has been moved elsewhere. Remove tracked `meeting-times.txt`, then inspect the staged name-status summary.","hint":"Stage the removal and review it with the rename.","help":{"concept":"`git rm meeting-times.txt` deletes and stages the tracked path. `git diff --staged --name-status` shows the intended rename and removal before the final commit.","hint_1":"Do not remove `README.md` or `roles.txt`.","hint_2":"Leave the cleanup staged."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git rm meeting-times.txt\ngit diff --staged --name-status","instructions":"The orientation schedule has been moved elsewhere. Remove tracked `meeting-times.txt`, then inspect the staged name-status summary.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$62"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$63"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the obsolete meeting-time removal?"},"1":{"message":"Did you review the staged path cleanup?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch3":{"title":"Apply the Volunteer Ignore Policy","prompt":"Create `volunteer-project/.gitignore` with exactly `generated/` on line 1. Save it. Stage `.gitignore`, stop tracking `generated/report.txt` without deleting it, and inspect status with ignored paths included.","hint":"Add the policy, preserve the local report, and keep the earlier rename and removal staged.","help":{"concept":"`git rm --cached generated/report.txt` removes the tracked relationship while preserving the working file. The `generated/` rule then classifies that local report as ignored.","hint_1":"Do not stage the generated report again.","hint_2":"The staged set should contain the rename, removal, `.gitignore`, and report untracking."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git add .gitignore\ngit rm --cached generated/report.txt\ngit status --short --ignored","instructions":"Create `volunteer-project/.gitignore` with exactly `generated/` on line 1. Save it. Stage `.gitignore`, stop tracking `generated/report.txt` without deleting it, and inspect status with ignored paths included.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$64"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$65"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the volunteer ignore policy?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stop tracking the report without deleting it?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify that the local report is ignored?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch4":{"title":"Recover an Accidental README Rewrite","prompt":"Open `volunteer-project/README.md`. Find `Assignments and meeting times.` and replace it with `Accidental release rewrite.` Save the file. Stage the mistake, unstage it without losing the working copy, then restore the committed README. Finally inspect the staged name-status summary; only the intended maintenance work should remain.","hint":"Recover the staging layer first and the working-tree layer second.","help":{"concept":"`git restore --staged README.md` removes the mistake from the proposal; `git restore README.md` then repairs the working file. Other staged paths remain untouched.","hint_1":"Do not clear the rename, removal, or ignore-policy changes.","hint_2":"The final staged summary should not include README.md."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git add README.md\ngit restore --staged README.md\ngit restore README.md\ngit diff --staged --name-status","instructions":"Open `volunteer-project/README.md`. Find `Assignments and meeting times.` and replace it with `Accidental release rewrite.` Save the file. Stage the mistake, unstage it without losing the working copy, then restore the committed README. Finally inspect the staged name-status summary; only the intended maintenance work should remain.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$66"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$67"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the supplied README mistake?"},"1":{"message":"Did you unstage only the README?"},"2":{"message":"Did you restore the README working copy?"},"3":{"message":"Did you verify the intended maintenance snapshot?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch5":{"title":"Commit and Verify the Volunteer Handoff","prompt":"Record the prepared maintenance snapshot with the message `Prepare volunteer project handoff`. Then inspect concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status.","hint":"Commit the staged maintenance work and audit the handoff.","help":{"concept":"`git commit` records the rename, removal, ignore policy, and generated-report untracking together. The history and status commands verify the final repository.","hint_1":"The ignored report and preview remain local.","hint_2":"Normal short status should be empty."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nAssignments and meeting times.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Prepare volunteer project handoff\"\ngit log --oneline\ngit show --stat --oneline HEAD\ngit status --short","instructions":"Record the prepared maintenance snapshot with the message `Prepare volunteer project handoff`. Then inspect concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$68"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$69"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the volunteer maintenance snapshot?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the final history?"},"2":{"message":"Did you inspect the final snapshot summary?"},"3":{"message":"Did you verify the clean tracked state?"}}}}},"description":"Finish the same volunteer-project repository with one generated report, one rename, one removal, one ignore rule, and one safe recovery.","title":"Prepare the Volunteer Project Handoff"}},"module-3-volunteer-project-maintenance":{"label":"Module Project: Clean the Volunteer Project Repository","summary":"Finish volunteer-project with path cleanup, one ignore rule, safe recovery, and a clean handoff.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Finish Volunteer Project Cleanly"},"project":{"title":"Prepare the Volunteer Project Handoff"}},"projectSteps":{"try_module_3_sketch0":{"title":"Rename Assignments to Roles"},"try_module_3_sketch1":{"title":"Remove the Obsolete Schedule"},"try_module_3_sketch2":{"title":"Write the Exact Ignore File"},"try_module_3_sketch3":{"title":"Stage the Ignore Policy"},"try_module_3_sketch4":{"title":"Create and Recover a README Mistake"},"try_module_3_sketch5":{"title":"Commit and Verify the Volunteer Project Handoff"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_module_3_sketch0":{"title":"Add the Generated Volunteer Report","prompt":"To simulate output from a volunteer reporting tool, create `volunteer-project/generated/report.txt` with exactly three lines: `Generated volunteer report`, a blank line, and `Prepared automatically from assignments.` Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add generated report`.","hint":"Record the supplied generated file once so you can later correct the tracking policy.","help":{"concept":"This mirrors the guided project: a generated file can be committed, but a later ignore policy should keep regeneratable output outside future snapshots.","hint_1":"Do not change the three existing project files.","hint_2":"The commit should add only the report."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short\ngit add generated/report.txt\ngit commit -m \"Add generated report\"","instructions":"To simulate output from a volunteer reporting tool, create `volunteer-project/generated/report.txt` with exactly three lines: `Generated volunteer report`, a blank line, and `Prepared automatically from assignments.` Save it, stage it, and commit it with the message `Add generated report`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$6a"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$6b"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the new report?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the report?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the generated report once?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch1":{"title":"Rename Assignments to Roles","prompt":"The volunteer team now treats these entries as ongoing roles rather than one-time assignments, so `roles.txt` is a clearer name. Rename tracked `assignments.txt` to `roles.txt` with Git.","hint":"Use the Git-aware move for the tracked path.","help":{"concept":"`git mv assignments.txt roles.txt` renames the file and stages the path change together.","hint_1":"Keep it in the repository root.","hint_2":"Do not edit its text."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git mv assignments.txt roles.txt","instructions":"The volunteer team now treats these entries as ongoing roles rather than one-time assignments, so `roles.txt` is a clearer name. Rename tracked `assignments.txt` to `roles.txt` with Git.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$6c"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$6d"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you rename the tracked assignment list to `roles.txt`?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch2":{"title":"Remove the Obsolete Meeting-Time File","prompt":"The orientation schedule has been moved elsewhere. Remove tracked `meeting-times.txt`, then inspect the staged name-status summary.","hint":"Stage the removal and review it with the rename.","help":{"concept":"`git rm meeting-times.txt` deletes and stages the tracked path. `git diff --staged --name-status` shows the intended rename and removal before the final commit.","hint_1":"Do not remove `README.md` or `roles.txt`.","hint_2":"Leave the cleanup staged."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git rm meeting-times.txt\ngit diff --staged --name-status","instructions":"The orientation schedule has been moved elsewhere. Remove tracked `meeting-times.txt`, then inspect the staged name-status summary.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$6e"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$6f"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the obsolete meeting-time removal?"},"1":{"message":"Did you review the staged path cleanup?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch3":{"title":"Apply the Volunteer Ignore Policy","prompt":"Create `volunteer-project/.gitignore` with exactly `generated/` on line 1. Save it. Stage `.gitignore`, stop tracking `generated/report.txt` without deleting it, and inspect status with ignored paths included.","hint":"Add the policy, preserve the local report, and keep the earlier rename and removal staged.","help":{"concept":"`git rm --cached generated/report.txt` removes the tracked relationship while preserving the working file. The `generated/` rule then classifies that local report as ignored.","hint_1":"Do not stage the generated report again.","hint_2":"The staged set should contain the rename, removal, `.gitignore`, and report untracking."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git add .gitignore\ngit rm --cached generated/report.txt\ngit status --short --ignored","instructions":"Create `volunteer-project/.gitignore` with exactly `generated/` on line 1. Save it. Stage `.gitignore`, stop tracking `generated/report.txt` without deleting it, and inspect status with ignored paths included.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$70"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$71"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the volunteer ignore policy?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stop tracking the report without deleting it?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify that the local report is ignored?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch4":{"title":"Recover an Accidental README Rewrite","prompt":"Open `volunteer-project/README.md`. Find `Volunteer coordination notes.` and replace it with `Accidental release rewrite.` Save the file. Stage the mistake, unstage it without losing the working copy, then restore the committed README. Finally inspect the staged name-status summary; only the intended maintenance work should remain.","hint":"Recover the staging layer first and the working-tree layer second.","help":{"concept":"`git restore --staged README.md` removes the mistake from the proposal; `git restore README.md` then repairs the working file. Other staged paths remain untouched.","hint_1":"Do not clear the rename, removal, or ignore-policy changes.","hint_2":"The final staged summary should not include README.md."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git add README.md\ngit restore --staged README.md\ngit restore README.md\ngit diff --staged --name-status","instructions":"Open `volunteer-project/README.md`. Find `Volunteer coordination notes.` and replace it with `Accidental release rewrite.` Save the file. Stage the mistake, unstage it without losing the working copy, then restore the committed README. Finally inspect the staged name-status summary; only the intended maintenance work should remain.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$72"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$73"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the supplied README mistake?"},"1":{"message":"Did you unstage only the README?"},"2":{"message":"Did you restore the README working copy?"},"3":{"message":"Did you verify the intended maintenance snapshot?"}}}},"try_module_3_sketch5":{"title":"Commit and Verify the Volunteer Handoff","prompt":"Record the prepared maintenance snapshot with the message `Prepare volunteer project handoff`. Then inspect concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status.","hint":"Commit the staged maintenance work and audit the handoff.","help":{"concept":"`git commit` records the rename, removal, ignore policy, and generated-report untracking together. The history and status commands verify the final repository.","hint_1":"The ignored report and preview remain local.","hint_2":"Normal short status should be empty."},"starterCode":"# Volunteer Project\n\nVolunteer coordination notes.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Prepare volunteer project handoff\"\ngit log --oneline\ngit show --stat --oneline HEAD\ngit status --short","instructions":"Record the prepared maintenance snapshot with the message `Prepare volunteer project handoff`. Then inspect concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$74"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$75"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the volunteer maintenance snapshot?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the final history?"},"2":{"message":"Did you inspect the final snapshot summary?"},"3":{"message":"Did you verify the clean tracked state?"}}}}},"description":"Finish the same volunteer-project repository with one generated report, one rename, one removal, one ignore rule, and one safe recovery.","title":"Prepare the Volunteer Project Handoff"}},"rename-and-remove-tracked-files":{"label":"Rename and Remove Tracked Files","summary":"Simplify community-project by renaming the schedule and removing the obsolete contact list.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Tracked Paths Change with the Project"},"sketch1":{"title":"Structural Changes Need Review"},"sketch3":{"title":"Group One Cleanup Purpose"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_rename_and_remove_tracked_files_sketch0":{"title":"Rename the Tracked Schedule","prompt":"Rename the tracked file by running:\n\n```bash\ngit mv schedule.txt events.txt\n```\n\nThis command renames the file in the working tree and stages the path change in one action. Git does not store a permanent rename object; when it compares snapshots, it recognizes that the same content moved from one path to another.\n\nLeave the staged rename uncommitted so you can review it with the next project change.\n","hint":"Use the Git-aware move for the tracked path.","help":{"concept":"`git mv schedule.txt events.txt` renames the working file and stages the path change in one action. Git records the before-and-after snapshots rather than storing a special rename object.","hint_1":"Keep the file in the repository root.","hint_2":"Do not edit its text."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git mv schedule.txt events.txt","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$76"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$77"}},"instructions":"The project now calls its schedule `events.txt`. Rename tracked `schedule.txt` to `events.txt` with Git so the path change is staged.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you rename the tracked schedule to `events.txt`?"}}}},"try_rename_and_remove_tracked_files_sketch1":{"title":"Remove the Obsolete Contact List","prompt":"Remove the tracked file by running:\n\n```bash\ngit rm contacts.txt\n```\n\nThis command deletes `contacts.txt` from the working tree and stages its removal in one action.\n\nThen inspect all staged path changes by running:\n\n```bash\ngit diff --staged --name-status\n```\n\nThe summary should show the removal of `contacts.txt` together with the staged rename from `schedule.txt` to `events.txt`. Git uses status letters such as `D` for a deleted file and `R` when it recognizes a likely rename.\n\nLeave both staged changes uncommitted.\n","hint":"Stage the tracked removal and review both structural changes.","help":{"concept":"`git rm contacts.txt` deletes the working file and stages its removal. `git diff --staged --name-status` summarizes staged path changes with status letters such as `D` for deletion and `R` for a likely rename.","hint_1":"Do not remove `README.md` or `events.txt`.","hint_2":"The summary should contain the rename and the contact removal."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git rm contacts.txt\ngit diff --staged --name-status","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$78"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$79"}},"instructions":"The contact list is no longer maintained in this project. Remove tracked `contacts.txt` with Git, then inspect the staged name-status summary together with the schedule rename.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the obsolete contact-list removal?"},"1":{"message":"Did you review both staged path changes?"}}}},"try_rename_and_remove_tracked_files_sketch3":{"title":"Commit the Structural Cleanup","prompt":"Record the staged changes with the exact commit message:\n\n```bash\ngit commit -m \"Organize community project files\"\n```\n\nThen run the short-status command to verify that no unfinished changes remain.\n\nA clean result confirms that the rename to `events.txt` and the removal of `contacts.txt` were both recorded successfully.\n","hint":"Commit the one-purpose path cleanup and verify the result.","help":{"concept":"`git commit -m ...` records the staged repository shape. `git status --short` then confirms that the working tree and staging area match the new snapshot.","hint_1":"Use the exact commit message.","hint_2":"The project should now contain only `README.md` and `events.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Organize community project files\"\ngit status --short","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$7a"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$7b"}},"instructions":"Record the staged rename and removal with the message `Organize community project files`. Then confirm that short status is clean.","terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the structural cleanup?"},"1":{"message":"Did you verify a clean state afterward?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of git mv","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of the `git mv` command?","hint":"`git mv` combines a working-tree path change with staging that change.","help":{"concept":"Use Git-aware structural operations, review the staged paths, and record a cleanup without losing earlier versions.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"To move a file without tracking","b":"To rename a file and stage the change","c":"To delete a file","d":"To create a new file"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Effect of git rm","prompt":"What happens when you use the `git rm` command?","hint":"`git rm` removes the working file and prepares that deletion for the next commit.","help":{"concept":"Use Git-aware structural operations, review the staged paths, and record a cleanup without losing earlier versions.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"The file is moved to a new location","b":"The file is removed from the working tree and staged for deletion","c":"The file is renamed","d":"The file is ignored"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Commands to Verify Staged Changes","prompt":"Which commands can you use to verify staged changes before committing?","hint":"Judge each option independently; choose only the statements that stay true in this exact repository state.","help":{"concept":"Use Git-aware structural operations, review the staged paths, and record a cleanup without losing earlier versions.","hint_1":"A partly true option is still wrong if it adds an effect Git does not guarantee.","hint_2":"Use the layer named in the prompt—working tree, staging area, or history—to test each choice."},"options":{"a":"git status","b":"git diff","c":"git diff --staged","d":"git log"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Steps to Rename and Commit a File","prompt":"Arrange the steps to rename a file and commit the change using Git.","hint":"Start with the state that must exist before the next action can make sense.","help":{"concept":"Use Git-aware structural operations, review the staged paths, and record a cleanup without losing earlier versions.","hint_1":"Track how the project moves from working files to a proposed snapshot and then to history.","hint_2":"Read the ordered steps as one continuous repository story."},"tokens":{"t1":"Use git mv to rename the file","t2":"Check the status with git status","t3":"Commit the change with git commit"}}}},"restore-without-rewriting-history":{"label":"Recover from Everyday Mistakes","summary":"Restore one unstaged mistake and one staged mistake without rewriting history.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Restore the Layer You Intend"},"sketch1":{"title":"Unstage Without Losing the File"},"sketch2":{"title":"A Staged Mistake May Need Two Actions"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_restore_without_rewriting_history_sketch0":{"title":"Restore an Unstaged README Mistake","prompt":"Open `community-project/README.md` and find:\n\n`Shared community activities and updates.`\n\nReplace it with:\n\n`Accidental rewrite.`\n\nSave the file. Before undoing anything, inspect the unstaged change in `README.md` so you can see exactly what would be discarded.\n\nThen restore the file:\n\n```bash\ngit restore README.md\n```\n\nBy default, `git restore` replaces the working copy with the version currently in the staging area. In this exercise, that staged version matches the current commit, so the accidental rewrite is removed and the committed README returns.\n\nThis command is useful when an unstaged edit is unwanted, but use it carefully: it discards the local change rather than saving it for later.\n\nFinally, inspect the short status and confirm that no tracked change remains.\n","hint":"Review the mistake first, then restore only the working-tree copy.","help":{"concept":"`git restore README.md` replaces the unstaged working copy with the version from the current commit. It does not create, delete, or rewrite earlier commits.","hint_1":"Use `git diff -- README.md` before restoring so you can see what will be discarded.","hint_2":"Ignored generated files may remain on disk without appearing in normal status."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- README.md\ngit restore README.md\ngit status --short","instructions":"Open `community-project/README.md`. Find `Shared community activities and updates.` and replace it with `Accidental rewrite.` Save the file. Inspect its unstaged diff, restore the committed README, and confirm with short status that no tracked change remains.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$7c"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$7d"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the README mistake before discarding it?"},"1":{"message":"Did you restore only the README working copy?"},"2":{"message":"Did you verify that no tracked change remains?"}}}},"try_restore_without_rewriting_history_sketch1":{"title":"Stage and Unstage an Events Mistake","prompt":"Open `community-project/events.txt` and find:\n\n`Saturday cleanup: 9:30 AM`\n\nReplace it with:\n\n`Saturday cleanup: midnight`\n\nSave the file, then stage the change:\n\n```bash\ngit add events.txt\n```\n\nAt this point, the mistaken edit is part of the proposed next snapshot.\n\nRemove it from the staging area by running:\n\n```bash\ngit restore --staged events.txt\n```\n\nThe `--staged` option changes only the staging layer. The edit remains in the working copy of `events.txt`, but it is no longer prepared for the next commit.\n\nDo not restore the file’s text yet.","hint":"Stage the supplied mistake, then correct only the staging layer.","help":{"concept":"`git restore --staged events.txt` replaces the staged version with the version from `HEAD` while preserving the current working-tree text. The unwanted edit therefore remains visible but unstaged.","hint_1":"Do not run plain `git restore events.txt` in this step.","hint_2":"The next exercise will restore the working copy."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git add events.txt\ngit restore --staged events.txt","instructions":"Open `community-project/events.txt`. Find `Saturday cleanup: 9:30 AM` and replace it with `Saturday cleanup: midnight`. Save the file. Stage the mistake, then remove it from the staging area without changing the working file. Do not restore the text yet.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$7e"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$7f"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the supplied events mistake?"},"1":{"message":"Did you unstage it without changing the working file?"}}}},"try_restore_without_rewriting_history_sketch2":{"title":"Restore the Remaining Events Mistake","prompt":"Now discard that unwanted edit and restore the file to the version stored in the current commit:\n\n```bash\ngit restore events.txt\n```\n\nThis second restore changes the working file itself. Together, the two commands correct the mistake in separate steps:\n\n* `git restore --staged events.txt` removed the change from the proposed snapshot.\n* `git restore events.txt` discarded the remaining working-tree edit.\n\nFinally, inspect the short status and confirm that no tracked changes remain unfinished.\n","hint":"Now correct the working-tree layer.","help":{"concept":"`git restore events.txt` replaces the remaining unstaged edit with the committed version. Because the staging area is already clean, one restore command completes the recovery.","hint_1":"The restored line should return to `Saturday cleanup: 9:30 AM`.","hint_2":"Normal short status should be empty."},"starterCode":"# Community Project\n\nShared community activities and updates.\n","solutionCode":"git restore events.txt\ngit status --short","instructions":"The incorrect midnight time remains unstaged in `events.txt`. Restore the committed file, then confirm that short status has no unfinished tracked changes.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$80"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$81"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you restore the remaining working-tree mistake?"},"1":{"message":"Did you verify the clean tracked state?"}}}}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of git restore","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of `git restore path` in this course?","hint":"Without `--staged`, `git restore` replaces an unwanted working-tree edit with the recorded version.","help":{"concept":"Correct working-tree and staging mistakes at the right layer while leaving existing commits untouched.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"To discard an unwanted working-tree edit","b":"To record a new commit","c":"To stage an untracked file","d":"To list earlier commits"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Effect of git restore --staged","prompt":"What happens when you use `git restore --staged` on a file?","hint":"The `--staged` option changes the staging area while preserving the current working-tree text.","help":{"concept":"Correct working-tree and staging mistakes at the right layer while leaving existing commits untouched.","hint_1":"Remove options that act on a different repository layer than the one named in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the answer that remains accurate even when other unrelated files exist."},"options":{"a":"The file is removed from the staging area but changes are kept","b":"The file is deleted from the repository","c":"The file is committed to the repository","d":"The file is reverted to the last committed state"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Choosing the Correct Restore Command","prompt":"Which commands can discard an unwanted working-tree edit and unstage a file?","hint":"Judge each option independently; choose only the statements that stay true in this exact repository state.","help":{"concept":"Correct working-tree and staging mistakes at the right layer while leaving existing commits untouched.","hint_1":"A partly true option is still wrong if it adds an effect Git does not guarantee.","hint_2":"Use the layer named in the prompt—working tree, staging area, or history—to test each choice."},"options":{"a":"git restore","b":"git restore --staged","c":"git commit","d":"git add"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Discard a Change That Is Already Staged","prompt":"Arrange the safe correction steps for a file whose accidental rewrite is both staged and present in the working tree.","hint":"Start with the state that must exist before the next action can make sense.","help":{"concept":"Correct working-tree and staging mistakes at the right layer while leaving existing commits untouched.","hint_1":"Track how the project moves from working files to a proposed snapshot and then to history.","hint_2":"Read the ordered steps as one continuous repository story."},"tokens":{"t1":"Remove the accidental version from the staging area","t2":"Restore the working file from the recorded version"}}}}},"git-foundations-module-4-final-capstone":{"final-neighborhood-resource-guide-history":{"label":"Final Capstone: Neighborhood Guide History","summary":"Build a compact four-file baseline and a clean four-commit local history.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Fresh Repository, Independent Transfer"},"project":{"title":"Complete the Neighborhood Guide Capstone"}},"projectSteps":{"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch0":{"title":"Initialize and Record the Baseline"},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch1":{"title":"Add the Neighborhood Resources File"},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch2":{"title":"Update the Help Desk Hours"},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch3":{"title":"Add the Generated-File Policy"},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch4":{"title":"Clean Tracked Paths and Recover a Mistake"},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch5":{"title":"Commit and Audit the Final Handoff"}},"finalCapstone":{"steps":{"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch0":{"title":"Initialize and Record the Guide Baseline","prompt":"Inside `neighborhood-guide/`, initialize a repository on `main` and store the supplied local author name and email. Stage the four baseline text files—`README.md`, `services.txt`, `hours.txt`, and `old-contacts.txt`—then record them with the message `Start neighborhood guide`.","hint":"Build the first snapshot from the four supplied text files.","help":{"concept":"This capstone combines the Module 1 workflow: initialize, configure local identity, stage the named files, and commit the first snapshot. No programming knowledge is involved.","hint_1":"Use the exact four paths and supplied identity.","hint_2":"Do not create additional files in this step."},"starterCode":"# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n","solutionCode":"git init -b main\ngit config --local user.name \"ZoeSkoul Learner\"\ngit config --local user.email \"learner@zoeskoul.local\"\ngit add README.md services.txt hours.txt old-contacts.txt\ngit commit -m \"Start neighborhood guide\"","instructions":"Inside `neighborhood-guide/`, initialize a repository on `main` and store the supplied local author name and email. Stage the four baseline text files—`README.md`, `services.txt`, `hours.txt`, and `old-contacts.txt`—then record them with the message `Start neighborhood guide`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- neighborhood-guide\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s '# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n' > neighborhood-guide/README.md\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s 'Help desk hours: 10 AM - 4 PM\n' > neighborhood-guide/hours.txt\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s 'Old contact list\n\nRetired phone tree.\n' > neighborhood-guide/old-contacts.txt\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s 'Neighborhood services\n\nWelcome desk\nFood pantry\n' > neighborhood-guide/services.txt\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"#!/usr/bin/env bash\nset -eu\nrm -rf -- neighborhood-guide\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s '# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n' > neighborhood-guide/README.md\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s 'Help desk hours: 10 AM - 4 PM\n' > neighborhood-guide/hours.txt\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s 'Old contact list\n\nRetired phone tree.\n' > neighborhood-guide/old-contacts.txt\nmkdir -p -- neighborhood-guide\nprintf %s 'Neighborhood services\n\nWelcome desk\nFood pantry\n' > neighborhood-guide/services.txt\n"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you initialize the guide on `main`?"},"1":{"message":"Did you store the supplied local name?"},"2":{"message":"Did you store the supplied local email?"},"3":{"message":"Did you stage the four baseline text files?"},"4":{"message":"Did you record the baseline with the requested message?"}}}},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch1":{"title":"Update the Neighborhood Services","prompt":"A neighborhood health clinic has joined the guide. Open `neighborhood-guide/services.txt`. Add `Health clinic` on a new line immediately after `Food pantry`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage the file, and commit it with the message `Update neighborhood services`.","hint":"Make the exact one-line addition and record it as one focused purpose.","help":{"concept":"`git diff -- services.txt` reviews the added service before staging. Staging and committing only that path creates a focused second snapshot without adding another project file.","hint_1":"Do not change the existing service lines.","hint_2":"The commit should affect only `services.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- services.txt\ngit add services.txt\ngit commit -m \"Update neighborhood services\"","instructions":"A neighborhood health clinic has joined the guide. Open `neighborhood-guide/services.txt`. Add `Health clinic` on a new line immediately after `Food pantry`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage the file, and commit it with the message `Update neighborhood services`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$82"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$83"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the service-list change?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the service list?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the service update separately?"}}}},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch2":{"title":"Update the Help Desk Hours","prompt":"The help desk has expanded its weekday availability. Open `neighborhood-guide/hours.txt`. Replace `Help desk hours: 10 AM - 4 PM` with `Help desk hours: 9 AM - 5 PM`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage it, and commit it with the message `Update help desk hours`.","hint":"Review the exact hours change before recording it.","help":{"concept":"The same focused workflow applies: diff the single file, stage it by name, and commit it as its own purpose.","hint_1":"Do not edit another file.","hint_2":"The third commit should affect only `hours.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n","solutionCode":"git diff -- hours.txt\ngit add hours.txt\ngit commit -m \"Update help desk hours\"","instructions":"The help desk has expanded its weekday availability. Open `neighborhood-guide/hours.txt`. Replace `Help desk hours: 10 AM - 4 PM` with `Help desk hours: 9 AM - 5 PM`. Save the file. Inspect the unstaged diff, stage it, and commit it with the message `Update help desk hours`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$84"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$85"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you inspect the hours change?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the hours file?"},"2":{"message":"Did you record the hours update separately?"}}}},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch3":{"title":"Clean Paths and Recover a README Mistake","prompt":"The guide now distinguishes community services from other future resources, and the retired phone tree is no longer distributed. Open `neighborhood-guide/README.md`. Replace `Local services and opening hours.` with `Accidental rewrite.` and save. Stage that mistake, rename tracked `services.txt` to `community-services.txt`, and remove tracked `old-contacts.txt`. Then unstage and restore only the README mistake. Inspect the staged name-status summary; it should contain the rename and removal, but not `README.md`.","hint":"Keep the intended path maintenance staged while recovering the accidental README edit.","help":{"concept":"Use `git mv` and `git rm` for the intended changes. Use `git restore --staged README.md` followed by `git restore README.md` to remove the mistake from both current layers without disturbing the other staged work.","hint_1":"Do not remove `hours.txt`.","hint_2":"The final staged summary should contain only the rename and removal."},"starterCode":"# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n","solutionCode":"git add README.md\ngit mv services.txt community-services.txt\ngit rm old-contacts.txt\ngit restore --staged README.md\ngit restore README.md\ngit diff --staged --name-status","instructions":"The guide now distinguishes community services from other future resources, and the retired phone tree is no longer distributed. Open `neighborhood-guide/README.md`. Replace `Local services and opening hours.` with `Accidental rewrite.` and save. Stage that mistake, rename tracked `services.txt` to `community-services.txt`, and remove tracked `old-contacts.txt`. Then unstage and restore only the README mistake. Inspect the staged name-status summary; it should contain the rename and removal, but not `README.md`.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$86"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$87"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you stage the supplied README mistake?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage the service-file rename?"},"2":{"message":"Did you stage the obsolete contact-list removal?"},"3":{"message":"Did you unstage only the README mistake?"},"4":{"message":"Did you restore the README working copy?"},"5":{"message":"Did you review the path-maintenance proposal?"}}}},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch4":{"title":"Add the Generated-File Policy","prompt":"A local preview is generated for review and should not become part of repository history. Create `neighborhood-guide/.gitignore` with exactly `generated/` on line 1. Create `neighborhood-guide/generated/preview.txt` containing `Temporary neighborhood preview.` Inspect status with ignored paths included, then stage only `.gitignore`. Keep the rename and removal staged.","hint":"Add one policy file and one ignored preview after the obsolete file has already been removed.","help":{"concept":"The `generated/` rule keeps the preview outside future snapshots. `git status --short --ignored` verifies it with `!!`, while `git add .gitignore` adds only the policy to the existing maintenance proposal.","hint_1":"Do not force-add the preview.","hint_2":"The staged set should contain the rename, removal, and `.gitignore`."},"starterCode":"# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n","solutionCode":"git status --short --ignored\ngit add .gitignore","instructions":"A local preview is generated for review and should not become part of repository history. Create `neighborhood-guide/.gitignore` with exactly `generated/` on line 1. Create `neighborhood-guide/generated/preview.txt` containing `Temporary neighborhood preview.` Inspect status with ignored paths included, then stage only `.gitignore`. Keep the rename and removal staged.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$88"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$89"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you verify the ignored preview?"},"1":{"message":"Did you stage only the ignore policy?"}}}},"try_final_neighborhood_resource_guide_history_sketch5":{"title":"Commit and Audit the Final Handoff","prompt":"Record the prepared maintenance snapshot with the message `Prepare neighborhood guide handoff`. Then inspect concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status. The capstone should end with four focused commits and no unfinished tracked work.","hint":"Commit once, then verify timeline, latest snapshot, and current state.","help":{"concept":"The final commit records the ignore policy, service-file rename, and obsolete-file removal. The three inspection commands confirm the complete four-commit story and clean handoff.","hint_1":"The ignored preview remains on disk but outside normal status.","hint_2":"The newest commit should be the maintenance handoff."},"starterCode":"# Neighborhood Guide\n\nLocal services and opening hours.\n","solutionCode":"git commit -m \"Prepare neighborhood guide handoff\"\ngit log --oneline\ngit show --stat --oneline HEAD\ngit status --short","instructions":"Record the prepared maintenance snapshot with the message `Prepare neighborhood guide handoff`. Then inspect concise history, the newest commit summary, and final short status. The capstone should end with four focused commits and no unfinished tracked work.","starterFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$8a"}},"solutionFiles":{"zoeskoul_setup_sh":{"content":"$8b"}},"terminalExpectations":{"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"That action can discard or rewrite history. Use the safe, layer-specific workflow taught in this course."}},"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Did you record the final maintenance snapshot?"},"1":{"message":"Did you inspect the four-entry history?"},"2":{"message":"Did you inspect the latest snapshot summary?"},"3":{"message":"Did you verify the clean final state?"}}}}},"description":"The capstone starts in `neighborhood-guide/` with no history from the other projects. File edits are still supplied exactly because this is a Git assessment. Your responsibility is to apply initialization, focused history, path maintenance, ignore rules, safe restore, and final verification across six cumulative steps.","title":"Complete the Neighborhood Guide Capstone"}}}},"linear-algebra":{"linear-algebra-0":{"vectors":{"label":"Vectors: meaning, dimension, and basic operations","summary":"Start with what a vector really is, how dimension works, and how to add or scale vectors.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Vectors as packets of information"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: vectors"}}},"numpy":{"label":"NumPy shapes: 1D, row, column, broadcasting","summary":"Learn the difference between mathematical dimension and NumPy shape so your code behaves the way you expect.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Why shape matters in Python"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: NumPy vectors"}}},"dot":{"label":"Dot product: one number that measures alignment","summary":"Compute dot products and connect the sign of the result to geometry and angle.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Dot product as alignment"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: dot product"}}},"products":{"label":"Hadamard vs outer product","summary":"Separate element-wise multiplication from matrix-building multiplication.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Two very different products"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: products"}}},"projection":{"label":"Projection: the part that points along a direction","summary":"Use projection to isolate the along-the-line part of a vector and separate it from the perpendicular part.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Projection as a shadow"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: projection"}}}},"linear-algebra-2":{"vector_spaces":{"label":"Vector spaces: the rules that make linear algebra work","summary":"Learn the axioms behind vector spaces and why closure, the zero vector, and scalar multiplication matter.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"What makes a set a vector space?"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: vector spaces"}}},"subspaces":{"label":"Subspaces: smaller spaces living inside bigger ones","summary":"Understand when a subset of a vector space inherits the same structure and becomes a subspace.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Subspaces inside larger spaces"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: subspaces"}}},"linear_combinations":{"label":"Linear combinations and span","summary":"Build new vectors from old ones and understand how span describes everything you can reach.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Building vectors from ingredients"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: linear combinations"}}},"linear_independence":{"label":"Linear independence","summary":"Learn when vectors carry genuinely new information and when one vector is redundant.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Redundancy vs independence"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: linear independence"}}},"basis_dimension":{"label":"Basis and dimension","summary":"See how independence and span combine into basis, and how dimension measures the size of a space.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"The minimal building blocks of a space"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: basis and dimension"}}},"transpose":{"label":"Transpose","summary":"Understand transpose as flipping rows and columns and learn the main algebra rules it obeys.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Flipping rows into columns"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: transpose"}}},"determinant":{"label":"Determinant","summary":"Compute determinants and connect them to area scaling, orientation, and invertibility.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Determinant as scaling and orientation"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: determinant"}}},"inverse":{"label":"Inverse","summary":"Learn what an inverse matrix does, when it exists, and how it undoes a transformation.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Undoing a linear transformation"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: inverse"}}},"eigenvalues_eigenvectors":{"label":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","summary":"Study the special directions a matrix only stretches or flips, and the scaling factors attached to them.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"Special directions that keep their line"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: eigenvalues and eigenvectors"}}}}},"linux-terminal-fundamentals":{"linux-module-1-terminal-navigation":{"module-1-terminal-map-project":{"label":"Navigation Checkpoint: Campus Folder Tour","summary":"Use pwd, ls, and cd to inspect a prepared folder tree without changing it.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Campus folder tour"},"project":{"title":"Project steps"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"module-1-terminal-map-project-terminal-task-1":{"title":"Find the club hub","prompt":"The school club has a prepared folder tree. Use `ls`, enter `club-hub`, and use `pwd` to confirm you are inside it. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Carry the same campus map forward and inspect each stop before changing directories.","help":{"concept":"This project grades a repeatable navigation process using `pwd`, `ls`, and `cd`.","hint_1":"Carry the same campus map forward and inspect each stop before changing directories.","hint_2":"Do not invent replacement folders; prove the requested destination with terminal output. The current task asks: The school club has a prepared folder tree. Use `ls`, enter `club-hub`, and use `pwd` to confirm you are inside it."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this project step.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `ls` to inspect the starting folder."},"1":{"message":"Enter `club-hub` with `cd club-hub`."},"2":{"message":"Use `pwd` to confirm where you are."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"club_hub_newsletter_draft_txt":{"content":"Newsletter draft\n"},"club_hub_events_checklist_txt":{"content":"Event checklist\n"},"club_hub_archive_old_note_txt":{"content":"Old note\n"}}},"module-1-terminal-map-project-terminal-task-2":{"title":"Inspect the newsletter folder","prompt":"From the club hub, move into `newsletter`, list its contents, then move back up one folder. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Carry the same campus map forward and inspect each stop before changing directories.","help":{"concept":"This project grades a repeatable navigation process using `pwd`, `ls`, and `cd`.","hint_1":"Carry the same campus map forward and inspect each stop before changing directories.","hint_2":"Do not invent replacement folders; prove the requested destination with terminal output. The current task asks: From the club hub, move into `newsletter`, list its contents, then move back up one folder."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this project step.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Enter the newsletter folder."},"1":{"message":"Use `cd ..` to go back up."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"club_hub_newsletter_draft_txt":{"content":"Newsletter draft\n"},"club_hub_events_checklist_txt":{"content":"Event checklist\n"},"club_hub_archive_old_note_txt":{"content":"Old note\n"}}},"module-1-terminal-map-project-terminal-task-3":{"title":"End in the events folder","prompt":"Use what you learned to end inside `club-hub/events`. Run `pwd` and `ls` there so the next teammate knows you found the right place. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Carry the same campus map forward and inspect each stop before changing directories.","help":{"concept":"This project grades a repeatable navigation process using `pwd`, `ls`, and `cd`.","hint_1":"Carry the same campus map forward and inspect each stop before changing directories.","hint_2":"Do not invent replacement folders; prove the requested destination with terminal output. The current task asks: Use what you learned to end inside `club-hub/events`. Run `pwd` and `ls` there so the next teammate knows you found the right place."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this project step.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Move into the events folder."},"1":{"message":"Use `pwd` before finishing."},"2":{"message":"List the final folder."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"club_hub_newsletter_draft_txt":{"content":"Newsletter draft\n"},"club_hub_events_checklist_txt":{"content":"Event checklist\n"},"club_hub_archive_old_note_txt":{"content":"Old note\n"}}}}}},"moving-around":{"label":"Moving Around with cd","summary":"Move between folders with cd, cd .., and simple relative paths.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Use `cd` to enter a folder"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use `cd ..` to go up one folder"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use simple relative paths"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-cd-purpose":{"title":"What `cd` does","prompt":"What does `cd` do?","hint":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","help":{"concept":"`cd` changes the current directory; `..` means one parent level and a relative path begins from the current directory.","hint_1":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","hint_2":"Run `pwd` or `ls` after moving so the destination is proven rather than assumed. The current task asks: What does `cd` do?"},"options":{"a":"Changes the current folder","b":"Copies a file","c":"Deletes a file","d":"Prints file content"}},"sc-parent-folder":{"title":"Meaning of `..`","prompt":"In a path, what does `..` mean?","hint":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","help":{"concept":"`cd` changes the current directory; `..` means one parent level and a relative path begins from the current directory.","hint_1":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","hint_2":"Run `pwd` or `ls` after moving so the destination is proven rather than assumed. The current task asks: In a path, what does `..` mean?"},"options":{"a":"The parent folder","b":"A hidden file","c":"The current file","d":"The root password"}},"mc-check-after-cd":{"title":"Check after moving","prompt":"Which commands can help confirm where you are after `cd`?","hint":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","help":{"concept":"`cd` changes the current directory; `..` means one parent level and a relative path begins from the current directory.","hint_1":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","hint_2":"Run `pwd` or `ls` after moving so the destination is proven rather than assumed. The current task asks: Which commands can help confirm where you are after `cd`?"},"options":{"a":"pwd","b":"ls","c":"rm","d":"sudo"}},"dr-navigate-and-check":{"title":"Move and confirm","prompt":"Put the navigation routine in order.","hint":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","help":{"concept":"`cd` changes the current directory; `..` means one parent level and a relative path begins from the current directory.","hint_1":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","hint_2":"Run `pwd` or `ls` after moving so the destination is proven rather than assumed. The current task asks: Put the navigation routine in order."},"tokens":{"t1":"Type `ls` to find a folder","t2":"Type `cd folder-name`","t3":"Type `pwd` or `ls` to confirm"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"moving-around-try-it-1":{"title":"Enter the newsletter folder","prompt":"The workspace has a `newsletter` folder. Move into it with `cd newsletter`, then use `pwd` to confirm. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","help":{"concept":"`cd` changes the current directory; `..` means one parent level and a relative path begins from the current directory.","hint_1":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","hint_2":"Run `pwd` or `ls` after moving so the destination is proven rather than assumed. The current task asks: The workspace has a `newsletter` folder. Move into it with `cd newsletter`, then use `pwd` to confirm."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `cd newsletter` to enter the folder."},"1":{"message":"Use `pwd` to confirm where you landed."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"newsletter_brief_txt":{"content":"Community newsletter brief\n"}}},"moving-around-try-it-2":{"title":"Return from the returns folder","prompt":"You are starting inside `library-kit/returns`. Use `cd ..` to move back to `library-kit`, then type `pwd`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","help":{"concept":"`cd` changes the current directory; `..` means one parent level and a relative path begins from the current directory.","hint_1":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","hint_2":"Run `pwd` or `ls` after moving so the destination is proven rather than assumed. The current task asks: You are starting inside `library-kit/returns`. Use `cd ..` to move back to `library-kit`, then type `pwd`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `cd ..` to go up one folder."},"1":{"message":"Use `pwd` to confirm the library-kit folder."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"library_kit_returns_today_txt":{"content":"Three books returned\n"}}},"moving-around-try-it-3":{"title":"Reach the museum signs folder","prompt":"Move into the signs folder with one relative path: `cd museum-tour/signs`. Then type `ls`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","help":{"concept":"`cd` changes the current directory; `..` means one parent level and a relative path begins from the current directory.","hint_1":"Confirm the starting location with `pwd`, then follow the folder names in order.","hint_2":"Run `pwd` or `ls` after moving so the destination is proven rather than assumed. The current task asks: Move into the signs folder with one relative path: `cd museum-tour/signs`. Then type `ls`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `cd museum-tour/signs` to enter the nested folder."},"1":{"message":"Use `ls` to inspect the signs folder."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"museum_tour_signs_labels_txt":{"content":"Entrance\nExit\n"}}}},"try_moving_around_sketch0":{"title":"Enter the newsletter folder","prompt":"Move into `newsletter` and confirm. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_moving_around_sketch1":{"title":"Return from the returns folder","prompt":"Move up from `returns` to `library-kit`. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_moving_around_sketch2":{"title":"Reach the museum signs folder","prompt":"Use one relative path to reach the signs. Press **Enter** after each command."}}},"what-the-terminal-is":{"label":"What the Terminal Is","summary":"Meet the terminal as a calm place to type commands, read output, and check before changing anything.","cards":{"course-introduction":{"title":"Course introduction"},"sketch0":{"title":"The terminal is a command conversation"},"sketch1":{"title":"Prompt, command, and output"},"sketch2":{"title":"Start with safe inspection"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-terminal-output":{"title":"What output means","prompt":"In the terminal, what is output?","hint":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","help":{"concept":"The terminal follows a command → output → verification cycle.","hint_1":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","hint_2":"Use the requested safe inspection command and compare its output with the exact task. The current task asks: In the terminal, what is output?"},"options":{"a":"The text the terminal prints after a command","b":"A folder that stores commands","c":"A file that must be deleted","d":"The name of the mouse pointer"}},"mc-safe-inspection":{"title":"Safe first commands","prompt":"Which commands are safe inspection commands in this course?","hint":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","help":{"concept":"The terminal follows a command → output → verification cycle.","hint_1":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","hint_2":"Use the requested safe inspection command and compare its output with the exact task. The current task asks: Which commands are safe inspection commands in this course?"},"options":{"a":"pwd","b":"ls","c":"rm","d":"mv"}},"dr-terminal-flow":{"title":"Order a terminal interaction","prompt":"Put the parts of a simple terminal interaction in order.","hint":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","help":{"concept":"The terminal follows a command → output → verification cycle.","hint_1":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","hint_2":"Use the requested safe inspection command and compare its output with the exact task. The current task asks: Put the parts of a simple terminal interaction in order."},"tokens":{"t1":"The prompt appears","t2":"You type a command","t3":"You press Enter","t4":"You read the output"}},"sc-before-changing":{"title":"Before changing files","prompt":"What is the best first move in a new workspace?","hint":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","help":{"concept":"The terminal follows a command → output → verification cycle.","hint_1":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","hint_2":"Use the requested safe inspection command and compare its output with the exact task. The current task asks: What is the best first move in a new workspace?"},"options":{"a":"Inspect where you are and what is nearby","b":"Delete temporary-looking files immediately","c":"Move every file into one folder","d":"Use sudo just in case"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"what-terminal-is-try-it-1":{"title":"Identify the welcome desk folder","prompt":"You opened the welcome desk workspace. Type `pwd` to print its full folder path. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","help":{"concept":"The terminal follows a command → output → verification cycle.","hint_1":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","hint_2":"Use the requested safe inspection command and compare its output with the exact task. The current task asks: You opened the welcome desk workspace. Type `pwd` to print its full folder path."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Type `pwd` to print the current folder."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"welcome_desk_shift_note_txt":{"content":"Morning volunteer shift\n"}}},"what-terminal-is-try-it-2":{"title":"Inspect the supply room","prompt":"Before changing anything in the supply room, type `ls` to see the files already there. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","help":{"concept":"The terminal follows a command → output → verification cycle.","hint_1":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","hint_2":"Use the requested safe inspection command and compare its output with the exact task. The current task asks: Before changing anything in the supply room, type `ls` to see the files already there."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Type `ls` to list the supply room."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"supply_room_labels_txt":{"content":"Name tags\n"},"supply_room_inventory_txt":{"content":"Markers\nTape\n"}}},"what-terminal-is-try-it-3":{"title":"Use the first safe check","prompt":"A teammate left you at the check-in desk. Type `pwd`, then `ls`, before deciding what to do next. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","help":{"concept":"The terminal follows a command → output → verification cycle.","hint_1":"Separate the prompt from the command and read the response before continuing.","hint_2":"Use the requested safe inspection command and compare its output with the exact task. The current task asks: A teammate left you at the check-in desk. Type `pwd`, then `ls`, before deciding what to do next."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Type `pwd` first to confirm your location."},"1":{"message":"Type `ls` to inspect the current folder."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"check_in_arrival_note_txt":{"content":"Open doors at 8:00\n"}}}},"try_what_the_terminal_is_sketch0":{"title":"Identify the welcome desk folder","prompt":"Ask the terminal where the welcome desk is. Press **Enter** to run the command."},"try_what_the_terminal_is_sketch1":{"title":"Inspect the supply room","prompt":"List what is stored in the supply room. Press **Enter** to run the command."},"try_what_the_terminal_is_sketch2":{"title":"Use the first safe check","prompt":"Confirm your location, then inspect it. Press **Enter** after each command."}}},"where-am-i":{"label":"Where Am I? pwd and ls","summary":"Use pwd and ls together to understand your current location before touching files.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"`pwd` shows your current folder"},"sketch1":{"title":"`ls` shows what is nearby"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use `pwd` and `ls` as a pair"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-pwd-purpose":{"title":"What `pwd` tells you","prompt":"Which command shows the full path to your current folder?","hint":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` confirms the current directory and `ls` reports the names inside it.","hint_1":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","hint_2":"Do not create or move files in an inspection task; verify location and names only. The current task asks: Which command shows the full path to your current folder?"},"options":{"a":"pwd","b":"ls","c":"cd","d":"touch"}},"sc-ls-purpose":{"title":"What `ls` shows","prompt":"Which command lists the files and folders in the current folder?","hint":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` confirms the current directory and `ls` reports the names inside it.","hint_1":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","hint_2":"Do not create or move files in an inspection task; verify location and names only. The current task asks: Which command lists the files and folders in the current folder?"},"options":{"a":"pwd","b":"mkdir","c":"ls","d":"rm"}},"mc-inspection-commands":{"title":"Commands that only inspect","prompt":"Choose the commands that inspect without creating, moving, or removing files.","hint":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` confirms the current directory and `ls` reports the names inside it.","hint_1":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","hint_2":"Do not create or move files in an inspection task; verify location and names only. The current task asks: Choose the commands that inspect without creating, moving, or removing files."},"options":{"a":"pwd","b":"ls","c":"mv","d":"rm"}},"dr-safe-check-order":{"title":"A safe first check","prompt":"Put the safe first-check routine in order.","hint":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` confirms the current directory and `ls` reports the names inside it.","hint_1":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","hint_2":"Do not create or move files in an inspection task; verify location and names only. The current task asks: Put the safe first-check routine in order."},"tokens":{"t1":"Type `pwd`","t2":"Type `ls`","t3":"Choose the next command"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"where-am-i-try-it-1":{"title":"Confirm the newsroom location","prompt":"The editor opened a newsroom workspace for you. Type `pwd` to confirm its full path. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` confirms the current directory and `ls` reports the names inside it.","hint_1":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","hint_2":"Do not create or move files in an inspection task; verify location and names only. The current task asks: The editor opened a newsroom workspace for you. Type `pwd` to confirm its full path."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `pwd` to print the newsroom path."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"newsroom_assignment_txt":{"content":"Draft the Saturday update\n"}}},"where-am-i-try-it-2":{"title":"See what is on the art table","prompt":"You are at the art table. Type `ls` to see which supply notes are waiting here. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` confirms the current directory and `ls` reports the names inside it.","hint_1":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","hint_2":"Do not create or move files in an inspection task; verify location and names only. The current task asks: You are at the art table. Type `ls` to see which supply notes are waiting here."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `ls` to list the art table."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"art_table_brushes_txt":{"content":"Small brush\nLarge brush\n"},"art_table_paint_list_txt":{"content":"Blue\nYellow\n"}}},"where-am-i-try-it-3":{"title":"Orient yourself at the event desk","prompt":"Before touching the event desk files, type `pwd` and then `ls`. Read both results. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","help":{"concept":"`pwd` confirms the current directory and `ls` reports the names inside it.","hint_1":"Run `pwd` before interpreting a relative path, then use `ls` on the folder named in the task.","hint_2":"Do not create or move files in an inspection task; verify location and names only. The current task asks: Before touching the event desk files, type `pwd` and then `ls`. Read both results."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `pwd` to confirm the event desk path."},"1":{"message":"Use `ls` to inspect the event desk."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"event_desk_run_sheet_txt":{"content":"Doors open at 6:00\n"},"event_desk_contact_txt":{"content":"Call the coordinator\n"}}}},"try_where_am_i_sketch0":{"title":"Confirm the newsroom location","prompt":"Print the newsroom path. Press **Enter** to run the command."},"try_where_am_i_sketch1":{"title":"See what is on the art table","prompt":"List the art table files. Press **Enter** to run the command."},"try_where_am_i_sketch2":{"title":"Orient yourself at the event desk","prompt":"Check the event desk before editing. Press **Enter** after each command."}}}},"linux-module-2-files-and-folders":{"copy-move-rename":{"label":"Copy, Move, and Rename","summary":"Use cp and mv to prepare a clean handoff without losing the original when a backup matters.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Use `cp` when you need a backup"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use `mv` to move a file"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use `mv` to rename a file"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-copy-keeps-original":{"title":"Copy without removing original","prompt":"Which command copies `a.txt` to `b.txt` and keeps `a.txt`?","hint":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","help":{"concept":"`cp` preserves the source by creating a copy; `mv` relocates or renames the source.","hint_1":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","hint_2":"Verify both locations: a copy leaves both files, while a move or rename removes the old path. The current task asks: Which command copies `a.txt` to `b.txt` and keeps `a.txt`?"},"options":{"a":"cp a.txt b.txt","b":"mv a.txt b.txt","c":"rm a.txt","d":"cd a.txt"}},"sc-move-command":{"title":"Move into a folder","prompt":"Which command moves `note.txt` into `handoff/note.txt`?","hint":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","help":{"concept":"`cp` preserves the source by creating a copy; `mv` relocates or renames the source.","hint_1":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","hint_2":"Verify both locations: a copy leaves both files, while a move or rename removes the old path. The current task asks: Which command moves `note.txt` into `handoff/note.txt`?"},"options":{"a":"mv note.txt handoff/note.txt","b":"cp note.txt","c":"cat handoff/note.txt","d":"pwd note.txt"}},"mc-mv-uses":{"title":"Two uses of `mv`","prompt":"What can `mv` do in this course?","hint":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","help":{"concept":"`cp` preserves the source by creating a copy; `mv` relocates or renames the source.","hint_1":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","hint_2":"Verify both locations: a copy leaves both files, while a move or rename removes the old path. The current task asks: What can `mv` do in this course?"},"options":{"a":"Move a file into another folder","b":"Rename a file","c":"Count lines","d":"Print the current folder"}},"dr-backup-then-move":{"title":"Safe handoff order","prompt":"Put these handoff steps in a safe order.","hint":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","help":{"concept":"`cp` preserves the source by creating a copy; `mv` relocates or renames the source.","hint_1":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","hint_2":"Verify both locations: a copy leaves both files, while a move or rename removes the old path. The current task asks: Put these handoff steps in a safe order."},"tokens":{"t1":"Copy a backup if needed","t2":"Move the working file into handoff","t3":"List the folder to verify"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"copy-move-rename-try-it-1":{"title":"Back up the attendee list","prompt":"Before registration opens, copy `attendee-list.txt` to `attendee-list-backup.txt`, then list the folder. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","help":{"concept":"`cp` preserves the source by creating a copy; `mv` relocates or renames the source.","hint_1":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","hint_2":"Verify both locations: a copy leaves both files, while a move or rename removes the old path. The current task asks: Before registration opens, copy `attendee-list.txt` to `attendee-list-backup.txt`, then list the folder."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `cp` to create the attendee list backup."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"registration_attendee_list_txt":{"content":"Amina\nDiego\nMaya\n"}}},"copy-move-rename-try-it-2":{"title":"Move a banner note to handoff","prompt":"The banner note is ready for the handoff team. Move `banner-note.txt` to `handoff/banner-note.txt`, then list `handoff`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","help":{"concept":"`cp` preserves the source by creating a copy; `mv` relocates or renames the source.","hint_1":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","hint_2":"Verify both locations: a copy leaves both files, while a move or rename removes the old path. The current task asks: The banner note is ready for the handoff team. Move `banner-note.txt` to `handoff/banner-note.txt`, then list `handoff`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `mv` to place the banner note in handoff."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"sign_shop_banner_note_txt":{"content":"Hang the welcome banner by 8:30.\n"},"sign_shop_handoff_keep":{"content":""}}},"copy-move-rename-try-it-3":{"title":"Rename the approved schedule","prompt":"The schedule is approved. Rename `schedule-draft.txt` to `schedule-final.txt`, then list the folder. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","help":{"concept":"`cp` preserves the source by creating a copy; `mv` relocates or renames the source.","hint_1":"Read the source and destination paths from left to right before running the command.","hint_2":"Verify both locations: a copy leaves both files, while a move or rename removes the old path. The current task asks: The schedule is approved. Rename `schedule-draft.txt` to `schedule-final.txt`, then list the folder."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `mv` to rename the approved schedule."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"schedule_desk_schedule_draft_txt":{"content":"Opening: 9:00\nWorkshop: 10:30\n"}}}},"try_copy_move_rename_sketch0":{"title":"Back up the attendee list","prompt":"Copy a different important file. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_copy_move_rename_sketch1":{"title":"Move a banner note to handoff","prompt":"Move a different file into handoff. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_copy_move_rename_sketch2":{"title":"Rename the approved schedule","prompt":"Rename a different approved draft. Press **Enter** after each command."}}},"creating-folders-and-files":{"label":"Creating Folders and Files","summary":"Create useful folder structures with mkdir, mkdir -p, and touch.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Create one folder with `mkdir`"},"sketch1":{"title":"Create nested folders with `mkdir -p`"},"sketch2":{"title":"Create empty files with `touch`"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-mkdir-purpose":{"title":"What `mkdir` creates","prompt":"What does `mkdir` create?","hint":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","help":{"concept":"`mkdir` creates folders, `mkdir -p` creates missing parent paths, and `touch` creates an empty file.","hint_1":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls` commands to verify each new folder or file before checking the answer. The current task asks: What does `mkdir` create?"},"options":{"a":"A folder","b":"A printed file preview","c":"A deleted file","d":"A password"}},"mc-mkdir-p-use":{"title":"When `mkdir -p` helps","prompt":"When is `mkdir -p` useful?","hint":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","help":{"concept":"`mkdir` creates folders, `mkdir -p` creates missing parent paths, and `touch` creates an empty file.","hint_1":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls` commands to verify each new folder or file before checking the answer. The current task asks: When is `mkdir -p` useful?"},"options":{"a":"When parent folders may not exist yet","b":"When creating nested folders","c":"When deleting a file","d":"When printing file text"}},"sc-touch-purpose":{"title":"What `touch` creates","prompt":"What does `touch notes.txt` do if `notes.txt` does not exist?","hint":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","help":{"concept":"`mkdir` creates folders, `mkdir -p` creates missing parent paths, and `touch` creates an empty file.","hint_1":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls` commands to verify each new folder or file before checking the answer. The current task asks: What does `touch notes.txt` do if `notes.txt` does not exist?"},"options":{"a":"Creates an empty file","b":"Prints the file","c":"Moves the file","d":"Deletes the file"}},"dr-folder-before-file":{"title":"Folders before files","prompt":"Put the setup steps in a safe order.","hint":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","help":{"concept":"`mkdir` creates folders, `mkdir -p` creates missing parent paths, and `touch` creates an empty file.","hint_1":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls` commands to verify each new folder or file before checking the answer. The current task asks: Put the setup steps in a safe order."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create the parent folder","t2":"Create files inside it","t3":"List the folder to check"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"creating-folders-and-files-try-it-1":{"title":"Create a volunteer desk folder","prompt":"The event team needs one place for volunteer notes. Create a folder named `volunteer-desk`, then list the current folder. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","help":{"concept":"`mkdir` creates folders, `mkdir -p` creates missing parent paths, and `touch` creates an empty file.","hint_1":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls` commands to verify each new folder or file before checking the answer. The current task asks: The event team needs one place for volunteer notes. Create a folder named `volunteer-desk`, then list the current folder."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `mkdir` to create the volunteer desk folder."},"1":{"message":"Use `ls` to confirm the folder exists."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}}},"creating-folders-and-files-try-it-2":{"title":"Build an event pack","prompt":"Set up `event-pack/signs` and `event-pack/schedules`. One `mkdir -p` command or separate safe commands are both valid. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","help":{"concept":"`mkdir` creates folders, `mkdir -p` creates missing parent paths, and `touch` creates an empty file.","hint_1":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls` commands to verify each new folder or file before checking the answer. The current task asks: Set up `event-pack/signs` and `event-pack/schedules`. One `mkdir -p` command or separate safe commands are both valid."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `mkdir` or `mkdir -p` to build the folders."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}}},"creating-folders-and-files-try-it-3":{"title":"Create planning board files","prompt":"You are starting inside `planning-board`. Create `tasks.txt` and `contacts.txt` with `touch`, then list the folder. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","help":{"concept":"`mkdir` creates folders, `mkdir -p` creates missing parent paths, and `touch` creates an empty file.","hint_1":"Create parent folders before files and copy every required path exactly.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls` commands to verify each new folder or file before checking the answer. The current task asks: You are starting inside `planning-board`. Create `tasks.txt` and `contacts.txt` with `touch`, then list the folder."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `touch` to create the two planning files."},"1":{"message":"Use `ls` to confirm both files are present."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"planning_board_readme_txt":{"content":"Planning board workspace\n"}}}},"try_creating_folders_and_files_sketch0":{"title":"Create a volunteer desk folder","prompt":"Create `volunteer-desk`. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_creating_folders_and_files_sketch1":{"title":"Build an event pack","prompt":"Create two nested event folders. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_creating_folders_and_files_sketch2":{"title":"Create planning board files","prompt":"Create two files inside `planning-board`. Press **Enter** after each command."}}},"module-2-notes-organizer-project":{"label":"Project: Class Notes Handoff","summary":"Build a notes workspace, write a handoff file, move notes, and remove only temporary scratch.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Class notes handoff"},"project":{"title":"Project steps"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"module-2-notes-organizer-project-terminal-task-1":{"title":"Create the notes workspace","prompt":"Create a clean notes organizer with `inbox`, `handoff`, and `archive` folders. Then list the top folder. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Begin from the previous working step and add only the new workspace change named here.","help":{"concept":"This project chains folder creation, writing, moving, reading, and one exact safe deletion.","hint_1":"Begin from the previous working step and add only the new workspace change named here.","hint_2":"Verify the organizer with `ls` and `cat`; preserve the real notes and remove only the scratch file. The current task asks: Create a clean notes organizer with `inbox`, `handoff`, and `archive` folders. Then list the top folder."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this project step.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `mkdir` or `mkdir -p` to create the workspace folders."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}}},"module-2-notes-organizer-project-terminal-task-2":{"title":"Write the first handoff notes","prompt":"Write `Substitute teacher handoff` to `class-notes-organizer/handoff/README.txt`, then append `Bring math worksheets`. Read the file with `cat`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Begin from the previous working step and add only the new workspace change named here.","help":{"concept":"This project chains folder creation, writing, moving, reading, and one exact safe deletion.","hint_1":"Begin from the previous working step and add only the new workspace change named here.","hint_2":"Verify the organizer with `ls` and `cat`; preserve the real notes and remove only the scratch file. The current task asks: Write `Substitute teacher handoff` to `class-notes-organizer/handoff/README.txt`, then append `Bring math worksheets`. Read the file with `cat`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this project step.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `echo` with `>` to write the first line."},"1":{"message":"Use `>>` to append the second line."},"2":{"message":"Read the handoff file with `cat`."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}}},"module-2-notes-organizer-project-terminal-task-3":{"title":"Move notes and remove scratch","prompt":"Move `math.txt` and `history.txt` from `inbox` into `archive`. Remove only `tmp-scratch.txt`, then list the folders. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Begin from the previous working step and add only the new workspace change named here.","help":{"concept":"This project chains folder creation, writing, moving, reading, and one exact safe deletion.","hint_1":"Begin from the previous working step and add only the new workspace change named here.","hint_2":"Verify the organizer with `ls` and `cat`; preserve the real notes and remove only the scratch file. The current task asks: Move `math.txt` and `history.txt` from `inbox` into `archive`. Remove only `tmp-scratch.txt`, then list the folders."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this project step.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `mv` to move the notes into archive."},"1":{"message":"Remove only the temporary scratch file."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"class_notes_organizer_inbox_math_txt":{"content":"Math notes\n"},"class_notes_organizer_inbox_history_txt":{"content":"History notes\n"},"class_notes_organizer_inbox_tmp_scratch_txt":{"content":"scratch\n"}}}}}},"safe-delete-with-rm":{"label":"Safe Delete with rm","summary":"Remove only clear temporary files, and learn when moving to trash is safer than deleting.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Check before deleting"},"sketch1":{"title":"Remove one file with `rm`"},"sketch2":{"title":"When unsure, move instead of delete"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-rm-purpose":{"title":"What `rm` does","prompt":"What does `rm tmp.txt` do?","hint":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","help":{"concept":"`rm` permanently removes one named file, so inspection and an exact path are part of the skill.","hint_1":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","hint_2":"After deletion, list the folder and confirm that the protected files remain. The current task asks: What does `rm tmp.txt` do?"},"options":{"a":"Removes the file `tmp.txt`","b":"Copies the file","c":"Prints the file content","d":"Changes folder"}},"mc-rm-safety":{"title":"Safe delete habits","prompt":"Which habits make deletion safer?","hint":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","help":{"concept":"`rm` permanently removes one named file, so inspection and an exact path are part of the skill.","hint_1":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","hint_2":"After deletion, list the folder and confirm that the protected files remain. The current task asks: Which habits make deletion safer?"},"options":{"a":"Use `ls` first","b":"Delete only the exact temporary file","c":"Use `rm -rf` when unsure","d":"Keep important files out of the command"}},"sc-uncertain-file":{"title":"When you are unsure","prompt":"What is safer when you are not sure a file should be deleted?","hint":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","help":{"concept":"`rm` permanently removes one named file, so inspection and an exact path are part of the skill.","hint_1":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","hint_2":"After deletion, list the folder and confirm that the protected files remain. The current task asks: What is safer when you are not sure a file should be deleted?"},"options":{"a":"Move it to a trash/archive folder","b":"Use sudo rm -rf","c":"Delete the whole folder","d":"Ignore all file names"}},"dr-safe-delete-flow":{"title":"Safe delete order","prompt":"Put the safe delete routine in order.","hint":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","help":{"concept":"`rm` permanently removes one named file, so inspection and an exact path are part of the skill.","hint_1":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","hint_2":"After deletion, list the folder and confirm that the protected files remain. The current task asks: Put the safe delete routine in order."},"tokens":{"t1":"List the folder","t2":"Remove only the exact temporary file","t3":"List again to verify"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"safe-delete-with-rm-try-it-1":{"title":"Inspect the print room first","prompt":"The print room has a test page and an event plan. Type `ls` first so you can read both names before deciding what is temporary. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","help":{"concept":"`rm` permanently removes one named file, so inspection and an exact path are part of the skill.","hint_1":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","hint_2":"After deletion, list the folder and confirm that the protected files remain. The current task asks: The print room has a test page and an event plan. Type `ls` first so you can read both names before deciding what is temporary."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `ls` to inspect the print room first."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"print_room_print_test_txt":{"content":"Printer alignment test\n"},"print_room_event_plan_txt":{"content":"Keep this event plan\n"}}},"safe-delete-with-rm-try-it-2":{"title":"Remove one temporary label","prompt":"Remove only `temp-label.txt`, then type `ls` to confirm `display-plan.txt` is still there. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","help":{"concept":"`rm` permanently removes one named file, so inspection and an exact path are part of the skill.","hint_1":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","hint_2":"After deletion, list the folder and confirm that the protected files remain. The current task asks: Remove only `temp-label.txt`, then type `ls` to confirm `display-plan.txt` is still there."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `rm temp-label.txt` to remove only the temporary file."},"1":{"message":"Use `ls` to confirm the important file remains."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"cleanup_desk_temp_label_txt":{"content":"Temporary printer label\n"},"cleanup_desk_display_plan_txt":{"content":"Keep the display plan\n"}}},"safe-delete-with-rm-try-it-3":{"title":"Set aside an uncertain note","prompt":"You are not sure whether `maybe-archive.txt` can be deleted. Create `review-later`, move the file into it, and list that folder. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","help":{"concept":"`rm` permanently removes one named file, so inspection and an exact path are part of the skill.","hint_1":"Confirm the temporary file with `ls` or `cat`; do not add recursive flags or wildcards.","hint_2":"After deletion, list the folder and confirm that the protected files remain. The current task asks: You are not sure whether `maybe-archive.txt` can be deleted. Create `review-later`, move the file into it, and list that folder."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Create the `review-later` folder."},"1":{"message":"Move the uncertain note instead of deleting it."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"archive_review_maybe_archive_txt":{"content":"Needs coordinator review\n"}}}},"try_safe_delete_with_rm_sketch0":{"title":"Inspect the print room first","prompt":"List a new folder before removing anything. Press **Enter** to run the command."},"try_safe_delete_with_rm_sketch1":{"title":"Remove one temporary label","prompt":"Delete a different temporary file. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_safe_delete_with_rm_sketch2":{"title":"Set aside an uncertain note","prompt":"Move an uncertain file instead of deleting it. Press **Enter** after each command."}}},"viewing-file-contents":{"label":"Viewing File Contents","summary":"Read text files with cat, preview long files with head and tail, and count lines with wc -l.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Use `cat` for a small file"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use `head` and `tail` for previews"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use `wc -l` to count lines"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-cat-use":{"title":"Best command for a short note","prompt":"Which command prints a whole short file?","hint":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","help":{"concept":"`cat` reads a short file, `head` and `tail` preview its edges, and `wc -l` counts lines.","hint_1":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","hint_2":"Compare the displayed content or count with the task and avoid changing the fixture file. The current task asks: Which command prints a whole short file?"},"options":{"a":"cat","b":"mkdir","c":"cd","d":"rm"}},"mc-preview-long-file":{"title":"Preview a long file","prompt":"Which commands help preview a long file without reading every line?","hint":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","help":{"concept":"`cat` reads a short file, `head` and `tail` preview its edges, and `wc -l` counts lines.","hint_1":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","hint_2":"Compare the displayed content or count with the task and avoid changing the fixture file. The current task asks: Which commands help preview a long file without reading every line?"},"options":{"a":"head","b":"tail","c":"touch","d":"pwd"}},"sc-wc-lines":{"title":"Count lines","prompt":"Which command counts lines in `names.txt`?","hint":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","help":{"concept":"`cat` reads a short file, `head` and `tail` preview its edges, and `wc -l` counts lines.","hint_1":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","hint_2":"Compare the displayed content or count with the task and avoid changing the fixture file. The current task asks: Which command counts lines in `names.txt`?"},"options":{"a":"wc -l names.txt","b":"cat -l names.txt","c":"mkdir names.txt","d":"cd names.txt"}},"dr-inspect-file":{"title":"Inspect a file carefully","prompt":"Put the file-inspection flow in order.","hint":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","help":{"concept":"`cat` reads a short file, `head` and `tail` preview its edges, and `wc -l` counts lines.","hint_1":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","hint_2":"Compare the displayed content or count with the task and avoid changing the fixture file. The current task asks: Put the file-inspection flow in order."},"tokens":{"t1":"Use `ls` to confirm the file name","t2":"Use `cat`, `head`, or `tail` to inspect content","t3":"Use `wc -l` if line count matters"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"viewing-file-contents-try-it-1":{"title":"Read a visitor welcome note","prompt":"You are at the visitor desk. Use `cat welcome-note.txt` to read the short note. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","help":{"concept":"`cat` reads a short file, `head` and `tail` preview its edges, and `wc -l` counts lines.","hint_1":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","hint_2":"Compare the displayed content or count with the task and avoid changing the fixture file. The current task asks: You are at the visitor desk. Use `cat welcome-note.txt` to read the short note."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `cat welcome-note.txt` to read the note."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"visitor_desk_welcome_note_txt":{"content":"Welcome table opens at 9:00.\n"}}},"viewing-file-contents-try-it-2":{"title":"Preview a delivery log","prompt":"The dispatch folder has a longer `delivery-log.txt`. Use `head delivery-log.txt`, then `tail delivery-log.txt`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","help":{"concept":"`cat` reads a short file, `head` and `tail` preview its edges, and `wc -l` counts lines.","hint_1":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","hint_2":"Compare the displayed content or count with the task and avoid changing the fixture file. The current task asks: The dispatch folder has a longer `delivery-log.txt`. Use `head delivery-log.txt`, then `tail delivery-log.txt`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `head delivery-log.txt` to see the beginning."},"1":{"message":"Use `tail delivery-log.txt` to see the end."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"dispatch_delivery_log_txt":{"content":"08:00 Chairs arrived\n08:20 Tables arrived\n08:45 Direction signs arrived\n09:10 Water station arrived\n09:30 Radios arrived\n10:00 Lunch boxes arrived\n10:25 Volunteer badges arrived\n10:50 First-aid kit arrived\n11:15 Stage cables arrived\n11:40 Registration forms arrived\n12:05 Workshop supplies arrived\n12:30 Recycling bins arrived\n12:55 Sound equipment arrived\n13:20 Final delivery completed\n"}}},"viewing-file-contents-try-it-3":{"title":"Count meal requests","prompt":"The kitchen keeps one meal request per line. Use `wc -l meal-requests.txt` to count them. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","help":{"concept":"`cat` reads a short file, `head` and `tail` preview its edges, and `wc -l` counts lines.","hint_1":"Use the command named by the prompt on the provided file; no file creation is needed.","hint_2":"Compare the displayed content or count with the task and avoid changing the fixture file. The current task asks: The kitchen keeps one meal request per line. Use `wc -l meal-requests.txt` to count them."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `wc -l meal-requests.txt` to count the lines."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"kitchen_meal_requests_txt":{"content":"Vegetarian\nStandard\nVegetarian\nGluten-free\nStandard\n"}}}},"try_viewing_file_contents_sketch0":{"title":"Read a visitor welcome note","prompt":"Use `cat` on a new short file. Press **Enter** to run the command."},"try_viewing_file_contents_sketch1":{"title":"Preview a delivery log","prompt":"Preview a different long file. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_viewing_file_contents_sketch2":{"title":"Count meal requests","prompt":"Count lines in a different list. Press **Enter** to run the command."}}},"writing-text-into-files":{"label":"Writing Text into Files","summary":"Use echo, >, >>, and cat to put real text into files.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"`echo` prints text"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use `>` to write or replace a file"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use `>>` to add another line"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice check"}},"practice":{"sc-echo-purpose":{"title":"What `echo` does","prompt":"What does `echo \"Hello\"` do by itself?","hint":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","help":{"concept":"`echo` produces text, `>` writes or replaces a file, and `>>` appends without removing earlier lines.","hint_1":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","hint_2":"Read the file with `cat` and check the exact line order before submitting. The current task asks: What does `echo \"Hello\"` do by itself?"},"options":{"a":"Prints Hello in the terminal","b":"Deletes a file","c":"Moves into a folder","d":"Counts lines"}},"sc-write-symbol":{"title":"Write or replace","prompt":"Which symbol writes output into a file and can replace existing content?","hint":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","help":{"concept":"`echo` produces text, `>` writes or replaces a file, and `>>` appends without removing earlier lines.","hint_1":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","hint_2":"Read the file with `cat` and check the exact line order before submitting. The current task asks: Which symbol writes output into a file and can replace existing content?"},"options":{"a":"`>`","b":"`>>`","c":"`..`","d":"`~`"}},"sc-append-symbol":{"title":"Append safely","prompt":"Which symbol adds output to the end of a file?","hint":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","help":{"concept":"`echo` produces text, `>` writes or replaces a file, and `>>` appends without removing earlier lines.","hint_1":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","hint_2":"Read the file with `cat` and check the exact line order before submitting. The current task asks: Which symbol adds output to the end of a file?"},"options":{"a":"`>>`","b":"`>`","c":"cd","d":"pwd"}},"dr-write-check-flow":{"title":"Write and verify","prompt":"Put the file-writing routine in order.","hint":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","help":{"concept":"`echo` produces text, `>` writes or replaces a file, and `>>` appends without removing earlier lines.","hint_1":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","hint_2":"Read the file with `cat` and check the exact line order before submitting. The current task asks: Put the file-writing routine in order."},"tokens":{"t1":"Use `echo` with `>` to write the first line","t2":"Use `echo` with `>>` to add another line","t3":"Use `cat` to read the file"}}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"exercises":{"writing-text-into-files-try-it-1":{"title":"Print the morning briefing","prompt":"Print the line `Morning briefing` in the terminal with `echo`. After typing the command, press **Enter** so the terminal runs it.","hint":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","help":{"concept":"`echo` produces text, `>` writes or replaces a file, and `>>` appends without removing earlier lines.","hint_1":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","hint_2":"Read the file with `cat` and check the exact line order before submitting. The current task asks: Print the line `Morning briefing` in the terminal with `echo`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `echo` to print `Morning briefing`."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}}},"writing-text-into-files-try-it-2":{"title":"Write a volunteer welcome note","prompt":"Create `welcome-note.txt` by writing `Welcome volunteers` into it with `echo` and `>`. Then read it with `cat`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","help":{"concept":"`echo` produces text, `>` writes or replaces a file, and `>>` appends without removing earlier lines.","hint_1":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","hint_2":"Read the file with `cat` and check the exact line order before submitting. The current task asks: Create `welcome-note.txt` by writing `Welcome volunteers` into it with `echo` and `>`. Then read it with `cat`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `echo` with `>` to write `welcome-note.txt`."},"1":{"message":"Use `cat welcome-note.txt` to read the file."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}}},"writing-text-into-files-try-it-3":{"title":"Add to the supply list","prompt":"The supply list already has one line. Append `Water bottles` to `supply-list.txt` with `>>`, then read the file with `cat`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","help":{"concept":"`echo` produces text, `>` writes or replaces a file, and `>>` appends without removing earlier lines.","hint_1":"Choose `>` for the first complete line and `>>` only when existing content must remain.","hint_2":"Read the file with `cat` and check the exact line order before submitting. The current task asks: The supply list already has one line. Append `Water bottles` to `supply-list.txt` with `>>`, then read the file with `cat`."},"starterCode":"# Use the terminal for this task.","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `>>` to append `Water bottles` to the supply list."},"1":{"message":"Use `cat supply-list.txt` to check the file."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"supply_list_txt":{"content":"Name tags\n"}}}},"try_writing_text_into_files_sketch0":{"title":"Print the morning briefing","prompt":"Use `echo` to print a new message. Press **Enter** to run the command."},"try_writing_text_into_files_sketch1":{"title":"Write a volunteer welcome note","prompt":"Write a new line into `welcome-note.txt`. Press **Enter** after each command."},"try_writing_text_into_files_sketch2":{"title":"Add to the supply list","prompt":"Append a different line to a supply file. Press **Enter** after each command."}}}},"linux-module-3-final-capstone":{"final-capstone-file-room-handoff":{"label":"Final Capstone: Community Media Archive","summary":"Organize and verify a community media archive with the full beginner terminal toolkit.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A media archive ready for the next team"},"project":{"title":"Build and verify the archive"}},"finalCapstone":{"steps":{"final-capstone-file-room-handoff-terminal-task-1":{"title":"Inspect and build the archive structure","prompt":"Inspect `media-archive`, enter it, and create `organized/photos`, `organized/documents`, `backup`, and `review`. Create the empty review marker `review/needs-review.txt`. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","help":{"concept":"The media-archive capstone combines inspection, creation, writing, moving, renaming, copying, safe deletion, and final verification.","hint_1":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls`, `cat`, and `wc -l` checks so the final READY marker is supported by evidence."},"starterCode":"# Step 1: inspect media-archive, enter it, create the archive folders, and add review/needs-review.txt.\n","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `pwd` to confirm where you are."},"1":{"message":"Use `ls` to inspect before changing."},"2":{"message":"Create the handoff folders with `mkdir` or `mkdir -p`."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"community_file_room_inbox_agenda_txt":{"content":"Community event agenda\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_guest_list_txt":{"content":"Guest list\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_venue_txt":{"content":"Venue note\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_tmp_scratch_txt":{"content":"temporary scratch\n"}}},"final-capstone-file-room-handoff-terminal-task-2":{"title":"Write the archive guide and review note","prompt":"In `media-archive`, write `organized/README.txt` with the three required guide lines and write `Check image names before publishing` into `review/needs-review.txt`. Use `>` for the first README line and `>>` for the next two lines. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","help":{"concept":"The media-archive capstone combines inspection, creation, writing, moving, renaming, copying, safe deletion, and final verification.","hint_1":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls`, `cat`, and `wc -l` checks so the final READY marker is supported by evidence."},"starterCode":"# Step 2: write organized/README.txt and review/needs-review.txt, then read both files.\n","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Write the first README line with `>`."},"1":{"message":"Append the second README line with `>>`."},"2":{"message":"Read the README with `cat`."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"community_file_room_inbox_agenda_txt":{"content":"Community event agenda\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_guest_list_txt":{"content":"Guest list\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_venue_txt":{"content":"Venue note\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_tmp_scratch_txt":{"content":"temporary scratch\n"}}},"final-capstone-file-room-handoff-terminal-task-3":{"title":"Move and rename the incoming records","prompt":"Move `inbox/photo-index.txt` to `organized/photos/index.txt`, move `inbox/release-forms.txt` to `organized/documents/release-forms.txt`, and move `inbox/shoot-notes.txt` to `review/shoot-notes.txt`. Verify the old and new locations. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","help":{"concept":"The media-archive capstone combines inspection, creation, writing, moving, renaming, copying, safe deletion, and final verification.","hint_1":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls`, `cat`, and `wc -l` checks so the final READY marker is supported by evidence."},"starterCode":"# Step 3: move and rename the three incoming records into their final folders.\n","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `mv` to move the inbox files."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"community_file_room_inbox_agenda_txt":{"content":"Community event agenda\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_guest_list_txt":{"content":"Guest list\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_venue_txt":{"content":"Venue note\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_tmp_scratch_txt":{"content":"temporary scratch\n"}}},"final-capstone-file-room-handoff-terminal-task-4":{"title":"Back up the index and remove the temporary import","prompt":"Copy `organized/photos/index.txt` to `backup/photo-index-backup.txt`. Then remove only `inbox/tmp-import.txt` and verify that the backup exists and the temporary file is gone. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","help":{"concept":"The media-archive capstone combines inspection, creation, writing, moving, renaming, copying, safe deletion, and final verification.","hint_1":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls`, `cat`, and `wc -l` checks so the final READY marker is supported by evidence."},"starterCode":"# Step 4: copy the photo index to backup, remove only inbox/tmp-import.txt, and verify both results.\n","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `cp` to create the backup."},"1":{"message":"Remove only the temporary scratch file."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"community_file_room_reports_guest_list_txt":{"content":"Guest list\n"},"community_file_room_inbox_tmp_scratch_txt":{"content":"temporary scratch\n"}}},"final-capstone-file-room-handoff-terminal-task-5":{"title":"Verify the archive and mark it ready","prompt":"Run a final verification with `pwd`, targeted `ls`, `cat organized/README.txt`, and `wc -l organized/photos/index.txt`. Then write `Media archive verified` to `organized/READY.txt` and display the marker. Press **Enter** after each command and wait for its result before typing the next one.","hint":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","help":{"concept":"The media-archive capstone combines inspection, creation, writing, moving, renaming, copying, safe deletion, and final verification.","hint_1":"Keep every earlier result, then make the one focused archive change required by this step.","hint_2":"Use targeted `ls`, `cat`, and `wc -l` checks so the final READY marker is supported by evidence."},"starterCode":"# Step 5: verify the complete archive, then create and display organized/READY.txt.\n","terminalExpectations":{"requiredCommands":{"0":{"message":"Use `wc -l` to count the guest list."},"1":{"message":"Append the final README line with `>>`."},"2":{"message":"Create the ready marker with `touch`."}},"forbiddenCommands":{"0":{"message":"Do not use sudo in this beginner workspace."},"1":{"message":"Do not use recursive rm in this course."},"2":{"message":"Permissions commands are not needed for this workspace."},"3":{"message":"Do not download anything for this exercise."}}},"starterFiles":{"community_file_room_reports_guest_list_txt":{"content":"Guest list\n"},"community_file_room_handoff_readme_txt":{"content":"Community file room handoff\n"}}}}}}}},"applied-python-projects":{"python-10-testing-debugging-oop-projects":{"debugging-imports-and-state":{"label":"Debugging Imports and State","summary":"Debug OOP code by tracing the path: the file Python imports, the object that owns the state, and the method that changes it.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Trace import errors to the file and name Python is actually loading"},"sketch1":{"title":"Watch out for shared mutable defaults"},"sketch2":{"title":"Debug object state by checking what changes after each method call"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_debugging_imports_and_state_sketch0":{"title":"Fix the broken model import","prompt":"Fix the import in `main.py` so it imports `Book` from `models.book`, creates the provided object, and prints its summary.","hint":"Use `from models.book import Book`.","help":{"concept":"A multifile program must import from the module path that matches the workspace folders.","hint_1":"Use `from models.book import Book`.","hint_2":"Inspect the requested file and account for each requirement before running the workspace."},"starterCode":"# TODO: fix this import path.\nfrom book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"Tolkien\")\nprint(book.summary())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: fix this import path.\nfrom book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"Tolkien\")\nprint(book.summary())\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep this Book model unchanged.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n self.title = title\n self.author = author\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.title} by {self.author}\"\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"Tolkien\")\nprint(book.summary())\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n self.title = title\n self.author = author\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.title} by {self.author}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"Tolkien\")\nprint(book.summary())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep Book.summary() working."},"1":{"message":"Fix the import so main.py prints the summary."}},"expectedOutput":"The Hobbit by Tolkien"},"try_debugging_imports_and_state_sketch1":{"title":"Stop objects from sharing one list","prompt":"Fix `ReadingList.__init__` in `models/reading_list.py` so each object receives its own list when no books are provided. The supplied main script adds a book to the first list and proves the second stays empty.","hint":"Use `books=None`, then create a new list inside the constructor.","help":{"concept":"Mutable default arguments are shared between calls. Creating the list inside the constructor gives each object independent state.","hint_1":"Use `books=None`, then create a new list inside the constructor.","hint_2":"Inspect the requested file and account for each requirement before running the workspace."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided two-object test after fixing the model.\nfrom models.reading_list import ReadingList\n\nfirst = ReadingList(\"Ava\")\nsecond = ReadingList(\"Noah\")\nfirst.add_book(\"Dune\")\nprint(first.count())\nprint(second.count())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided two-object test after fixing the model.\nfrom models.reading_list import ReadingList\n\nfirst = ReadingList(\"Ava\")\nsecond = ReadingList(\"Noah\")\nfirst.add_book(\"Dune\")\nprint(first.count())\nprint(second.count())\n"},"models_reading_list_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Stop objects from sharing one list. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nclass ReadingList:\n def __init__(self, owner, books=[]):\n self.owner = owner\n self.books = books\n\n def add_book(self, title):\n self.books.append(title)\n\n def count(self):\n return len(self.books)\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.reading_list import ReadingList\n\nfirst = ReadingList(\"Ava\")\nsecond = ReadingList(\"Noah\")\nfirst.add_book(\"Dune\")\nprint(first.count())\nprint(second.count())\n"},"models_reading_list_py":{"content":"class ReadingList:\n def __init__(self, owner, books=None):\n self.owner = owner\n self.books = [] if books is None else list(books)\n\n def add_book(self, title):\n self.books.append(title)\n\n def count(self):\n return len(self.books)\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.reading_list import ReadingList\n\nfirst = ReadingList(\"Ava\")\nsecond = ReadingList(\"Noah\")\nfirst.add_book(\"Dune\")\nprint(first.count())\nprint(second.count())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the ReadingList class in the model file."},"1":{"message":"The first list should contain one book while the second remains empty."}},"expectedOutput":"1\n0"},"try_debugging_imports_and_state_sketch2":{"title":"Validate stock before changing state","prompt":"Complete `sell(amount)` in `models/stock_item.py`. Subtract only when the amount is positive and no greater than the available quantity. Return the current quantity for both valid and invalid requests.","hint":"Check `0 < amount <= self.quantity` before subtracting.","help":{"concept":"Validate a requested state change before mutating the object.","hint_1":"Check `0 < amount <= self.quantity` before subtracting.","hint_2":"Edit the file named in the prompt and verify each listed responsibility there."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided valid-and-invalid sale test.\nfrom models.stock_item import StockItem\n\nitem = StockItem(\"Pen\", 5)\nprint(item.sell(2))\nprint(item.sell(10))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided valid-and-invalid sale test.\nfrom models.stock_item import StockItem\n\nitem = StockItem(\"Pen\", 5)\nprint(item.sell(2))\nprint(item.sell(10))\n"},"models_stock_item_py":{"content":"class StockItem:\n def __init__(self, name, quantity):\n self.name = name\n self.quantity = quantity\n\n def sell(self, amount):\n # TODO: subtract only a positive amount that is not greater than quantity.\n pass\n\n def get_quantity(self):\n return self.quantity\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.stock_item import StockItem\n\nitem = StockItem(\"Pen\", 5)\nprint(item.sell(2))\nprint(item.sell(10))\n"},"models_stock_item_py":{"content":"class StockItem:\n def __init__(self, name, quantity):\n self.name = name\n self.quantity = quantity\n\n def sell(self, amount):\n if 0 < amount <= self.quantity:\n self.quantity -= amount\n return self.quantity\n\n def get_quantity(self):\n return self.quantity\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.stock_item import StockItem\n\nitem = StockItem(\"Pen\", 5)\nprint(item.sell(2))\nprint(item.sell(10))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"A valid sale should reduce the quantity."},"1":{"message":"An oversized sale should leave the quantity unchanged."},"2":{"message":"Print both returned quantities."}},"expectedOutput":"3\n3"}},"practice":{"q-debugging-imports-state-single-1":{"title":"Spot the import mismatch","prompt":"`main.py` contains `from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem`, but the actual file is `models/item.py` and it defines `class CatalogItem`. Which change fixes the import?","hint":"Match the module name to the real file name.","help":{"concept":"The module part of an import comes from the file path, while the imported name comes from the class or function defined inside that file.","hint_1":"The class name is already correct, so focus on the file after `models.`.","hint_2":"Use the file name without `.py` as the module name in the import path."},"options":{"a":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem","b":"from models.item import CatalogItem","c":"from item.models import CatalogItem","d":"from CatalogItem import models.item"}},"q-debugging-imports-state-multi-1":{"title":"Choose signs of a shared-list bug","prompt":"A class uses `def __init__(self, tags=[])`. Which outcomes are real warning signs that instances are sharing state? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about what happens when two objects use the same default list.","help":{"concept":"A mutable default can be reused across instances, so changing one object's list can unexpectedly change another object's list too.","hint_1":"Look for behavior where one instance changes even though you only called a method on another instance.","hint_2":"Pick the options that describe cross-instance list changes, not normal independent updates."},"options":{"a":"Adding a tag to one object makes another object's tag list grow too","b":"Two new objects start with different empty lists before any method calls","c":"Printing one object's tags shows items added through a different object","d":"A method appends to `self.tags` and only that same object changes"}},"q-debugging-imports-state-multi-2":{"title":"Pick good state-debugging checks","prompt":"You are debugging a `borrow()` method on a `LibraryBook` object. Which checks best help you confirm whether object state changes correctly? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for checks that compare state before and after the method call.","help":{"concept":"State debugging works best when you inspect the relevant attributes around a specific method call instead of only looking at final printed output.","hint_1":"Choose checks that verify attribute values after calling `borrow()`.","hint_2":"Good checks include the starting value, the method call, and the expected new value or unchanged value."},"options":{"a":"Check whether `available` changes from `True` to `False` after one valid borrow","b":"Check whether a second borrow leaves `available` unchanged when the book is already unavailable","c":"Only check that the program prints one line somewhere","d":"Rename the class file and see whether the output panel stays blank"}},"q-debugging-imports-state-fill-1":{"title":"Complete a safe default parameter","prompt":"Fill in the missing default value so the constructor avoids a shared mutable list.","hint":"Use a non-mutable placeholder instead of `[]`.","help":{"concept":"Use an immutable sentinel default, then create a new list inside the constructor so instances never share one mutable default.","hint_1":"The blank should not be a list literal.","hint_2":"Choose the special Python value commonly used to mean 'no value was passed'."},"template":"def __init__(self, books=[blank1]):","choices":["None","[]","{}","0"]},"q-debugging-imports-state-fill-2":{"title":"Complete the package import","prompt":"Fill in the missing module name for this import from a `models` package.","hint":"Import from the module whose file actually defines the class named in the prompt.","help":{"concept":"In `from package.module import Name`, the module part is the file name without `.py`.","hint_1":"Separate the class name from the module path: the blank belongs to the file path portion of the import.","hint_2":"For a file inside models/, the module segment matches the Python filename without the .py extension."},"template":"from models.[blank1] import Book","choices":["book","Lesson notes panel","models","import"]},"q-debugging-imports-state-order-1":{"title":"Order a state-debugging workflow","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for debugging a method that changes object state.","hint":"Start by observing the initial state before calling the method.","help":{"concept":"A clear debugging workflow checks the starting state, performs one action, then verifies the resulting state so you can isolate where the bug appears.","hint_1":"The method call belongs in the middle, between the before-check and after-check.","hint_2":"Finish by comparing the actual new state with the expected rule for that method."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create the object with a known starting value","t2":"Check the relevant attribute before the method call","t3":"Call the state-changing method once","t4":"Check the attribute again after the call"}},"ci-debugging-imports-and-state-4":{"title":"Fix a service import and keep the report working","prompt":"A classroom catalog app has a report service that should import `CatalogItem` from the models package and format one line of text. Fix the broken import in `services/report_service.py` so `main.py` prints `Marker: 8`. Keep the existing function and class names.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"# Write your answer below","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Write your answer below"}}},"ci-debugging-imports-and-state-5":{"title":"Repair independent cart state in a model file","prompt":"A snack shop app stores cart items in a `Cart` class inside `models/cart.py`. Right now two carts share the same default list. Fix the constructor so separate carts keep separate state, and keep the existing `add_item` and `item_count` methods.","hint":"The bug starts in the constructor parameter list.","help":{"concept":"Each object should own its own mutable state unless you intentionally pass in a shared object.","hint_1":"Avoid using `[]` directly as the default parameter value.","hint_2":"Use a placeholder default, then create a fresh list inside `__init__` when needed."},"starterCode":"class Cart:\n def __init__(self, owner, items=[]):\n self.owner = owner\n self.items = items\n\n def add_item(self, name):\n self.items.append(name)\n\n def item_count(self):\n return len(self.items)","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update main.py to complete this step: Repair independent cart state in a model file.\nclass Cart:\n def __init__(self, owner, items=[]):\n self.owner = owner\n self.items = items\n\n def add_item(self, name):\n self.items.append(name)\n\n def item_count(self):\n return len(self.items)"}}},"ci-debugging-imports-and-state-6":{"title":"Fix a state-changing method in a task model","prompt":"A project tracker has a `Task` class with a `complete()` method. Right now the method returns `True` but forgets to update the object's `done` attribute. Fix the method so the object's state changes correctly and repeated calls still leave it completed.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"class Task:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n self.done = False\n\n def complete(self):\n return True\n\n def is_done(self):\n return self.done","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update main.py to complete this step: Fix a state-changing method in a task model.\nclass Task:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n self.done = False\n\n def complete(self):\n return True\n\n def is_done(self):\n return self.done"}}}}},"module-10-oop-quality-project":{"label":"Module 10 Animal Shelter Quality Project","summary":"Stabilize a small animal-shelter intake app with model tests, a CSV loader, state-change checks, reporting helpers, and final regression coverage.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Project brief"},"project":{"title":"Animal Shelter Quality Pass"}},"projectSteps":{"try_module_10_oop_quality_project_sketch0":{"title":"Milestone 1: Validate the pet model"},"project_step_report_service_tests":{"title":"Milestone 2: Test the shelter reporting service"},"project_step_storage_loader":{"title":"Milestone 3: Load pets from fixture data"},"project_step_debug_imports_state":{"title":"Milestone 4: Verify adoption state changes"},"project_step_regression_summary":{"title":"Milestone 5: Add a reusable shelter summary"},"project_step_final_regression":{"title":"Milestone 6: Finish the end-to-end regression workspace"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_module_10_oop_quality_project_sketch0":{"title":"Milestone 1: validate the shelter pet model","prompt":"Complete `ShelterPet` in `models/shelter_pet.py`. Store `name`, `species`, and `age`; reject a negative age with `ValueError`; start `adopted` as `False`; and make `is_available()` return whether the pet is still available. Keep the runnable demo in `main.py`.","hint":"Validate age before assigning the object state.","help":{"concept":"Model tests should cover stored state, normal behavior, and invalid constructor input.","hint_1":"Set `self.adopted = False` for every new pet.","hint_2":"`is_available()` should return `not self.adopted`."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided shelter model demo.\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\npet = ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3)\nprint(pet.name)\nprint(pet.is_available())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided shelter model demo after completing ShelterPet.\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\npet = ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3)\nprint(pet.name)\nprint(pet.is_available())\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n # TODO: reject a negative age, store the three values, and start adopted as False.\n pass\n\n def is_available(self):\n # TODO: return whether the pet has not been adopted.\n pass\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n # TODO: set adopted to True and return the new value.\n pass\n"},"tests_check_model_py":{"content":"# Add assertions for pet attributes, availability, and negative age validation.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\npet = ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3)\nprint(pet.name)\nprint(pet.is_available())\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"tests_check_model_py":{"content":"from models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\npet = ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3)\nassert pet.name == \"Milo\"\nassert pet.species == \"cat\"\nassert pet.age == 3\nassert pet.is_available() is True\ntry:\n ShelterPet(\"Broken\", \"dog\", -1)\n raise AssertionError(\"negative age should fail\")\nexcept ValueError:\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\npet = ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3)\nprint(pet.name)\nprint(pet.is_available())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Store all pet attributes and the adopted state."},"1":{"message":"A new pet should be available."},"2":{"message":"Keep main.py runnable."}},"expectedOutput":"Milo\nTrue"},"project_step_report_service_tests":{"title":"Milestone 2: test the shelter reporting service","prompt":"Complete `total_age(pets)` and `young_pet_names(pets, max_age)` in `services/reporting.py`. Return the sum of all ages and the names of pets at or below the age limit in their original order. Do not print inside the service.","hint":"Build the name list from each pet object instead of hard-coding the sample output.","help":{"concept":"Small pure reporting helpers are easy to test because they return values without changing state.","hint_1":"Use each pet's `age` for the total.","hint_2":"Include a name when `pet.age <= max_age`."},"starterCode":"# Run this report demo after completing services/reporting.py.\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\nfrom services.reporting import total_age, young_pet_names\n\npets = [ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3), ShelterPet(\"Luna\", \"dog\", 5), ShelterPet(\"Pepper\", \"rabbit\", 1)]\nprint(total_age(pets))\nprint(\", \".join(young_pet_names(pets, 3)))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this report demo after completing the reporting helpers.\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\nfrom services.reporting import total_age, young_pet_names\n\npets = [ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3), ShelterPet(\"Luna\", \"dog\", 5), ShelterPet(\"Pepper\", \"rabbit\", 1)]\nprint(total_age(pets))\nprint(\", \".join(young_pet_names(pets, 3)))\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"# Validated shelter model from milestone 1.\nclass ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"def total_age(pets):\n # TODO: return the sum of every pet's age.\n pass\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n # TODO: return names for pets at or below max_age, preserving order.\n pass\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n # TODO: return total_pets, available_names, and young_pet_count.\n pass\n"},"tests_check_reporting_py":{"content":"# Add assertions for total_age() and young_pet_names().\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\nfrom services.reporting import total_age, young_pet_names\n\npets = [ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3), ShelterPet(\"Luna\", \"dog\", 5), ShelterPet(\"Pepper\", \"rabbit\", 1)]\nprint(total_age(pets))\nprint(\", \".join(young_pet_names(pets, 3)))\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"def total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"tests_check_reporting_py":{"content":"from models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\nfrom services.reporting import total_age, young_pet_names\n\npets = [ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3), ShelterPet(\"Luna\", \"dog\", 5), ShelterPet(\"Pepper\", \"rabbit\", 1)]\nassert total_age(pets) == 9\nassert young_pet_names(pets, 3) == [\"Milo\", \"Pepper\"]\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\nfrom services.reporting import total_age, young_pet_names\n\npets = [ShelterPet(\"Milo\", \"cat\", 3), ShelterPet(\"Luna\", \"dog\", 5), ShelterPet(\"Pepper\", \"rabbit\", 1)]\nprint(total_age(pets))\nprint(\", \".join(young_pet_names(pets, 3)))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Return values that produce the exact two-line shelter report."}},"expectedOutput":"9\nMilo, Pepper"},"project_step_storage_loader":{"title":"Milestone 3: load shelter pets from CSV","prompt":"Complete `load_pets(path)` in `storage/pet_loader.py`. Read the CSV with `csv.DictReader`, convert `age` to `int`, create `ShelterPet` objects, and return them in file order.","hint":"Create one ShelterPet for each row and append it to a list.","help":{"concept":"A storage layer translates file rows into domain objects.","hint_1":"Open the path with `newline=\"\"`.","hint_2":"Convert `row[\"age\"]` before calling the constructor."},"starterCode":"# Run this loader demo after completing storage/pet_loader.py.\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\nfor pet in load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\"):\n print(pet.name)\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this loader demo after completing load_pets().\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\nfor pet in load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\"):\n print(pet.name)\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"# Validated shelter model; keep it working.\nclass ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"# Reporting helpers from milestone 2.\ndef total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"import csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n # TODO: read the CSV, convert age to int, create ShelterPet objects, and return them.\n pass\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_loader_py":{"content":"# Add assertions for row order, object types, and converted ages.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\nfor pet in load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\"):\n print(pet.name)\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"def total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"import csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n pets = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n pets.append(ShelterPet(row[\"name\"], row[\"species\"], int(row[\"age\"])))\n return pets\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_loader_py":{"content":"from storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\nassert [pet.name for pet in pets] == [\"Milo\", \"Luna\", \"Pepper\"]\nassert [pet.age for pet in pets] == [3, 5, 1]\n"}},"solutionCode":"from storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\nfor pet in load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\"):\n print(pet.name)\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Load all three CSV rows as ShelterPet objects."}},"expectedOutput":"Milo\nLuna\nPepper"},"project_step_debug_imports_state":{"title":"Milestone 4: validate adoption state changes","prompt":"Finish `ShelterPet.mark_adopted()` in `models/shelter_pet.py`. It should set `adopted` to `True` and return the new value. The provided main script loads Luna, marks her adopted, and confirms she is no longer available.","hint":"Change the object state before returning it.","help":{"concept":"A state-changing method should update one object and return a value that can be tested.","hint_1":"Assign `self.adopted = True`.","hint_2":"`is_available()` should become `False` after the change."},"starterCode":"# Verify one adoption state change.\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\nluna = pets[1]\nprint(luna.mark_adopted())\nprint(luna.is_available())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this state-change check after completing mark_adopted().\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\nluna = pets[1]\nprint(luna.mark_adopted())\nprint(luna.is_available())\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n # TODO: set adopted to True and return the new value.\n pass\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"# Keep the report helpers unchanged.\ndef total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"# Keep the CSV loader unchanged.\nimport csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n pets = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n pets.append(ShelterPet(row[\"name\"], row[\"species\"], int(row[\"age\"])))\n return pets\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_adoption_py":{"content":"# Add assertions for mark_adopted() and is_available().\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\nluna = pets[1]\nprint(luna.mark_adopted())\nprint(luna.is_available())\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"def total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"import csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n pets = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n pets.append(ShelterPet(row[\"name\"], row[\"species\"], int(row[\"age\"])))\n return pets\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_adoption_py":{"content":"from storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\nluna = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")[1]\nassert luna.mark_adopted() is True\nassert luna.is_available() is False\n"}},"solutionCode":"from storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\nluna = pets[1]\nprint(luna.mark_adopted())\nprint(luna.is_available())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"mark_adopted() should return the new adopted state."},"1":{"message":"Print the adopted result and the updated availability."}},"expectedOutput":"True\nFalse"},"project_step_regression_summary":{"title":"Milestone 5: build a reusable shelter summary","prompt":"Complete `build_summary(pets, max_age)` in `services/reporting.py`. Return a dictionary with `total_pets`, `available_names`, and `young_pet_count`. The main script loads the fixture, marks Luna adopted, and prints all three summary values.","hint":"Reuse `young_pet_names()` instead of duplicating the age rule.","help":{"concept":"A regression summary combines tested helpers into one stable service result.","hint_1":"Filter availability with `pet.is_available()`.","hint_2":"Count the list returned by `young_pet_names()`."},"starterCode":"# Print the cumulative shelter summary after completing build_summary().\nfrom services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this cumulative summary after completing build_summary().\nfrom services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"# Keep the validated model unchanged.\nclass ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"def total_age(pets):\n # TODO: return the sum of every pet's age.\n pass\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n # TODO: return names for pets at or below max_age, preserving order.\n pass\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n # TODO: return total_pets, available_names, and young_pet_count.\n pass\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"# Keep the CSV loader unchanged.\nimport csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n pets = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n pets.append(ShelterPet(row[\"name\"], row[\"species\"], int(row[\"age\"])))\n return pets\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_summary_py":{"content":"# Add assertions for every key returned by build_summary().\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"def total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"import csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n pets = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n pets.append(ShelterPet(row[\"name\"], row[\"species\"], int(row[\"age\"])))\n return pets\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_summary_py":{"content":"from services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nassert summary == {\"total_pets\": 3, \"available_names\": [\"Milo\", \"Pepper\"], \"young_pet_count\": 2}\n"}},"solutionCode":"from services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Return all three shelter summary values so main.py prints the expected report."}},"expectedOutput":"3\nMilo, Pepper\n2"},"project_step_final_regression":{"title":"Milestone 6: finish the shelter regression workspace","prompt":"Finish the cumulative shelter quality workspace. Keep the validated model, CSV loader, adoption state, and summary service working; add meaningful assertions in `tests/check_regression.py`; and complete `README.md` with the responsibility of each folder. The runnable demo must print the final summary and confirmation line.","hint":"Run the complete workflow from fixture loading through the final report.","help":{"concept":"A final regression workspace protects the behavior that the project now promises.","hint_1":"Assert the loaded names, adoption state, and summary dictionary.","hint_2":"Document models, storage, services, tests, and the runner."},"starterCode":"# Finish the regression assertions and README, then run this final demo.\nfrom services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\nprint(\"regression checks passed\")\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Finish the regression assertions and README, then run this final demo.\nfrom services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\nprint(\"regression checks passed\")\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"# Keep the validated model unchanged.\nclass ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"# Keep the tested report service unchanged.\ndef total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"# Keep the tested CSV loader unchanged.\nimport csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n pets = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n pets.append(ShelterPet(row[\"name\"], row[\"species\"], int(row[\"age\"])))\n return pets\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_regression_py":{"content":"# TODO: assert the full shelter workflow from CSV to summary.\n"},"README_md":{"content":"# Animal Shelter Quality Pass\n\nTODO: explain the responsibility of models, storage, services, tests, and main.py.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\nprint(\"regression checks passed\")\n"},"models_shelter_pet_py":{"content":"class ShelterPet:\n def __init__(self, name, species, age):\n if age < 0:\n raise ValueError(\"age cannot be negative\")\n self.name = name\n self.species = species\n self.age = age\n self.adopted = False\n\n def is_available(self):\n return not self.adopted\n\n def mark_adopted(self):\n self.adopted = True\n return self.adopted\n"},"services_reporting_py":{"content":"def total_age(pets):\n return sum(pet.age for pet in pets)\n\ndef young_pet_names(pets, max_age):\n return [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.age <= max_age]\n\ndef build_summary(pets, max_age):\n return {\n \"total_pets\": len(pets),\n \"available_names\": [pet.name for pet in pets if pet.is_available()],\n \"young_pet_count\": len(young_pet_names(pets, max_age)),\n }\n"},"storage_pet_loader_py":{"content":"import csv\n\nfrom models.shelter_pet import ShelterPet\n\ndef load_pets(path):\n pets = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n pets.append(ShelterPet(row[\"name\"], row[\"species\"], int(row[\"age\"])))\n return pets\n"},"data_pets_csv":{"content":"name,species,age\nMilo,cat,3\nLuna,dog,5\nPepper,rabbit,1\n"},"tests_check_regression_py":{"content":"from services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\nassert [pet.name for pet in pets] == [\"Milo\", \"Luna\", \"Pepper\"]\nassert pets[1].mark_adopted() is True\nassert build_summary(pets, 3) == {\"total_pets\": 3, \"available_names\": [\"Milo\", \"Pepper\"], \"young_pet_count\": 2}\n"},"README_md":{"content":"# Animal Shelter Quality Pass\n\n- `models/` owns pet state and adoption behavior.\n- `storage/` converts CSV rows into ShelterPet objects.\n- `services/` returns report data without printing.\n- `tests/` protects model, loader, state, and summary behavior.\n- `main.py` runs the final demonstration.\n"}},"solutionCode":"from services.reporting import build_summary\nfrom storage.pet_loader import load_pets\n\npets = load_pets(\"data/pets.csv\")\npets[1].mark_adopted()\nsummary = build_summary(pets, 3)\nprint(summary[\"total_pets\"])\nprint(\", \".join(summary[\"available_names\"]))\nprint(summary[\"young_pet_count\"])\nprint(\"regression checks passed\")\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the full shelter report and print the regression confirmation line."}},"expectedOutput":"3\nMilo, Pepper\n2\nregression checks passed"}}}},"refactoring-oop-services":{"label":"Refactoring OOP Services","summary":"Refactor object programs by moving messy report and service logic into small named helpers while keeping models focused.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why move orchestration out of main.py?"},"sketch1":{"title":"What belongs in a service module?"},"sketch2":{"title":"Refactor safely with imports and small steps"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_refactoring_oop_services_sketch0":{"title":"Extract report formatting into a service","prompt":"Complete `ReportService.build_book_report(books)` in `services/report_service.py`. Return one `title: $price` line per book dictionary, preserving input order.","hint":"Build each line from `book[\"title\"]` and `book[\"price\"]`, then join the lines with `\\n`.","help":{"concept":"A service method keeps reporting logic out of main.py and returns reusable data.","hint_1":"Build each line from `book[\"title\"]` and `book[\"price\"]`, then join the lines with `\\n`.","hint_2":"Use the requested file boundary as part of the solution contract."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided service demo.\nfrom services.report_service import ReportService\n\nbooks = [\n {\"title\": \"Python Basics\", \"price\": 12},\n {\"title\": \"Debugging Guide\", \"price\": 18},\n]\nprint(ReportService().build_book_report(books))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided service demo.\nfrom services.report_service import ReportService\n\nbooks = [\n {\"title\": \"Python Basics\", \"price\": 12},\n {\"title\": \"Debugging Guide\", \"price\": 18},\n]\nprint(ReportService().build_book_report(books))\n"},"services_report_service_py":{"content":"class ReportService:\n def build_book_report(self, books):\n # TODO: return one \"title: $price\" line per dictionary.\n pass\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from services.report_service import ReportService\n\nbooks = [\n {\"title\": \"Python Basics\", \"price\": 12},\n {\"title\": \"Debugging Guide\", \"price\": 18},\n]\nprint(ReportService().build_book_report(books))\n"},"services_report_service_py":{"content":"class ReportService:\n def build_book_report(self, books):\n return \"\\n\".join(f\"{book['title']}: ${book['price']}\" for book in books)\n"}},"solutionCode":"from services.report_service import ReportService\n\nbooks = [\n {\"title\": \"Python Basics\", \"price\": 12},\n {\"title\": \"Debugging Guide\", \"price\": 18},\n]\nprint(ReportService().build_book_report(books))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Define ReportService in its service file."},"1":{"message":"Return both formatted lines."}},"expectedOutput":"Python Basics: $12\nDebugging Guide: $18"},"try_refactoring_oop_services_sketch1":{"title":"Move total-price logic into CatalogService","prompt":"Complete `CatalogService.total_price(books)` in `services/catalog_service.py`. Return the sum of the `price` values and do not print inside the service.","hint":"Use `sum(...)` over each dictionary's `price` value.","help":{"concept":"Service methods should return results so callers decide how to display them.","hint_1":"Use `sum(...)` over each dictionary's `price` value.","hint_2":"Edit the file named in the prompt and verify each listed responsibility there."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided total-price demo.\nfrom services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nbooks = [{\"price\": 12}, {\"price\": 18}, {\"price\": 10}]\nprint(CatalogService().total_price(books))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided total-price demo.\nfrom services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nbooks = [{\"price\": 12}, {\"price\": 18}, {\"price\": 10}]\nprint(CatalogService().total_price(books))\n"},"services_catalog_service_py":{"content":"class CatalogService:\n def total_price(self, books):\n # TODO: return the sum of every book price.\n pass\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nbooks = [{\"price\": 12}, {\"price\": 18}, {\"price\": 10}]\nprint(CatalogService().total_price(books))\n"},"services_catalog_service_py":{"content":"class CatalogService:\n def total_price(self, books):\n return sum(book[\"price\"] for book in books)\n"}},"solutionCode":"from services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nbooks = [{\"price\": 12}, {\"price\": 18}, {\"price\": 10}]\nprint(CatalogService().total_price(books))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Define CatalogService in the service file."},"1":{"message":"Return the correct total for a list of book dictionaries."},"2":{"message":"Print the returned total from main.py."}},"expectedOutput":"40"},"try_refactoring_oop_services_sketch2":{"title":"Refactor counting into a service method","prompt":"Complete `CatalogService.count_books(books)` so it returns the number of book dictionaries, including `0` for an empty list.","hint":"Return `len(books)`.","help":{"concept":"A small service method can still make responsibilities explicit and easy to test.","hint_1":"Return `len(books)`.","hint_2":"Inspect the requested file and account for each requirement before running the workspace."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided non-empty and empty-list demo.\nfrom services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nservice = CatalogService()\nprint(service.count_books([{\"title\": \"Dune\"}, {\"title\": \"Beloved\"}]))\nprint(service.count_books([]))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided non-empty and empty-list demo.\nfrom services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nservice = CatalogService()\nprint(service.count_books([{\"title\": \"Dune\"}, {\"title\": \"Beloved\"}]))\nprint(service.count_books([]))\n"},"services_catalog_service_py":{"content":"class CatalogService:\n def count_books(self, books):\n # TODO: return how many book dictionaries were supplied.\n pass\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nservice = CatalogService()\nprint(service.count_books([{\"title\": \"Dune\"}, {\"title\": \"Beloved\"}]))\nprint(service.count_books([]))\n"},"services_catalog_service_py":{"content":"class CatalogService:\n def count_books(self, books):\n return len(books)\n"}},"solutionCode":"from services.catalog_service import CatalogService\n\nservice = CatalogService()\nprint(service.count_books([{\"title\": \"Dune\"}, {\"title\": \"Beloved\"}]))\nprint(service.count_books([]))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Return 2 for the provided two-book list."},"1":{"message":"Return 0 for an empty list."},"2":{"message":"Print both results from main.py."}},"expectedOutput":"2\n0"}},"practice":{"mc-refactor-benefits":{"title":"Benefits of moving logic into services","prompt":"Which changes are good reasons to move reporting logic from `main.py` into a service module? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for benefits related to testing, reuse, and keeping responsibilities separate.","help":{"concept":"Refactoring into services improves separation of responsibilities and makes list-wide logic easier to test and reuse.","hint_1":"A service is useful when the same report or calculation might be needed from more than one place.","hint_2":"Pick the options that reduce clutter in `main.py` or make report logic easier to test directly."},"options":{"a":"It makes report-building easier to test without running all of main.py.","b":"It gives one reusable place for list-wide formatting or totals.","c":"It forces every model class to print its own report lines.","d":"It removes the need for imports between workspace files."}},"fb-service-home":{"title":"Choose the right home for report logic","prompt":"Complete the sentence with the best word.","hint":"The blank should name the file role that coordinates multiple objects.","help":{"concept":"List-wide orchestration and reporting usually belong in a service module rather than in one model object or scattered main.py code.","hint_1":"Think about the module that combines data from several objects.","hint_2":"The correct choice is the layer that builds reports and totals from object lists."},"template":"Catalog-wide report formatting usually belongs in a [blank1] module.","choices":["service","model","attribute","fixture"]},"ci-refactor-discount-service":{"title":"Create a pricing service method","prompt":"The catalog app now needs a separate pricing service. Complete `PricingService.discounted_total(books, percent)` in `services/pricing_service.py`. It should add all book prices, apply the percentage discount to the total, and return the discounted amount. For example, a 10 percent discount on a total of 50 should return 45.0.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"# Write your answer below","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Write your answer below"},"services_pricing_service_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update services/pricing_service.py to complete this step: Create a pricing service method.\nclass PricingService:\n def __init__(self):\n pass\n\n def discounted_total(self, value, amount):\n pass"}}},"mc-safe-refactor-steps":{"title":"Safe refactor habits","prompt":"Which actions help you refactor `main.py` into service files without changing behavior? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about small moves, updated imports, and checking that output still matches.","help":{"concept":"Safe refactoring keeps behavior stable while structure changes, so you move code in small steps and verify the program still works.","hint_1":"Choose actions that compare behavior before and after the move.","hint_2":"Good refactor habits include updating imports and checking output or tests after each small change."},"options":{"a":"Move one responsibility at a time into a service method.","b":"Update imports in the calling file after moving code.","c":"Change output format during the same step so the refactor feels more complete.","d":"Run the program or tests after each small move to confirm behavior stayed the same."}},"fb-import-line":{"title":"Complete the service import","prompt":"Fill in the missing module name for this refactor.","hint":"The class lives in the `services` folder and the file name matches the service role.","help":{"concept":"After moving logic into a service file, the caller must import the class from the correct module path.","hint_1":"The import starts with `from services.` because the file is inside the services folder.","hint_2":"Use the module name that would hold `ReportService` in a file named after the service."},"template":"from services.[blank1] import ReportService","choices":["report_service","book","main","catalog"]},"ci-refactor-summary-service":{"title":"Build a one-line catalog summary service","prompt":"Complete `SummaryService.build_summary(books)` in `services/summary_service.py`. It should return a single string in this exact format: `Books: | Total: $`. For example, two books priced 12 and 18 should produce `Books: 2 | Total: $30`. This combines two pieces of orchestration logic in one service method.","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"# Write your answer below","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Write your answer below"},"services_summary_service_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update services/summary_service.py to complete this step: Build a one-line catalog summary service.\nclass SummaryService:\n def __init__(self):\n pass\n\n def build_summary(self, value):\n pass"}}},"sc-main-role":{"title":"Best role for main.py after refactoring","prompt":"After moving reporting logic into service modules, what should `main.py` mainly do?","hint":"Think about setup and calling other parts of the app, not holding all business logic itself.","help":{"concept":"After refactoring, `main.py` should mostly coordinate the app by creating objects, calling services, and showing results.","hint_1":"The best answer keeps `main.py` small and avoids putting all loops and formatting there.","hint_2":"Choose the option where `main.py` acts as the entry point that wires pieces together."},"options":{"a":"Create objects, call service methods, and print returned results.","b":"Store every report-building loop so imports are unnecessary.","c":"Replace model classes with plain strings to simplify output.","d":"Hold all calculations so service files stay empty."}},"dr-refactor-order":{"title":"Order the refactor steps","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for moving report logic from `main.py` into a service file while preserving behavior.","hint":"Start by identifying the logic to move, then create the service, then reconnect the caller.","help":{"concept":"A safe refactor follows a sequence: isolate one responsibility, move it, reconnect imports and calls, then verify behavior.","hint_1":"The caller cannot use the new service until the service method exists.","hint_2":"After updating `main.py`, the last step is to run the app or tests and compare behavior."},"tokens":{"t1":"Identify the report-building code in main.py.","t2":"Create a service method for that logic.","t3":"Update main.py to import and call the service.","t4":"Run the program or tests to confirm the output stayed the same."}},"ci-refactor-filter-service":{"title":"Move filtering logic into InventoryService","prompt":"A catalog screen should show only affordable books. Complete `InventoryService.affordable_titles(books, max_price)` in `services/inventory_service.py`. Return a list of titles for every book whose price is less than or equal to `max_price`. This refactor moves filtering logic for a whole list into a service.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"# Write your answer below","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Write your answer below"},"services_inventory_service_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update services/inventory_service.py to complete this step: Move filtering logic into InventoryService.\nclass InventoryService:\n def __init__(self):\n pass\n\n def affordable_titles(self, value, amount):\n pass"}}}}},"testing-inheritance-and-polymorphism":{"label":"Testing Inheritance and Polymorphism","summary":"Test the shared promise across parent and child classes, then prove a mixed list behaves through the same method call.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Test an inherited method"},"sketch1":{"title":"Test mixed subclass results"},"sketch2":{"title":"Test a defensive edge case"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_testing_inheritance_and_polymorphism_sketch0":{"title":"Test a subclass override","prompt":"The lesson used notification classes to explain testing an interface. Now practice with media classes. Complete `build_book_label()` so it returns the label for `Book(\"Dune\", \"Frank Herbert\")` exactly as `Book: Dune by Frank Herbert`.","hint":"The test should prove that the Book subclass override returns the expected label.","help":{"concept":"Testing subclass behavior means checking the exact result that the shared method should return for one concrete subclass.","hint_1":"Create the `Book` inside `build_book_label()`, then return the result of calling `label()` on that object.","hint_2":"Do not remove the existing assertion or success print line."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n\ndef build_book_label():\n # Create the Book and return its label.\n return \"\"\n\n\nassert build_book_label() == \"Book: Dune by Frank Herbert\"\nprint(\"book test passed\")","starterFiles":{"tests_check_book_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n\ndef build_book_label():\n # Create the Book and return its label.\n return \"\"\n\n\nassert build_book_label() == \"Book: Dune by Frank Herbert\"\nprint(\"book test passed\")"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# Keep models/catalog_item.py unchanged for this step: Test a subclass override.\nclass CatalogItem:\n def label(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement label().\")"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep models/book.py unchanged for this step: Test a subclass override.\nfrom models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n self.title = title\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title} by {self.author}\""}},"solutionFiles":{"tests_check_book_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n\ndef build_book_label():\n book = Book(\"Dune\", \"Frank Herbert\")\n return book.label()\n\n\nassert build_book_label() == \"Book: Dune by Frank Herbert\"\nprint(\"book test passed\")"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def label(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement label().\")"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n self.title = title\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title} by {self.author}\""}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n\ndef build_book_label():\n book = Book(\"Dune\", \"Frank Herbert\")\n return book.label()\n\n\nassert build_book_label() == \"Book: Dune by Frank Herbert\"\nprint(\"book test passed\")","checks":{"0":{"message":"build_book_label() should return the Book label from the subclass override."},"1":{"message":"Keep the success message print after the assertion passes."}}},"try_testing_inheritance_and_polymorphism_sketch1":{"title":"Test a polymorphic label service","prompt":"Practice a mixed polymorphic result. Complete `build_sample_labels()` so it returns labels for a Book and a Game: `Book: Dune by Frank Herbert` and `Game: Portal 2 on PC`.","hint":"Loop through the mixed list and call the same `label()` method on each object.","help":{"concept":"A polymorphism test should prove the same method call works across different subclasses.","hint_1":"Start with an empty list, append `item.label()` for each object, and return the finished list.","hint_2":"Do not rewrite the models in `main.py`; the missing logic belongs in the service file."},"starterCode":"# TODO: complete this step in main.py.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: complete this step in main.py.\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep models/book.py unchanged for this step: Test a polymorphic label service.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n self.title = title\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title} by {self.author}\""},"models_game_py":{"content":"# Keep models/game.py unchanged for this step: Test a polymorphic label service.\nclass Game:\n def __init__(self, title, platform):\n self.title = title\n self.platform = platform\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Game: {self.title} on {self.platform}\""},"services_catalog_report_py":{"content":"def build_labels(items):\n # Return one label() result for each item in order.\n return []"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.game import Game\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\n\ndef build_sample_labels():\n items = [\n Book(\"Dune\", \"Frank Herbert\"),\n Game(\"Portal 2\", \"PC\"),\n ]\n return build_labels(items)\n\n\nprint(build_sample_labels())"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n self.title = title\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title} by {self.author}\""},"models_game_py":{"content":"class Game:\n def __init__(self, title, platform):\n self.title = title\n self.platform = platform\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Game: {self.title} on {self.platform}\""},"services_catalog_report_py":{"content":"def build_labels(items):\n labels = []\n for item in items:\n labels.append(item.label())\n return labels"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.game import Game\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\n\ndef build_sample_labels():\n items = [\n Book(\"Dune\", \"Frank Herbert\"),\n Game(\"Portal 2\", \"PC\"),\n ]\n return build_labels(items)\n\n\nprint(build_sample_labels())","checks":{"0":{"message":"build_sample_labels() should return labels from a mixed Book/Game list in order."},"1":{"message":"Print the returned label list."}}},"try_testing_inheritance_and_polymorphism_sketch2":{"title":"Test validation with a fixture edge case","prompt":"Practice an edge case. Complete `build_empty_title_label()` so a game with an empty title falls back to `Untitled` and returns `Game: Untitled on Switch`.","hint":"Replace an empty incoming title before the label method uses it.","help":{"concept":"A good test includes edge cases. Here, the subclass should still return a useful label when the title is missing.","hint_1":"In `__init__`, use a fallback like `\"Untitled\"` when the incoming title is empty.","hint_2":"Leave `label()` using the stored `self.title` so the validation change shows up automatically."},"starterCode":"# TODO: complete this step in main.py.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: complete this step in main.py.\n"},"models_game_py":{"content":"class Game:\n def __init__(self, title, platform):\n # Replace an empty title with \"Untitled\".\n self.title = title\n self.platform = platform\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Game: {self.title} on {self.platform}\""}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.game import Game\n\n\ndef build_empty_title_label():\n game = Game(\"\", \"Switch\")\n return game.label()\n\n\nprint(build_empty_title_label())"},"models_game_py":{"content":"class Game:\n def __init__(self, title, platform):\n self.title = title if title else \"Untitled\"\n self.platform = platform\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Game: {self.title} on {self.platform}\""}},"solutionCode":"from models.game import Game\n\n\ndef build_empty_title_label():\n game = Game(\"\", \"Switch\")\n return game.label()\n\n\nprint(build_empty_title_label())","checks":{"0":{"message":"build_empty_title_label() should prove the empty title is sanitized before labeling."},"1":{"message":"Print the sanitized label for the game."}}}},"practice":{"policy_single_choice_1":{"title":"Choose what the test should prove","prompt":"When you test `Book.label()`, what is the most useful thing to check?","hint":"Focus on the promised result of the shared method.","help":{"concept":"A good inheritance test checks the behavior callers depend on, not random details around the class.","hint_1":"Look for the choice about the exact returned label.","hint_2":"The best answer checks subclass behavior through the shared method."},"options":{"a":"That `Book.label()` returns the exact expected string","b":"That the file is named `book.py`","c":"That the class uses two blank lines before each method","d":"That Python prints comments automatically"}},"policy_multi_choice_1":{"title":"Choose good polymorphism test habits","prompt":"Which habits help when you test a mixed list of `Book` and `Game` objects?","hint":"Pick the choices that keep the test focused on the shared `label()` contract.","help":{"concept":"A strong polymorphism test checks that one loop can call the same method on different object types and get the right results back.","hint_1":"Helpful habits keep the list mixed and check the returned labels in order.","hint_2":"Avoid choices that add type-checking or ignore the test output."},"options":{"a":"Build one mixed list and call `label()` on each item","b":"Check that the returned labels stay in the original order","c":"Add `if type(...)` checks before every call to `label()`","d":"Compare the test result with the exact expected labels"}},"policy_drag_reorder_1":{"title":"Order the inheritance test steps","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for testing subclass behavior.","hint":"Start by creating the object, then call the method, then compare the result.","help":{"concept":"A clean inheritance test creates a concrete subclass object, calls the shared method, and then checks the returned value.","hint_1":"The object must exist before you can call the method.","hint_2":"You compare the returned label after the method call."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create a `Book` object","t2":"Call `book.label()`","t3":"Compare the returned string with the expected label"}},"policy_fill_blank_choice_1":{"title":"Choose the parent class name","prompt":"Fill in the parent class name so `Book` inherits from the shared catalog base class.","hint":"Use the class that defines the shared `label()` contract.","help":{"concept":"A subclass names its parent class inside the parentheses of the class definition.","hint_1":"Use the shared item class from this topic.","hint_2":"Do not pick a method name or a Python keyword."},"template":"class Book([blank1]):\n pass","choices":["CatalogItem","label","author","return"]}}},"testing-object-state":{"label":"Testing Object State","summary":"Test object state by watching one object before and after method calls, like checking a thermometer before and after changing the room temperature.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Test one state change"},"sketch1":{"title":"Test validation rules"},"sketch2":{"title":"Test a sequence of changes"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_testing_object_state_sketch0":{"title":"Test a book's availability state","prompt":"The lesson used a thermostat to explain state testing. Now practice with a library object. Complete the `Book` class so a new book starts available, and `checkout()` changes only that book's `available` state to `False`.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"A state test checks what the object stores before and after a method call. Here, `checkout()` should change `available` from True to False.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"# Write your answer below","starterFiles":{"models_book_py":{"content":"# Write your answer below"}},"solutionCode":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n self.available = True\n\n def checkout(self):\n self.available = False","checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Book class defined in models/book.py."},"1":{"message":"Book should still be constructible with a title."},"2":{"message":"A Book instance should have title and available attributes."},"3":{"message":"A new book should start available, then become unavailable after checkout()."}},"solutionFiles":{"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n self.available = True\n\n def checkout(self):\n self.available = False"}}},"try_testing_object_state_sketch1":{"title":"Test constructor validation for task priority","prompt":"Practice validation with a task object. Complete `Task` so the constructor stores `name` and a safe `priority`. A negative priority should become `0`; a positive priority should stay as given.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Validation is state protection. The constructor should not allow a negative priority to become object state.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"# Write your answer below","starterFiles":{"models_task_py":{"content":"# Write your answer below"}},"solutionCode":"class Task:\n def __init__(self, name, priority):\n self.name = name\n if priority < 0:\n self.priority = 0\n else:\n self.priority = priority","checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Task class defined in models/task.py."},"1":{"message":"A Task instance should store name and priority."},"2":{"message":"A normal priority should be stored unchanged."},"3":{"message":"A negative priority should be corrected to 0."}},"solutionFiles":{"models_task_py":{"content":"class Task:\n def __init__(self, name, priority):\n self.name = name\n if priority < 0:\n self.priority = 0\n else:\n self.priority = priority"}}},"try_testing_object_state_sketch2":{"title":"Test repeated counter state changes","prompt":"Practice a sequence of state changes with a counter. Complete `Counter` so it starts at `0`, and every `increment()` call increases `count` by one.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Some tests check a sequence, not just one call. The expected count should move from 0 to 1 to 2 after two increments.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"# Write your answer below","starterFiles":{"models_counter_py":{"content":"# Write your answer below"}},"solutionCode":"class Counter:\n def __init__(self):\n self.count = 0\n\n def increment(self):\n self.count += 1","checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Counter class defined in models/counter.py."},"1":{"message":"A Counter instance should have a count attribute."},"2":{"message":"The count should move from 0 to 1 to 2 across two increment() calls."}},"solutionFiles":{"models_counter_py":{"content":"class Counter:\n def __init__(self):\n self.count = 0\n\n def increment(self):\n self.count += 1"}}}},"practice":{"q-testing-object-state-single-1":{"title":"What should an object-state test check after a mutating method runs?","prompt":"A `checkout()` method is supposed to change a book from available to unavailable. Which test idea best proves that state change happened?","hint":"Look for the choice that checks the attribute after the method call, not just that the method exists.","help":{"concept":"A state-change test should verify the actual attribute value after a mutating method runs, because the goal is to prove behavior, not just structure.","hint_1":"A method can exist and still fail to update the object's data correctly.","hint_2":"Choose the option that inspects the `available` attribute after calling `checkout()`."},"options":{"a":"Create a Book object and check that `available` becomes `False` after calling `checkout()`","b":"Only check that the `Book` class has a `checkout` method name","c":"Print the object once and assume the method worked","d":"Check only the book title because constructors are more important than methods"}},"q-testing-object-state-multi-1":{"title":"Choose the strongest constructor validation checks","prompt":"A `Task` constructor should keep positive priorities unchanged and replace negative priorities with `0`. Which assertions belong in a good test set? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Include one check for valid input and one for invalid input.","help":{"concept":"Good validation coverage includes both the normal path and the edge-case path so the constructor rule is tested from more than one angle.","hint_1":"One correct option should confirm that a positive priority stays the same.","hint_2":"Another correct option should confirm that a negative priority does not remain negative after construction."},"options":{"a":"`Task(\"Email\", 2).priority == 2`","b":"`Task(\"Broken\", -5).priority == 0`","c":"`Task(\"Email\", 2).name == 2`","d":"`Task(\"Broken\", -5).priority == -5`"}},"q-testing-object-state-fill-1":{"title":"Complete an assert for starting state","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the assertion checks that a new counter starts at zero.","hint":"A new `Counter` object should begin with no increments applied.","help":{"concept":"Starting-state assertions verify what the constructor sets before any methods change the object.","hint_1":"The `count` attribute should match the constructor's initial value.","hint_2":"Choose the numeric value that represents an untouched counter."},"template":"assert counter.count == [blank1]","choices":["0","1","False","None"]},"q-testing-object-state-drag-1":{"title":"Order a before-and-after state test","prompt":"Put these testing steps in the best order for checking a method that changes object state.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"Assert the starting attribute value","t2":"Create the object","t3":"Call the state-changing method","t4":"Assert the updated attribute value"}},"q-testing-object-state-multi-2":{"title":"Spot useful object-state edge cases","prompt":"You are testing a `Counter` object with an `increment()` method. Which checks help prove repeated state changes work correctly? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about what happens before any increments and after more than one increment.","help":{"concept":"Repeated state-change tests are stronger when they verify the initial state and multiple successive updates on the same object.","hint_1":"One correct option should check the starting count before any method calls.","hint_2":"Another correct option should check the count after the method has been called more than once on the same instance."},"options":{"a":"Assert that a new counter starts at `0`","b":"Assert that the same counter reaches `2` after two `increment()` calls","c":"Only check that `increment` is spelled correctly","d":"Create two separate counters and ignore their `count` values"}},"q-testing-object-state-fill-2":{"title":"Complete an assert after a checkout","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the assertion checks the book's state after `checkout()` has already run.","hint":"After checkout, the book should no longer be available.","help":{"concept":"After-method assertions should match the new stored state, not the original constructor value.","hint_1":"The `available` attribute should switch away from its starting value.","hint_2":"Choose the boolean value that represents an unavailable book."},"template":"assert book.available is [blank1]","choices":["True","False","0","Lesson notes panel"]},"ci-testing-object-state-debug-book-return":{"title":"Fix a broken return method after state changes","prompt":"A checkout service uses `Book.checkout()` and `Book.return_book()`. Right now, returning a book does not restore availability. Fix `models/book.py` so the object's state changes correctly. Do not change the test file. When you click Run, the output panel should show that the tests passed.","hint":"Read the task \"Fix a broken return method after state changes\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Fix a broken return method after state changes\".","hint_1":"Use the statement or expression that matches the required behavior in `main.py`.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n self.available = True\n\n def checkout(self):\n self.available = False\n\n def return_book(self):\n self.available = False","starterFiles":{"models_book_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update models/book.py to complete this step: Fix a broken return method after state changes.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n self.available = True\n\n def checkout(self):\n self.available = False\n\n def return_book(self):\n self.available = False"}}},"ci-testing-object-state-fix-wallet-validation":{"title":"Fix wallet validation so balance never starts negative","prompt":"A budgeting app has a `Wallet` class in `models/wallet.py`. The constructor should store the given balance when it is zero or more, but negative starting balances should become `0`. The current code stores negative values by mistake. Fix the class so the provided tests in `tests/check_wallet.py` pass when you click Run.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Compare the question to the lesson example and remove details that do not match the requested concept.","hint_2":"Use the class names, method names, and file targets from the prompt as your checklist."},"starterCode":"class Wallet:\n def __init__(self, owner, starting_balance):\n self.owner = owner\n self.balance = starting_balance","starterFiles":{"models_wallet_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update models/wallet.py to complete this step: Fix wallet validation so balance never starts negative.\nclass Wallet:\n def __init__(self, owner, starting_balance):\n self.owner = owner\n self.balance = starting_balance"}}},"ci-testing-object-state-fix-scoreboard-add-points":{"title":"Fix a method that updates score incorrectly","prompt":"A game app has a `Scoreboard` class in `models/scoreboard.py`. The `add_points()` method should increase the current score by the amount passed in. Right now it resets the score instead. Fix the class so the tests in `tests/check_scoreboard.py` pass.","hint":"Read the task \"Fix a method that updates score incorrectly\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Fix a method that updates score incorrectly\".","hint_1":"Use the statement or expression that matches the required behavior in `main.py`.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"class Scoreboard:\n def __init__(self):\n self.score = 0\n\n def add_points(self, points):\n self.score = points","starterFiles":{"models_scoreboard_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update models/scoreboard.py to complete this step: Fix a method that updates score incorrectly.\nclass Scoreboard:\n def __init__(self):\n self.score = 0\n\n def add_points(self, points):\n self.score = points"}}}}}},"python-11-oop-capstone-project":{"capstone-domain-model":{"label":"Capstone Domain Model","summary":"Build the task objects that carry the tracker domain before adding storage or reports.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Planning brief"}},"finalCapstone":{"steps":{"try_capstone_domain_model_sketch0":{"title":"Create the shared BaseTask model","prompt":"In `models/base_task.py`, implement `BaseTask` with `title`, validated `priority`, and `completed` state. New tasks start incomplete. `mark_done()` sets completed to True, `is_open()` returns the opposite, and `summary()` raises NotImplementedError. The supplied main.py marks one task done and prints its state.","hint":"Validate before storing the fields, then mutate only `self.completed` in mark_done().","help":{"concept":"The base class owns shared state and behavior while leaving the concrete summary format to subclasses.","hint_1":"Validate before storing the fields, then mutate only `self.completed` in mark_done().","hint_2":"Inspect the requested file and account for each requirement before running the workspace."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided BaseTask state demo.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\ntask = BaseTask(\"Draft roadmap\", \"high\")\ntask.mark_done()\nprint(task.title)\nprint(task.priority)\nprint(task.completed)\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided BaseTask state demo.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\ntask = BaseTask(\"Draft roadmap\", \"high\")\ntask.mark_done()\nprint(task.title)\nprint(task.priority)\nprint(task.completed)\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"class BaseTask:\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n # TODO: validate and store title, priority, and completed.\n pass\n\n def mark_done(self):\n # TODO: set completed to True and return it.\n pass\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\ntask = BaseTask(\"Draft roadmap\", \"high\")\ntask.mark_done()\nprint(task.title)\nprint(task.priority)\nprint(task.completed)\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"class BaseTask:\n VALID_PRIORITIES = {\"low\", \"medium\", \"high\"}\n\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n if not title.strip():\n raise ValueError(\"title is required\")\n if priority not in self.VALID_PRIORITIES:\n raise ValueError(\"priority must be low, medium, or high\")\n self.title = title\n self.priority = priority\n self.completed = bool(completed)\n\n def mark_done(self):\n self.completed = True\n return self.completed\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\ntask = BaseTask(\"Draft roadmap\", \"high\")\ntask.mark_done()\nprint(task.title)\nprint(task.priority)\nprint(task.completed)\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Store the shared task attributes."},"1":{"message":"A marked-done task should no longer be open."},"2":{"message":"Print the title, priority, and final completed state."}},"expectedOutput":"Draft roadmap\nhigh\nTrue"}}}},"capstone-scope-and-architecture":{"label":"Capstone Scope and Architecture","summary":"Plan the Smart Task Tracker workspace so models, services, data, and main.py each have a clear job.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Planning brief"}},"finalCapstone":{"steps":{"try_capstone_scope_and_architecture_sketch0":{"title":"Plan one clean capstone workspace","prompt":"Complete `reports/summary.py` so build_summary(tasks) returns one summary line per task. Keep the task hierarchy in models and the runner in main.py; do not copy model classes into main.py.","hint":"Join task.summary() results with newline characters.","help":{"concept":"A clean architecture gives models, reports, storage, services, and the runner separate responsibilities.","hint_1":"Join task.summary() results with newline characters.","hint_2":"Review the file path, class or function name, and output requirements together."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided architecture snapshot.\nfrom models import BugTask, FeatureTask\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\n\ntasks = [BugTask(\"Fix login redirect\", \"high\", \"critical\"), FeatureTask(\"Add dark mode\", \"medium\", 3)]\nprint(build_summary(tasks))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided architecture snapshot.\nfrom models import BugTask, FeatureTask\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\n\ntasks = [BugTask(\"Fix login redirect\", \"high\", \"critical\"), FeatureTask(\"Add dark mode\", \"medium\", 3)]\nprint(build_summary(tasks))\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Plan one clean capstone workspace. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nclass BaseTask:\n VALID_PRIORITIES = {\"low\", \"medium\", \"high\"}\n\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n if not title.strip():\n raise ValueError(\"title is required\")\n if priority not in self.VALID_PRIORITIES:\n raise ValueError(\"priority must be low, medium, or high\")\n self.title = title\n self.priority = priority\n self.completed = bool(completed)\n\n def mark_done(self):\n self.completed = True\n return self.completed\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"},"models_bug_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Plan one clean capstone workspace. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass BugTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, severity, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.severity = severity\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"BUG: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | severity={self.severity} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models_feature_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Plan one clean capstone workspace. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass FeatureTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, estimate_points, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.estimate_points = max(1, int(estimate_points))\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"FEATURE: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | points={self.estimate_points} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Keep this package marker so imports work.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\nfrom models.bug_task import BugTask\nfrom models.feature_task import FeatureTask\n\n__all__ = [\"BaseTask\", \"BugTask\", \"FeatureTask\"]\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"def build_summary(tasks):\n # TODO: return one summary line per task.\n pass\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models import BugTask, FeatureTask\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\n\ntasks = [BugTask(\"Fix login redirect\", \"high\", \"critical\"), FeatureTask(\"Add dark mode\", \"medium\", 3)]\nprint(build_summary(tasks))\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"class BaseTask:\n VALID_PRIORITIES = {\"low\", \"medium\", \"high\"}\n\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n if not title.strip():\n raise ValueError(\"title is required\")\n if priority not in self.VALID_PRIORITIES:\n raise ValueError(\"priority must be low, medium, or high\")\n self.title = title\n self.priority = priority\n self.completed = bool(completed)\n\n def mark_done(self):\n self.completed = True\n return self.completed\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"},"models_bug_task_py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass BugTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, severity, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.severity = severity\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"BUG: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | severity={self.severity} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models_feature_task_py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass FeatureTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, estimate_points, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.estimate_points = max(1, int(estimate_points))\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"FEATURE: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | points={self.estimate_points} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\nfrom models.bug_task import BugTask\nfrom models.feature_task import FeatureTask\n\n__all__ = [\"BaseTask\", \"BugTask\", \"FeatureTask\"]\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"def build_summary(tasks):\n return \"\\n\".join(task.summary() for task in tasks)\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models import BugTask, FeatureTask\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\n\ntasks = [BugTask(\"Fix login redirect\", \"high\", \"critical\"), FeatureTask(\"Add dark mode\", \"medium\", 3)]\nprint(build_summary(tasks))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Return both task summaries from the report module."}},"expectedOutput":"BUG: Fix login redirect | priority=high | severity=critical | done=False\nFEATURE: Add dark mode | priority=medium | points=3 | done=False"}}}},"capstone-storage-and-reports":{"label":"Capstone Storage and Reports","summary":"Load task data into objects and turn those objects into useful report output.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Planning brief"}},"finalCapstone":{"steps":{"try_capstone_storage_and_reports_sketch0":{"title":"Load task objects from CSV","prompt":"Complete storage/task_storage.py so load_tasks(path) reads data/tasks.csv and returns the correct task subclasses in file order. The supplied runner prints the count and first title.","hint":"Use DictReader, convert completed to bool, and convert feature detail to int.","help":{"concept":"Storage code translates serialized rows into validated domain objects.","hint_1":"Use DictReader, convert completed to bool, and convert feature detail to int.","hint_2":"Use the requested file boundary as part of the solution contract."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided storage smoke test.\nfrom storage.task_storage import load_tasks\n\ntasks = load_tasks(\"data/tasks.csv\")\nprint(len(tasks))\nprint(tasks[0].title)\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided storage smoke test.\nfrom storage.task_storage import load_tasks\n\ntasks = load_tasks(\"data/tasks.csv\")\nprint(len(tasks))\nprint(tasks[0].title)\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Load task objects from CSV. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nclass BaseTask:\n VALID_PRIORITIES = {\"low\", \"medium\", \"high\"}\n\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n if not title.strip():\n raise ValueError(\"title is required\")\n if priority not in self.VALID_PRIORITIES:\n raise ValueError(\"priority must be low, medium, or high\")\n self.title = title\n self.priority = priority\n self.completed = bool(completed)\n\n def mark_done(self):\n self.completed = True\n return self.completed\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"},"models_bug_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Load task objects from CSV. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass BugTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, severity, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.severity = severity\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"BUG: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | severity={self.severity} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models_feature_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Load task objects from CSV. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass FeatureTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, estimate_points, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.estimate_points = max(1, int(estimate_points))\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"FEATURE: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | points={self.estimate_points} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Keep this package marker so imports work.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\nfrom models.bug_task import BugTask\nfrom models.feature_task import FeatureTask\n\n__all__ = [\"BaseTask\", \"BugTask\", \"FeatureTask\"]\n"},"data_tasks_csv":{"content":"kind,title,priority,detail,completed\nbug,Fix login redirect,high,critical,false\nfeature,Add dark mode,medium,3,false\nfeature,Export CSV,low,5,true\n"},"storage_task_storage_py":{"content":"import csv\nfrom models import BugTask, FeatureTask\n\ndef load_tasks(path):\n # TODO: parse each CSV row into the matching task subclass.\n pass\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from storage.task_storage import load_tasks\n\ntasks = load_tasks(\"data/tasks.csv\")\nprint(len(tasks))\nprint(tasks[0].title)\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"class BaseTask:\n VALID_PRIORITIES = {\"low\", \"medium\", \"high\"}\n\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n if not title.strip():\n raise ValueError(\"title is required\")\n if priority not in self.VALID_PRIORITIES:\n raise ValueError(\"priority must be low, medium, or high\")\n self.title = title\n self.priority = priority\n self.completed = bool(completed)\n\n def mark_done(self):\n self.completed = True\n return self.completed\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"},"models_bug_task_py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass BugTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, severity, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.severity = severity\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"BUG: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | severity={self.severity} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models_feature_task_py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass FeatureTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, estimate_points, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.estimate_points = max(1, int(estimate_points))\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"FEATURE: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | points={self.estimate_points} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\nfrom models.bug_task import BugTask\nfrom models.feature_task import FeatureTask\n\n__all__ = [\"BaseTask\", \"BugTask\", \"FeatureTask\"]\n"},"data_tasks_csv":{"content":"kind,title,priority,detail,completed\nbug,Fix login redirect,high,critical,false\nfeature,Add dark mode,medium,3,false\nfeature,Export CSV,low,5,true\n"},"storage_task_storage_py":{"content":"import csv\nfrom models import BugTask, FeatureTask\n\ndef load_tasks(path):\n tasks = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n completed = row[\"completed\"].lower() == \"true\"\n if row[\"kind\"] == \"bug\":\n task = BugTask(row[\"title\"], row[\"priority\"], row[\"detail\"], completed)\n elif row[\"kind\"] == \"feature\":\n task = FeatureTask(row[\"title\"], row[\"priority\"], int(row[\"detail\"]), completed)\n else:\n raise ValueError(f\"unknown task kind: {row['kind']}\")\n tasks.append(task)\n return tasks\n"}},"solutionCode":"from storage.task_storage import load_tasks\n\ntasks = load_tasks(\"data/tasks.csv\")\nprint(len(tasks))\nprint(tasks[0].title)\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Load three tasks and preserve the first title."}},"expectedOutput":"3\nFix login redirect"}}}},"capstone-tests-and-polish":{"label":"Capstone Tests and Polish","summary":"Add assertions, final output polish, and README handoff notes so the capstone feels complete.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Planning brief"}},"finalCapstone":{"steps":{"try_capstone_tests_and_polish_sketch0":{"title":"Add focused model checks","prompt":"Complete main.py with assertions that a new BugTask is open and a FeatureTask estimate of 0 becomes 1. Print `model checks passed` after both assertions.","hint":"Create both objects, assert their state, then print confirmation.","help":{"concept":"Focused tests prove validation and starting state before testing larger workflows.","hint_1":"Create both objects, assert their state, then print confirmation.","hint_2":"Use the requested file boundary as part of the solution contract."},"starterCode":"# TODO: create the two tasks, add the required assertions, then print confirmation.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: create the two tasks, add the required assertions, then print confirmation.\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Add focused model checks. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nclass BaseTask:\n VALID_PRIORITIES = {\"low\", \"medium\", \"high\"}\n\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n if not title.strip():\n raise ValueError(\"title is required\")\n if priority not in self.VALID_PRIORITIES:\n raise ValueError(\"priority must be low, medium, or high\")\n self.title = title\n self.priority = priority\n self.completed = bool(completed)\n\n def mark_done(self):\n self.completed = True\n return self.completed\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"},"models_bug_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Add focused model checks. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass BugTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, severity, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.severity = severity\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"BUG: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | severity={self.severity} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models_feature_task_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Add focused model checks. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass FeatureTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, estimate_points, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.estimate_points = max(1, int(estimate_points))\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"FEATURE: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | points={self.estimate_points} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Keep this package marker so imports work.\nfrom models.base_task import BaseTask\nfrom models.bug_task import BugTask\nfrom models.feature_task import FeatureTask\n\n__all__ = [\"BaseTask\", \"BugTask\", \"FeatureTask\"]\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Add focused model checks. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\ndef build_summary(tasks):\n lines = [\"SMART TASK TRACKER\"]\n lines.extend(task.summary() for task in tasks)\n open_count = sum(task.is_open() for task in tasks)\n lines.append(f\"OPEN: {open_count} | DONE: {len(tasks) - open_count}\")\n return \"\\n\".join(lines)\n"},"storage_task_storage_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Add focused model checks. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nimport csv\nfrom models import BugTask, FeatureTask\n\ndef load_tasks(path):\n tasks = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n completed = row[\"completed\"].lower() == \"true\"\n if row[\"kind\"] == \"bug\":\n task = BugTask(row[\"title\"], row[\"priority\"], row[\"detail\"], completed)\n elif row[\"kind\"] == \"feature\":\n task = FeatureTask(row[\"title\"], row[\"priority\"], int(row[\"detail\"]), completed)\n else:\n raise ValueError(f\"unknown task kind: {row['kind']}\")\n tasks.append(task)\n return tasks\n"},"services_tracker_service_py":{"content":"# Starter guidance: Add focused model checks. Follow the prompt and edit the requested code below.\nclass TrackerService:\n def __init__(self, tasks=None):\n self.tasks = list(tasks or [])\n\n def add_task(self, task):\n self.tasks.append(task)\n return task\n\n def mark_done(self, title):\n for task in self.tasks:\n if task.title == title:\n task.mark_done()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_tasks(self):\n return sum(task.is_open() for task in self.tasks)\n"},"data_tasks_csv":{"content":"kind,title,priority,detail,completed\nbug,Fix login redirect,high,critical,false\nfeature,Add dark mode,medium,3,false\nfeature,Export CSV,low,5,true\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models import BugTask, FeatureTask\n\nbug = BugTask(\"Fix login\", \"high\", \"critical\")\nfeature = FeatureTask(\"Polish UI\", \"low\", 0)\nassert bug.is_open() is True\nassert feature.estimate_points == 1\nprint(\"model checks passed\")\n"},"models_base_task_py":{"content":"class BaseTask:\n VALID_PRIORITIES = {\"low\", \"medium\", \"high\"}\n\n def __init__(self, title, priority=\"medium\", completed=False):\n if not title.strip():\n raise ValueError(\"title is required\")\n if priority not in self.VALID_PRIORITIES:\n raise ValueError(\"priority must be low, medium, or high\")\n self.title = title\n self.priority = priority\n self.completed = bool(completed)\n\n def mark_done(self):\n self.completed = True\n return self.completed\n\n def is_open(self):\n return not self.completed\n\n def summary(self):\n raise NotImplementedError(\"Subclasses must implement summary()\")\n"},"models_bug_task_py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass BugTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, severity, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.severity = severity\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"BUG: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | severity={self.severity} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models_feature_task_py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\n\nclass FeatureTask(BaseTask):\n def __init__(self, title, priority, estimate_points, completed=False):\n super().__init__(title, priority, completed)\n self.estimate_points = max(1, int(estimate_points))\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"FEATURE: {self.title} | priority={self.priority} | points={self.estimate_points} | done={self.completed}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.base_task import BaseTask\nfrom models.bug_task import BugTask\nfrom models.feature_task import FeatureTask\n\n__all__ = [\"BaseTask\", \"BugTask\", \"FeatureTask\"]\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"def build_summary(tasks):\n lines = [\"SMART TASK TRACKER\"]\n lines.extend(task.summary() for task in tasks)\n open_count = sum(task.is_open() for task in tasks)\n lines.append(f\"OPEN: {open_count} | DONE: {len(tasks) - open_count}\")\n return \"\\n\".join(lines)\n"},"storage_task_storage_py":{"content":"import csv\nfrom models import BugTask, FeatureTask\n\ndef load_tasks(path):\n tasks = []\n with open(path, newline=\"\") as file:\n for row in csv.DictReader(file):\n completed = row[\"completed\"].lower() == \"true\"\n if row[\"kind\"] == \"bug\":\n task = BugTask(row[\"title\"], row[\"priority\"], row[\"detail\"], completed)\n elif row[\"kind\"] == \"feature\":\n task = FeatureTask(row[\"title\"], row[\"priority\"], int(row[\"detail\"]), completed)\n else:\n raise ValueError(f\"unknown task kind: {row['kind']}\")\n tasks.append(task)\n return tasks\n"},"services_tracker_service_py":{"content":"class TrackerService:\n def __init__(self, tasks=None):\n self.tasks = list(tasks or [])\n\n def add_task(self, task):\n self.tasks.append(task)\n return task\n\n def mark_done(self, title):\n for task in self.tasks:\n if task.title == title:\n task.mark_done()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_tasks(self):\n return sum(task.is_open() for task in self.tasks)\n"},"data_tasks_csv":{"content":"kind,title,priority,detail,completed\nbug,Fix login redirect,high,critical,false\nfeature,Add dark mode,medium,3,false\nfeature,Export CSV,low,5,true\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models import BugTask, FeatureTask\n\nbug = BugTask(\"Fix login\", \"high\", \"critical\")\nfeature = FeatureTask(\"Polish UI\", \"low\", 0)\nassert bug.is_open() is True\nassert feature.estimate_points == 1\nprint(\"model checks passed\")\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Run both model assertions before confirmation."}},"expectedOutput":"model checks passed"}}}},"module-11-final-oop-capstone":{"label":"Neighborhood Pantry Request Coordinator","summary":"Build a neighborhood pantry application through six clearly scoped milestones, from one abstract request contract to a tested and documented final handoff.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Final OOP Capstone"},"project":{"title":"Neighborhood Pantry Request Coordinator"}},"projectSteps":{"try_module_11_final_oop_capstone_sketch0":{"title":"Build the shared request foundation"},"project_pantry_request_step_2_models":{"title":"Add hygiene requests and prove polymorphism"},"project_pantry_request_step_3_service":{"title":"Give the pantry service ownership of the queue"},"project_pantry_request_step_4_storage":{"title":"Load saved requests back into domain objects"},"project_pantry_request_step_5_reports_tests":{"title":"Create the daily report and protect the design with tests"},"project_pantry_request_step_6_final_handoff":{"title":"Deliver the coordinator to the pantry team"}},"finalCapstone":{"steps":{"try_module_11_final_oop_capstone_sketch0":{"title":"Build the shared request foundation","prompt":"$8c","hint":"Start with the base-class contract, then make `FoodRequest` satisfy that contract. The shared `summary()` should call the subclass `category` and `details()` members.","help":{"concept":"An abstract base class protects the rules shared by every pantry request while forcing each concrete request type to provide its own category and detail text.","hint_1":"In `models/pantry_request.py`, import `ABC` and `abstractmethod`, inherit from `ABC`, and mark both `category` and `details()` as abstract.","hint_2":"In `models/food_request.py`, inherit from `PantryRequest` and implement the two abstract members. Then print one `FoodRequest.summary()` result from `main.py`."},"starterCode":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\n\nrequest = FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\")\nprint(request.summary())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\n\nrequest = FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\")\nprint(request.summary())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\n\n# TODO: define PantryRequest as an abstract base class.\n# Add validated household and priority properties, fulfilled state,\n# abstract category/details members, and a concrete summary() method.\n"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\n# TODO: create FoodRequest as a concrete PantryRequest subclass.\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"# HygieneRequest is added in the next milestone.\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# TODO: export PantryRequest and FoodRequest.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\n\nrequest = FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\")\nprint(request.summary())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$8d"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"# HygieneRequest is added in the next milestone.\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\"]\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\n\nrequest = FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\")\nprint(request.summary())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Create the `PantryRequest` class in `models/pantry_request.py`."},"1":{"message":"`FoodRequest.summary()` must return the Rivera family line shown in the expected example."},"2":{"message":"`main.py` must print the completed food-request summary."},"3":{"message":"Import both `ABC` and `abstractmethod` from `abc` in `models/pantry_request.py`."},"4":{"message":"Declare the base class as `class PantryRequest(ABC):`."},"5":{"message":"Mark the subclass contract with `@abstractmethod` in `models/pantry_request.py`."},"6":{"message":"Use properties to protect the request state and validation rules."},"7":{"message":"Declare `FoodRequest` as a subclass of `PantryRequest` in `models/food_request.py`."}},"workspaceFiles":{},"bundleMoved":{},"expectedOutput":"FOOD: Rivera family | priority=high | food=produce | fulfilled=False"},"project_pantry_request_step_2_models":{"title":"Add hygiene requests and prove polymorphism","prompt":"The pantry now needs to track hygiene supplies as well as food. Staff should be able to place both kinds of requests in one queue and print them without asking which concrete class each object uses.\n\nComplete this milestone in three parts:\n\n1. **Implement `HygieneRequest` in `models/hygiene_request.py`.** Inherit from `PantryRequest`, store `units` as an integer, reject values below `1`, return `HYGIENE` from `category`, and return `units=` from `details()`.\n2. **Export the complete model family.** Update `models/__init__.py` so `PantryRequest`, `FoodRequest`, and `HygieneRequest` are available from the package.\n3. **Demonstrate polymorphism in `main.py`.** Build one list containing the Rivera `FoodRequest` and the Chen `HygieneRequest`. Use one `for request in requests` loop and call `request.summary()` for every object.\n\nDo not create separate food and hygiene printing branches. The point of this milestone is that both subclasses work through the same base-class interface.","hint":"Finish the second subclass first. Then use one mixed list and one `request.summary()` call inside the loop.","help":{"concept":"Polymorphism lets `FoodRequest` and `HygieneRequest` travel through the same collection because both honor the `PantryRequest` contract.","hint_1":"`HygieneRequest` should override `category` and `details()` and validate that `units >= 1`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, avoid `if` or `isinstance` branches. One loop over the mixed list should print both summaries."},"starterCode":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\nrequests = [\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n]\n\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\nrequests = [\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n]\n\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$8e"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"# TODO: implement HygieneRequest with validated units.\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# TODO: export PantryRequest, FoodRequest, and HygieneRequest.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\nrequests = [\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n]\n\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$8f"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\nrequests = [\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n]\n\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Preserve the correct `FoodRequest.summary()` behavior from the previous milestone."},"1":{"message":"`HygieneRequest.summary()` must return the Chen family line shown in the expected example."},"2":{"message":"`main.py` must print both request summaries."},"3":{"message":"Declare `HygieneRequest` as a subclass of `PantryRequest`."},"4":{"message":"Use a `for` loop in `main.py` to process the mixed request list."},"5":{"message":"Call `request.summary()` inside the loop instead of branching by request type."}},"workspaceFiles":{},"bundleMoved":{},"expectedOutput":"FOOD: Rivera family | priority=high | food=produce | fulfilled=False\nHYGIENE: Chen family | priority=medium | units=3 | fulfilled=False"},"project_pantry_request_step_3_service":{"title":"Give the pantry service ownership of the queue","prompt":"$90","hint":"Let the service own the mutable list. Return a tuple to callers and call each request object’s methods instead of changing its internal fields directly.","help":{"concept":"Encapsulation gives `PantryService` one clear responsibility: protect the request collection and coordinate changes through the model’s public methods.","hint_1":"Initialize `self._requests = []`, add starting requests through `add_request()`, and return `tuple(self._requests)` from the property.","hint_2":"In `mark_fulfilled()`, find the matching household and call `request.mark_fulfilled()`. In `summary_lines()`, call `request.summary()` for each object."},"starterCode":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\n\nservice = PantryService([\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n])\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\n\nfor line in service.summary_lines():\n print(line)\nprint(\"OPEN:\", service.count_open_requests())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\n\nservice = PantryService([\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n])\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\n\nfor line in service.summary_lines():\n print(line)\nprint(\"OPEN:\", service.count_open_requests())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$91"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"# TODO: encapsulate the request collection in PantryService.\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\n\nservice = PantryService([\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n])\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\n\nfor line in service.summary_lines():\n print(line)\nprint(\"OPEN:\", service.count_open_requests())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$92"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass PantryService:\n def __init__(self, requests=None):\n self._requests = []\n for request in requests or []:\n self.add_request(request)\n\n @property\n def requests(self):\n return tuple(self._requests)\n\n def add_request(self, request):\n if not isinstance(request, PantryRequest):\n raise TypeError(\"request must implement PantryRequest\")\n self._requests.append(request)\n\n def mark_fulfilled(self, household):\n for request in self._requests:\n if request.household == household:\n request.mark_fulfilled()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_requests(self):\n return sum(request.is_open() for request in self._requests)\n\n def summary_lines(self):\n return [request.summary() for request in self._requests]\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\n\nservice = PantryService([\n FoodRequest(\"Rivera family\", \"high\", \"produce\"),\n HygieneRequest(\"Chen family\", \"medium\", 3),\n])\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\n\nfor line in service.summary_lines():\n print(line)\nprint(\"OPEN:\", service.count_open_requests())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Create the `PantryService` class in `services/pantry_service.py`."},"1":{"message":"A new empty `PantryService` must report `0` open requests."},"2":{"message":"`main.py` must print the two summaries and the open-request count."},"3":{"message":"Store the mutable collection in `self._requests` inside `PantryService`."},"4":{"message":"Expose the collection through a read-only property instead of returning the internal list directly."},"5":{"message":"Delegate fulfillment to `request.mark_fulfilled()` instead of changing model state from the service."},"6":{"message":"Build service summary lines by calling `request.summary()` polymorphically."}},"workspaceFiles":{},"bundleMoved":{},"expectedOutput":"FOOD: Rivera family | priority=high | food=produce | fulfilled=True\nHYGIENE: Chen family | priority=medium | units=3 | fulfilled=False\nOPEN: 1"},"project_pantry_request_step_4_storage":{"title":"Load saved requests back into domain objects","prompt":"$93","hint":"Read one row at a time, build the shared constructor values once, and choose the concrete subclass only where the `type` column requires it.","help":{"concept":"A storage adapter converts serialized CSV rows into validated domain objects so the rest of the application can continue using the same OOP interface.","hint_1":"Use `csv.DictReader`, normalize the fulfilled text, and construct `FoodRequest` or `HygieneRequest` with the row data.","hint_2":"Return a list of request objects. In `main.py`, loop over that list and call `request.summary()` without storage-specific or type-specific report logic."},"starterCode":"from storage.request_storage import load_requests\n\nrequests = load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\")\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from storage.request_storage import load_requests\n\nrequests = load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\")\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$94"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass PantryService:\n def __init__(self, requests=None):\n self._requests = []\n for request in requests or []:\n self.add_request(request)\n\n @property\n def requests(self):\n return tuple(self._requests)\n\n def add_request(self, request):\n if not isinstance(request, PantryRequest):\n raise TypeError(\"request must implement PantryRequest\")\n self._requests.append(request)\n\n def mark_fulfilled(self, household):\n for request in self._requests:\n if request.household == household:\n request.mark_fulfilled()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_requests(self):\n return sum(request.is_open() for request in self._requests)\n\n def summary_lines(self):\n return [request.summary() for request in self._requests]\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"storage_request_storage_py":{"content":"# TODO: load concrete PantryRequest objects from the CSV file.\n"},"storage___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"data_requests_csv":{"content":"type,household,priority,detail,fulfilled\nfood,Rivera family,high,produce,false\nhygiene,Chen family,medium,3,false\nhygiene,Morgan family,low,5,true\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from storage.request_storage import load_requests\n\nrequests = load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\")\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$95"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass PantryService:\n def __init__(self, requests=None):\n self._requests = []\n for request in requests or []:\n self.add_request(request)\n\n @property\n def requests(self):\n return tuple(self._requests)\n\n def add_request(self, request):\n if not isinstance(request, PantryRequest):\n raise TypeError(\"request must implement PantryRequest\")\n self._requests.append(request)\n\n def mark_fulfilled(self, household):\n for request in self._requests:\n if request.household == household:\n request.mark_fulfilled()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_requests(self):\n return sum(request.is_open() for request in self._requests)\n\n def summary_lines(self):\n return [request.summary() for request in self._requests]\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"storage_request_storage_py":{"content":"$96"},"storage___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"data_requests_csv":{"content":"type,household,priority,detail,fulfilled\nfood,Rivera family,high,produce,false\nhygiene,Chen family,medium,3,false\nhygiene,Morgan family,low,5,true\n"}},"solutionCode":"from storage.request_storage import load_requests\n\nrequests = load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\")\nfor request in requests:\n print(request.summary())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"`parse_fulfilled(\"yes\")` must return `True`."},"1":{"message":"`main.py` must print the three requests loaded from the CSV file."},"2":{"message":"Import `FoodRequest` into `storage/request_storage.py` so food rows become food objects."},"3":{"message":"Import `HygieneRequest` into `storage/request_storage.py` so hygiene rows become hygiene objects."},"4":{"message":"Read the CSV with `csv.DictReader`."},"5":{"message":"Print loaded objects through `request.summary()` in `main.py`."}},"workspaceFiles":{},"bundleMoved":{},"expectedOutput":"FOOD: Rivera family | priority=high | food=produce | fulfilled=False\nHYGIENE: Chen family | priority=medium | units=3 | fulfilled=False\nHYGIENE: Morgan family | priority=low | units=5 | fulfilled=True"},"project_pantry_request_step_5_reports_tests":{"title":"Create the daily report and protect the design with tests","prompt":"$97","hint":"Write the report against the shared interface, then make the tests prove the abstraction, validation, mixed collection, and service behavior.","help":{"concept":"A strong regression check protects the design contract—not only the last printed line—while a polymorphic report stays independent of concrete request types.","hint_1":"Use `request.summary()` for report lines and `request.is_open()` for totals. Do not branch on `FoodRequest` or `HygieneRequest`.","hint_2":"Use `inspect.isabstract(PantryRequest)` and focused assertions for invalid values, mixed service contents, fulfillment, and open counts."},"starterCode":"from models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\nfrom storage.request_storage import load_requests\nfrom tests.check_requests import run_checks\n\nrun_checks()\n\nservice = PantryService(load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\"))\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\nservice.add_request(HygieneRequest(\"Davis family\", \"medium\", 2, True))\n\nprint(build_summary(service.requests))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\nfrom storage.request_storage import load_requests\nfrom tests.check_requests import run_checks\n\nrun_checks()\n\nservice = PantryService(load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\"))\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\nservice.add_request(HygieneRequest(\"Davis family\", \"medium\", 2, True))\n\nprint(build_summary(service.requests))\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$98"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass PantryService:\n def __init__(self, requests=None):\n self._requests = []\n for request in requests or []:\n self.add_request(request)\n\n @property\n def requests(self):\n return tuple(self._requests)\n\n def add_request(self, request):\n if not isinstance(request, PantryRequest):\n raise TypeError(\"request must implement PantryRequest\")\n self._requests.append(request)\n\n def mark_fulfilled(self, household):\n for request in self._requests:\n if request.household == household:\n request.mark_fulfilled()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_requests(self):\n return sum(request.is_open() for request in self._requests)\n\n def summary_lines(self):\n return [request.summary() for request in self._requests]\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"storage_request_storage_py":{"content":"$99"},"storage___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"data_requests_csv":{"content":"type,household,priority,detail,fulfilled\nfood,Rivera family,high,produce,false\nhygiene,Chen family,medium,3,false\nhygiene,Morgan family,low,5,true\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"# TODO: build one polymorphic report for every request type.\n"},"reports___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"tests_check_requests_py":{"content":"# TODO: add regression assertions for the OOP contract.\n"},"tests___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\nfrom storage.request_storage import load_requests\nfrom tests.check_requests import run_checks\n\nrun_checks()\n\nservice = PantryService(load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\"))\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\nservice.add_request(HygieneRequest(\"Davis family\", \"medium\", 2, True))\n\nprint(build_summary(service.requests))\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$9a"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass PantryService:\n def __init__(self, requests=None):\n self._requests = []\n for request in requests or []:\n self.add_request(request)\n\n @property\n def requests(self):\n return tuple(self._requests)\n\n def add_request(self, request):\n if not isinstance(request, PantryRequest):\n raise TypeError(\"request must implement PantryRequest\")\n self._requests.append(request)\n\n def mark_fulfilled(self, household):\n for request in self._requests:\n if request.household == household:\n request.mark_fulfilled()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_requests(self):\n return sum(request.is_open() for request in self._requests)\n\n def summary_lines(self):\n return [request.summary() for request in self._requests]\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"storage_request_storage_py":{"content":"$9b"},"storage___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"data_requests_csv":{"content":"type,household,priority,detail,fulfilled\nfood,Rivera family,high,produce,false\nhygiene,Chen family,medium,3,false\nhygiene,Morgan family,low,5,true\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"def build_summary(requests):\n request_list = list(requests)\n lines = [\"NEIGHBORHOOD PANTRY REQUESTS\"]\n\n for request in request_list:\n lines.append(request.summary())\n\n open_count = sum(request.is_open() for request in request_list)\n fulfilled_count = len(request_list) - open_count\n lines.append(f\"OPEN: {open_count} | FULFILLED: {fulfilled_count}\")\n return \"\\n\".join(lines)\n"},"reports___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"tests_check_requests_py":{"content":"$9c"},"tests___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\nfrom storage.request_storage import load_requests\nfrom tests.check_requests import run_checks\n\nrun_checks()\n\nservice = PantryService(load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\"))\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\nservice.add_request(HygieneRequest(\"Davis family\", \"medium\", 2, True))\n\nprint(build_summary(service.requests))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"`main.py` must print the complete report with its heading, request lines, and totals."},"1":{"message":"Build every report row with `request.summary()` so the report remains polymorphic."},"2":{"message":"Calculate open totals with `request.is_open()` instead of reading or duplicating internal state rules."},"3":{"message":"Assert that `PantryRequest` is abstract with `isabstract(PantryRequest)`."},"4":{"message":"Add meaningful assertions in `tests/check_requests.py` for validation and mixed-subclass service behavior."}},"workspaceFiles":{},"bundleMoved":{},"expectedOutput":"NEIGHBORHOOD PANTRY REQUESTS\nFOOD: Rivera family | priority=high | food=produce | fulfilled=True\nHYGIENE: Chen family | priority=medium | units=3 | fulfilled=False\nHYGIENE: Morgan family | priority=low | units=5 | fulfilled=True\nHYGIENE: Davis family | priority=medium | units=2 | fulfilled=True\nOPEN: 1 | FULFILLED: 3"},"project_pantry_request_step_6_final_handoff":{"title":"Deliver the coordinator to the pantry team","prompt":"$9d","hint":"Keep the runner focused on orchestration: run checks, load objects, update them through the service, build the report, and print the readiness line.","help":{"concept":"A portfolio-ready handoff combines working behavior with documentation that explains why the architecture is maintainable and how another developer can run it.","hint_1":"In `README.md`, explicitly include the headings or terms `Abstraction` and `Polymorphism`, and include `python main.py`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, call `run_checks()`, perform the requested service updates, print `build_summary(service.requests)`, and end with the exact readiness text."},"starterCode":"# TODO: complete the final orchestration and readiness line.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: complete the final orchestration and readiness line.\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$9e"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass PantryService:\n def __init__(self, requests=None):\n self._requests = []\n for request in requests or []:\n self.add_request(request)\n\n @property\n def requests(self):\n return tuple(self._requests)\n\n def add_request(self, request):\n if not isinstance(request, PantryRequest):\n raise TypeError(\"request must implement PantryRequest\")\n self._requests.append(request)\n\n def mark_fulfilled(self, household):\n for request in self._requests:\n if request.household == household:\n request.mark_fulfilled()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_requests(self):\n return sum(request.is_open() for request in self._requests)\n\n def summary_lines(self):\n return [request.summary() for request in self._requests]\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"storage_request_storage_py":{"content":"$9f"},"storage___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"data_requests_csv":{"content":"type,household,priority,detail,fulfilled\nfood,Rivera family,high,produce,false\nhygiene,Chen family,medium,3,false\nhygiene,Morgan family,low,5,true\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"def build_summary(requests):\n request_list = list(requests)\n lines = [\"NEIGHBORHOOD PANTRY REQUESTS\"]\n\n for request in request_list:\n lines.append(request.summary())\n\n open_count = sum(request.is_open() for request in request_list)\n fulfilled_count = len(request_list) - open_count\n lines.append(f\"OPEN: {open_count} | FULFILLED: {fulfilled_count}\")\n return \"\\n\".join(lines)\n"},"reports___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"tests_check_requests_py":{"content":"$a0"},"tests___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"README_md":{"content":"# Neighborhood Pantry Request Coordinator\n\nTODO: explain the OOP design and how to run the project.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\nfrom storage.request_storage import load_requests\nfrom tests.check_requests import run_checks\n\nrun_checks()\n\nservice = PantryService(load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\"))\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Chen family\")\nservice.add_request(HygieneRequest(\"Davis family\", \"medium\", 2, True))\n\nprint(build_summary(service.requests))\nprint(\"PANTRY REQUEST COORDINATOR READY\")\n"},"models_pantry_request_py":{"content":"$a1"},"models_food_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass FoodRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, food_type, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.food_type = food_type\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"FOOD\"\n\n @property\n def food_type(self):\n return self._food_type\n\n @food_type.setter\n def food_type(self, value):\n cleaned = str(value).strip().lower()\n if not cleaned:\n raise ValueError(\"food type is required\")\n self._food_type = cleaned\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"food={self.food_type}\"\n"},"models_hygiene_request_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass HygieneRequest(PantryRequest):\n def __init__(self, household, priority, units, fulfilled=False):\n super().__init__(household, priority, fulfilled)\n self.units = units\n\n @property\n def category(self):\n return \"HYGIENE\"\n\n @property\n def units(self):\n return self._units\n\n @units.setter\n def units(self, value):\n units = int(value)\n if units < 1:\n raise ValueError(\"units must be at least 1\")\n self._units = units\n\n def details(self):\n return f\"units={self.units}\"\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\nfrom models.food_request import FoodRequest\nfrom models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\n\n__all__ = [\"PantryRequest\", \"FoodRequest\", \"HygieneRequest\"]\n"},"services_pantry_service_py":{"content":"from models.pantry_request import PantryRequest\n\n\nclass PantryService:\n def __init__(self, requests=None):\n self._requests = []\n for request in requests or []:\n self.add_request(request)\n\n @property\n def requests(self):\n return tuple(self._requests)\n\n def add_request(self, request):\n if not isinstance(request, PantryRequest):\n raise TypeError(\"request must implement PantryRequest\")\n self._requests.append(request)\n\n def mark_fulfilled(self, household):\n for request in self._requests:\n if request.household == household:\n request.mark_fulfilled()\n return True\n return False\n\n def count_open_requests(self):\n return sum(request.is_open() for request in self._requests)\n\n def summary_lines(self):\n return [request.summary() for request in self._requests]\n"},"services___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"storage_request_storage_py":{"content":"$a2"},"storage___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"data_requests_csv":{"content":"type,household,priority,detail,fulfilled\nfood,Rivera family,high,produce,false\nhygiene,Chen family,medium,3,false\nhygiene,Morgan family,low,5,true\n"},"reports_summary_py":{"content":"def build_summary(requests):\n request_list = list(requests)\n lines = [\"NEIGHBORHOOD PANTRY REQUESTS\"]\n\n for request in request_list:\n lines.append(request.summary())\n\n open_count = sum(request.is_open() for request in request_list)\n fulfilled_count = len(request_list) - open_count\n lines.append(f\"OPEN: {open_count} | FULFILLED: {fulfilled_count}\")\n return \"\\n\".join(lines)\n"},"reports___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"tests_check_requests_py":{"content":"$a3"},"tests___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for imports.\n"},"README_md":{"content":"# Neighborhood Pantry Request Coordinator\n\nThis multi-file Python application models pantry requests with an abstract\n`PantryRequest` contract and concrete `FoodRequest` and `HygieneRequest`\nsubclasses.\n\n## OOP design\n\n- **Abstraction:** `PantryRequest` uses `ABC` and `@abstractmethod` to define\n the category and details every request must provide.\n- **Encapsulation:** validated properties protect household names, priorities,\n food types, units, and fulfillment state.\n- **Inheritance and overriding:** both concrete request classes inherit shared\n behavior and override the abstract interface.\n- **Polymorphism:** services and reports process a mixed request collection by\n calling the same methods without type-specific report branches.\n\n## Run\n\n```bash\npython main.py\n```\n\nThe runner loads `data/requests.csv`, updates request state, executes regression\nchecks, prints the final report, and confirms that the coordinator is ready.\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.hygiene_request import HygieneRequest\nfrom reports.summary import build_summary\nfrom services.pantry_service import PantryService\nfrom storage.request_storage import load_requests\nfrom tests.check_requests import run_checks\n\nrun_checks()\n\nservice = PantryService(load_requests(\"data/requests.csv\"))\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Rivera family\")\nservice.mark_fulfilled(\"Chen family\")\nservice.add_request(HygieneRequest(\"Davis family\", \"medium\", 2, True))\n\nprint(build_summary(service.requests))\nprint(\"PANTRY REQUEST COORDINATOR READY\")\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"`main.py` must print the complete final report and the readiness confirmation."},"1":{"message":"Explain **Abstraction** in `README.md`, including the role of `PantryRequest` as the abstract contract."},"2":{"message":"Explain **Polymorphism** in `README.md`, including how mixed request types share one interface."},"3":{"message":"Include the exact run command `python main.py` in `README.md`."},"4":{"message":"Call `run_checks()` from `main.py` before the final workflow."}},"workspaceFiles":{},"bundleMoved":{},"expectedOutput":"NEIGHBORHOOD PANTRY REQUESTS\nFOOD: Rivera family | priority=high | food=produce | fulfilled=True\nHYGIENE: Chen family | priority=medium | units=3 | fulfilled=True\nHYGIENE: Morgan family | priority=low | units=5 | fulfilled=True\nHYGIENE: Davis family | priority=medium | units=2 | fulfilled=True\nOPEN: 0 | FULFILLED: 4\nPANTRY REQUEST COORDINATOR READY"}}}}},"python-8-object-oriented-foundations":{"class-files-and-instances":{"label":"Class Files and Instances","summary":"Create a class shell with `pass`, import it from a model file, and make one object cleanly.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Class shell"},"sketch1":{"title":"Import and create"},"sketch2":{"title":"Keep files clean"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_class_files_and_instances_sketch0":{"title":"Define the Car class shell","prompt":"In `models/car.py`, define `class Car:` with `pass` inside it. Do not add a constructor yet. Do not add attributes or methods yet. `main.py` can stay unchanged in this first step.","hint":"This step is only about making the class exist in its own file.","help":{"concept":"`pass` means the class exists, but it does not do any work yet. That is enough for the first clean class shell.","hint_1":"Write `class Car:` on one line.","hint_2":"Indent `pass` under the class name."},"starterCode":"# The class definition belongs in models/car.py.\n# You do not need to add code in main.py yet.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# The class definition belongs in models/car.py.\n# You do not need to add code in main.py yet."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Define the Car class shell below.\n"}},"solutionCode":"# The class definition belongs in models/car.py.\n# You do not need to add code in main.py yet.","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# The class definition belongs in models/car.py.\n# You do not need to add code in main.py yet."},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n pass"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define a Car class in models/car.py."},"1":{"message":"The class shell should be constructible with no arguments yet."}}},"try_class_files_and_instances_sketch1":{"title":"Import Car and create one object","prompt":"Keep `class Car:` with `pass` in `models/car.py`. In `main.py`, import `Car` from `models.car` and create one object with `car = Car()`. Do not add attributes or methods yet.","hint":"Use `from models.car import Car`, then call `Car()` to create one object.","help":{"concept":"A class is a plan. Calling the class name with parentheses, like `Car()`, creates one object from that class.","hint_1":"The import line belongs at the top of `main.py`.","hint_2":"Create the object with `car = Car()`."},"starterCode":"# Import the Car class.\n# Then create one Car object.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Import the Car class.\n# Then create one Car object."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Keep models/car.py unchanged for this step: Import Car and create one object.\nclass Car:\n pass"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car()","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car()"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n pass"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class defined."},"1":{"message":"Car should still be constructible with no arguments."},"2":{"message":"Create one Car object in main.py."}}},"try_class_files_and_instances_sketch2":{"title":"Keep the model and main script separate","prompt":"Keep the `Car` class in `models/car.py`. Keep `main.py` as the small script that imports the class and creates one object. Add `print(\"Car object ready\")` in `main.py` so the program shows that it ran.","hint":"Do not move the class into `main.py`. Import it from the model file.","help":{"concept":"A clean multifile project keeps model code in a model file and keeps the main script focused on using that model.","hint_1":"`models/car.py` should contain the class.","hint_2":"`main.py` should import `Car`, create `car = Car()`, and print the ready message."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car()\n\n# Print a short ready message below.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car()\n\n# Print a short ready message below."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Keep models/car.py unchanged for this step: Keep the model and main script separate.\nclass Car:\n pass"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car()\nprint(\"Car object ready\")","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car()\nprint(\"Car object ready\")"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n pass"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class defined in the model file."},"1":{"message":"Car should still be constructible with no arguments."},"2":{"message":"Create one Car object in main.py."},"3":{"message":"Print one short ready message from main.py."}},"expectedOutput":"Car object ready"}},"practice":{"mc-class-files-and-instances-class-role":{"title":"What does a class do?","prompt":"Which statements correctly describe a class at this point? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think of the class as the plan, not one finished object.","help":{"concept":"A class is a reusable plan for making objects. One class can be used to create many objects.","hint_1":"Look for choices about plans and object creation.","hint_2":"Reject choices that say a class must immediately have many methods."},"options":{"a":"A class is a reusable plan for creating objects.","b":"A class is always the same thing as one object.","c":"Calling a class, such as `Car()`, creates an object.","d":"A class must have a constructor before Python accepts it."}},"sc-class-files-and-instances-pass-meaning":{"title":"Why use pass?","prompt":"Why can an empty class use `pass`?","hint":"`pass` lets Python keep a block valid even when there is no real code yet.","help":{"concept":"`pass` is a placeholder. It keeps an empty class body syntactically valid until you add real code later.","hint_1":"A class body cannot be completely empty.","hint_2":"Choose the answer about a placeholder."},"options":{"a":"`pass` creates every method automatically.","b":"`pass` is a placeholder that keeps the empty class valid.","c":"`pass` imports the class into main.py.","d":"`pass` prints the object."}},"fb-class-files-and-instances-import-name":{"title":"Complete the import","prompt":"Fill in the class name imported from `models.car`.","hint":"Use the exact class name from `class Car:`.","help":{"concept":"When a class is defined in another file, `main.py` imports the class by name.","hint_1":"Class names use capital letters by convention.","hint_2":"The class is named `Car`."},"template":"from models.car import [blank1]","choices":["Car","car","models","pass"]},"dr-class-files-and-instances-order":{"title":"Order the first class workflow","prompt":"Put the steps in the order you follow when creating a class in a model file.","hint":"Start with the class file before importing it.","help":{"concept":"A clean first workflow is: define the class, import it, create one object, then run main.py.","hint_1":"You cannot import a class that has not been defined yet.","hint_2":"Creating the object comes after the import."},"tokens":{"t1":"Define the class in models/car.py","t2":"Import Car in main.py","t3":"Create one object with Car()","t4":"Run main.py"}}}},"constructors-and-object-state":{"label":"Constructors and Object State","summary":"Use `__init__` for per-object state, then compare instance variables with values shared by the class.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Instance state"},"sketch1":{"title":"Class variables"},"sketch2":{"title":"Safe mutable state"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_constructors_and_object_state_sketch0":{"title":"Store starting values on one Car object","prompt":"In `models/car.py`, add `__init__(self, make, model, miles)`. Store the values on `self.make`, `self.model`, and `self.miles`. These are instance variables: each Car object gets its own values. In `main.py`, create `Car(\"Nissan\", \"Leaf\", 6000)`, then print the make and miles on separate lines.","hint":"The constructor receives starting values and stores them on `self`.","help":{"concept":"`__init__` runs for each new object. Assignments on `self` create instance variables that belong to that specific object.","hint_1":"Use `self.make = make`, `self.model = model`, and `self.miles = miles`.","hint_2":"After creating the car, print `car.make` and `car.miles`."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\n# After updating the constructor, create a car and print two attributes.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\n# After updating the constructor, create a car and print two attributes."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update models/car.py to complete this step: Add a Car constructor.\nclass Car:\n pass"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Nissan\", \"Leaf\", 6000)\n\nprint(car.make)\nprint(car.miles)","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Nissan\", \"Leaf\", 6000)\n\nprint(car.make)\nprint(car.miles)"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class defined."},"1":{"message":"Car should be constructible with make, model, and miles."},"2":{"message":"Store make, model, and miles as attributes on the object."},"3":{"message":"Print the requested attributes on separate lines."}},"expectedOutput":"Nissan\n6000"},"try_constructors_and_object_state_sketch1":{"title":"Add one value shared by every Car","prompt":"In `models/car.py`, add the class variable `wheels = 4` directly inside `class Car`, above `__init__`. Keep `make`, `model`, and `miles` as instance variables on `self`. In `main.py`, create a Subaru and a Mini, then print `Car.wheels`, the Subaru make, and the Mini make on separate lines.","hint":"A class variable is indented inside the class, but it is not inside a method.","help":{"concept":"A class variable belongs to the class and is shared as a default by every instance. Instance variables such as `self.make` belong to one object.","hint_1":"Place `wheels = 4` immediately under `class Car:`.","hint_2":"Read the shared value with `Car.wheels` and object-specific values with dot notation on each object."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Create the two cars, then print the shared wheel count and each make.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Create a Subaru Outback and a Mini Cooper.\n# Print Car.wheels, then the make from each object.\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n # TODO: add the class variable wheels = 4 here.\n\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\noutback = Car(\"Subaru\", \"Outback\", 40000)\nmini = Car(\"Mini\", \"Cooper\", 15000)\n\nprint(Car.wheels)\nprint(outback.make)\nprint(mini.make)\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\noutback = Car(\"Subaru\", \"Outback\", 40000)\nmini = Car(\"Mini\", \"Cooper\", 15000)\n\nprint(Car.wheels)\nprint(outback.make)\nprint(mini.make)\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n wheels = 4\n\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class defined."},"1":{"message":"Car should still accept make, model, and miles."},"2":{"message":"Keep make, model, and miles as per-object attributes."},"3":{"message":"Create two Car objects in main.py."},"4":{"message":"Print the shared wheel count and the two requested makes."}},"expectedOutput":"4\nSubaru\nMini"},"try_constructors_and_object_state_sketch2":{"title":"Give each Car its own service notes","prompt":"A list of service notes must belong to one car, not be shared by every car. In `models/car.py`, create `self.service_notes = []` inside `__init__`. In `main.py`, create two cars, append `\"oil change\"` only to the first car's list, then print both lists on separate lines.","hint":"Mutable per-object data belongs inside `__init__` on `self`.","help":{"concept":"A mutable class variable such as `service_notes = []` would make every object share the same list. Creating `self.service_notes = []` gives each object a separate list.","hint_1":"Add `self.service_notes = []` inside the constructor.","hint_2":"Append to `first_car.service_notes`, then print both cars' lists."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Create two cars. Add one note to the first car only, then print both lists.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Create two cars.\n# Append \"oil change\" to the first car only.\n# Print both service_notes lists.\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n wheels = 4\n\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n # TODO: give this object its own empty service_notes list.\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\nfirst_car = Car(\"Hyundai\", \"Elantra\", 25000)\nsecond_car = Car(\"Chevrolet\", \"Bolt\", 9000)\n\nfirst_car.service_notes.append(\"oil change\")\n\nprint(first_car.service_notes)\nprint(second_car.service_notes)\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\nfirst_car = Car(\"Hyundai\", \"Elantra\", 25000)\nsecond_car = Car(\"Chevrolet\", \"Bolt\", 9000)\n\nfirst_car.service_notes.append(\"oil change\")\n\nprint(first_car.service_notes)\nprint(second_car.service_notes)\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n wheels = 4\n\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n self.service_notes = []\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class defined."},"1":{"message":"Car should still accept make, model, and miles."},"2":{"message":"Each Car should receive its own service_notes list."},"3":{"message":"Create two Car objects."},"4":{"message":"Only the first car should contain the new service note."}},"expectedOutput":"['oil change']\n[]"}},"practice":{"mc-constructors-and-object-state-storing-values":{"title":"Class state or instance state?","prompt":"Which statements correctly describe class variables and instance variables? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Ask whether the value is shared by the class or belongs to one object.","help":{"concept":"Class variables are defined in the class body and shared as class-level values. Assignments on `self` create state for one instance.","hint_1":"Look for `self.` when identifying instance state.","hint_2":"A mutable list usually belongs on each instance unless sharing is intentional."},"options":{"a":"`self.make` belongs to one Car object.","b":"`Car.wheels` is a value stored on the class.","c":"A list placed on the class is automatically copied for every object.","d":"Every value in a class must be shared by all objects."}},"sc-constructors-and-object-state-purpose":{"title":"Where should per-car notes live?","prompt":"Each car needs a separate list of service notes. Where should the list be created?","hint":"The list should be new for every object.","help":{"concept":"Create mutable per-object data inside `__init__` and assign it to `self`.","hint_1":"Avoid one list in the class body.","hint_2":"Choose the option that creates a fresh list for each car."},"options":{"a":"Inside `__init__` as `self.service_notes = []`","b":"Once in the class body as `service_notes = []`","c":"Only inside `main.py` with no object attribute","d":"Inside `print()`"}},"fb-constructors-and-object-state-init-name":{"title":"Read a shared class value","prompt":"Fill in the class name used to read the shared wheel count.","hint":"Use the class itself, not one particular car.","help":{"concept":"A class variable can be read directly from the class.","hint_1":"The class in this topic is Car.","hint_2":"The completed expression is `Car.wheels`."},"template":"[blank1].wheels","choices":["Car","self","car","__init__"]},"dr-constructors-and-object-state-flow":{"title":"Order the state setup","prompt":"Put these steps in a clear order.","hint":"Define shared information first, then create per-object state.","help":{"concept":"The class body can hold shared values; the constructor creates each object's own state.","hint_1":"The class definition comes first.","hint_2":"Use the object after it has been created."},"tokens":{"t1":"Define the class variable in the class body","t2":"Define `__init__` with starting values","t3":"Store per-object values on `self`","t4":"Create an object and read its state"}}}},"encapsulation-and-validation":{"label":"Encapsulation and Validation","summary":"Let methods protect object state by ignoring unsafe values and returning a clean summary.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Protect state"},"sketch1":{"title":"Reject invalid changes"},"sketch2":{"title":"Clean final behavior"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_encapsulation_and_validation_sketch0":{"title":"Validate positive miles","prompt":"In `models/car.py`, update `drive(self, miles)` so it only changes `self.miles` when `miles > 0`. In `main.py`, create `Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 100)`, print the result of `drive(10)`, then print the result of `drive(-5)`. The negative drive should leave the miles unchanged.","hint":"Wrap the update in `if miles > 0:`.","help":{"concept":"Validation protects object state. The object should decide whether a requested change is safe before updating itself.","hint_1":"Only add to `self.miles` when the amount is positive.","hint_2":"Always return `self.miles`, even when the value is ignored."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 100)\n\n# Print drive(10).\n# Then print drive(-5).","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 100)\n\n# Print drive(10).\n# Then print drive(-5)."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update models/car.py to complete this step: Validate positive miles.\nclass Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 100)\n\nprint(car.drive(10))\nprint(car.drive(-5))","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 100)\n\nprint(car.drive(10))\nprint(car.drive(-5))"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n if miles > 0:\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class defined."},"1":{"message":"drive(10) should add positive miles."},"2":{"message":"drive(-5) should leave miles unchanged."},"3":{"message":"Print both drive results."},"4":{"message":"Print both drive results."}},"expectedOutput":"110\n110"},"try_encapsulation_and_validation_sketch1":{"title":"Keep invalid drives from changing state","prompt":"Keep the validated `drive` method. In `main.py`, create `Car(\"Ford\", \"Escape\", 130)`. Call `drive(30)`, then call `drive(-70)`, then print `car.miles`. The final miles should still be `160` because the invalid drive is ignored.","hint":"The second call should not undo or reduce the miles.","help":{"concept":"A method can protect state across a sequence of calls. Valid changes apply; invalid changes are ignored.","hint_1":"Do not subtract miles for negative input.","hint_2":"Print the final `car.miles` after both calls."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Ford\", \"Escape\", 130)\n\n# Drive 30 miles.\n# Try to drive -70 miles.\n# Print the final miles.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Ford\", \"Escape\", 130)\n\n# Drive 30 miles.\n# Try to drive -70 miles.\n# Print the final miles."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Keep models/car.py unchanged for this step: Keep invalid drives from changing state.\nclass Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n if miles > 0:\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Ford\", \"Escape\", 130)\ncar.drive(30)\ncar.drive(-70)\n\nprint(car.miles)","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Ford\", \"Escape\", 130)\ncar.drive(30)\ncar.drive(-70)\n\nprint(car.miles)"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n if miles > 0:\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class defined."},"1":{"message":"A valid drive should increase miles."},"2":{"message":"An invalid negative drive should leave miles unchanged."},"3":{"message":"Print the final miles."}},"expectedOutput":"160"},"try_encapsulation_and_validation_sketch2":{"title":"Use validated behavior with a summary","prompt":"Use the final validated `Car` class. In `main.py`, create `Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 0)`, call `drive(20)`, call `drive(-3)`, call `drive(50)`, then print `summary()`. The invalid call should be ignored, so the summary should show `70` miles.","hint":"The negative drive should not change the object. The two positive drives should add up to 70 miles.","help":{"concept":"Encapsulation means the object protects its own state and reports a trustworthy result.","hint_1":"Call the methods in the order given.","hint_2":"Print `car.summary()` after all three calls."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 0)\n\n# Drive 20 miles, ignore -3, then drive 50 more.\n# Print the final summary.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 0)\n\n# Drive 20 miles, ignore -3, then drive 50 more.\n# Print the final summary."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Keep models/car.py unchanged for this step: Use validated behavior with a summary.\nclass Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n if miles > 0:\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 0)\ncar.drive(20)\ncar.drive(-3)\ncar.drive(50)\n\nprint(car.summary())","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 0)\ncar.drive(20)\ncar.drive(-3)\ncar.drive(50)\n\nprint(car.summary())"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n if miles > 0:\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"The final summary should use validated miles."},"1":{"message":"Print one clean summary line."},"2":{"message":"Print one clean summary line."}},"expectedOutput":"Honda Civic - 70 miles"}},"practice":{"mc-encapsulation-and-validation-safe-design":{"title":"What makes validation safer?","prompt":"Which statements describe good validation design? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about keeping unsafe state changes inside the object.","help":{"concept":"Validation belongs near the state it protects. A method should check whether a requested change is safe before changing attributes.","hint_1":"Look for choices about protecting object state.","hint_2":"Reject choices that let random code patch values however it wants."},"options":{"a":"The object should check values before changing its own state.","b":"`main.py` should always change attributes directly to fix bad input.","c":"A method can ignore an unsafe value and return the unchanged state.","d":"Validation means deleting all methods."}},"sc-encapsulation-and-validation-why-inside-class":{"title":"Why validate inside the class?","prompt":"Why should the validation live inside the class method?","hint":"The method is closest to the state it changes.","help":{"concept":"Putting validation inside the method keeps rules in one reliable place.","hint_1":"Think about every caller using the same rule.","hint_2":"Choose the answer about protecting state consistently."},"options":{"a":"So every caller uses the same rule before the object changes state.","b":"So the object can no longer be created.","c":"So `main.py` can skip imports.","d":"So negative values always reduce miles."}},"fb-encapsulation-and-validation-condition":{"title":"Complete the validation condition","prompt":"Fill in the operator that checks whether miles is positive.","hint":"The method should update only when `miles` is greater than zero.","help":{"concept":"`if miles > 0:` accepts positive drive amounts and ignores zero or negative values.","hint_1":"Choose the greater-than operator.","hint_2":"The condition should reject `-5`."},"template":"if miles [blank1] 0:","choices":[">","<","==","<="]},"dr-encapsulation-and-validation-update-order":{"title":"Order the safe update","prompt":"Put the validation workflow in order.","hint":"Check the value before changing the attribute.","help":{"concept":"Safe methods receive a value, check it, update only if allowed, then return the current state.","hint_1":"Never update before checking.","hint_2":"Returning happens after the check/update decision."},"tokens":{"t1":"Receive the requested value","t2":"Check whether the value is valid","t3":"Update state only when valid","t4":"Return the current state"}}}},"methods-and-responsibility":{"label":"Python Method Types","summary":"Choose an instance method, class method, or static method based on what the behavior needs.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Instance method"},"sketch1":{"title":"Class method"},"sketch2":{"title":"Static method"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_methods_and_responsibility_sketch0":{"title":"Add an instance method that changes one car","prompt":"In `models/car.py`, add the instance method `drive(self, miles)`. It should increase `self.miles` and return the new value. In `main.py`, create `Car(\"Honda\", \"Fit\", 10000)`, call `car.drive(40)`, and print the returned value.","hint":"A method goes inside the class at the same indentation level as `__init__`.","help":{"concept":"An instance method receives `self`, so it can read or change the state of the object that receives the call.","hint_1":"Inside `drive`, use `self.miles += miles`.","hint_2":"Return `self.miles` after updating it."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Fit\", 10000)\n\n# Call drive(40) and print the returned miles.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Fit\", 10000)\n\n# Call drive(40) and print the returned miles."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# TODO: Update models/car.py to complete this step: Add a drive method.\nclass Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Fit\", 10000)\nprint(car.drive(40))","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Honda\", \"Fit\", 10000)\nprint(car.drive(40))"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car constructor with make, model, and miles."},"1":{"message":"Car should store make, model, and miles attributes."},"2":{"message":"Add a drive method that increases the miles."},"3":{"message":"drive(40) should return 10040 for a car that starts at 10000 miles."},"4":{"message":"Print the returned miles value."}},"expectedOutput":"10040"},"try_methods_and_responsibility_sketch1":{"title":"Build a Car with a class method","prompt":"Add `@classmethod` and `from_kilometers(cls, make, model, kilometers)` to `Car`. Convert kilometers to miles with `round(kilometers * 0.621371)`, then return `cls(make, model, miles)`. In `main.py`, create a car with `Car.from_kilometers(\"Toyota\", \"Prius\", 100)` and print its summary.","hint":"A class method receives `cls` and can return a new object by calling `cls(...)`.","help":{"concept":"A class method is a natural place for an alternative constructor. It receives the class as `cls`, converts the incoming data, and creates the object.","hint_1":"Place `@classmethod` directly above the method.","hint_2":"Return `cls(make, model, miles)` after calculating miles."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Create a Car from 100 kilometers, then print its summary.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Use Car.from_kilometers(\"Toyota\", \"Prius\", 100).\n# Print the returned car's summary.\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n # TODO: add @classmethod and from_kilometers(...).\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car.from_kilometers(\"Toyota\", \"Prius\", 100)\nprint(car.summary())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car.from_kilometers(\"Toyota\", \"Prius\", 100)\nprint(car.summary())\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n @classmethod\n def from_kilometers(cls, make, model, kilometers):\n miles = round(kilometers * 0.621371)\n return cls(make, model, miles)\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car constructor working."},"1":{"message":"from_kilometers should create a Car with converted miles."},"2":{"message":"Print the summary from the Car returned by the class method."}},"expectedOutput":"Toyota Prius - 62 miles"},"try_methods_and_responsibility_sketch2":{"title":"Add a static validation method","prompt":"Add `@staticmethod` and `is_valid_miles(miles)` to `Car`. It should return `True` when miles is greater than or equal to 0 and `False` otherwise. In `main.py`, call it once from the class with `120` and once from a Car object with `-5`, then print both results.","hint":"A static method uses neither `self` nor `cls`; it receives only the value it checks.","help":{"concept":"A static method is useful for logic related to the class that does not need object state or the class itself.","hint_1":"Place `@staticmethod` above `def is_valid_miles(miles):`.","hint_2":"Return the Boolean expression `miles >= 0`."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Toyota\", \"RAV4\", 15000)\n\n# Print the validation result from the class and from the object.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Toyota\", \"RAV4\", 15000)\n\n# Print Car.is_valid_miles(120).\n# Then print car.is_valid_miles(-5).\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n # TODO: add @staticmethod and is_valid_miles(miles).\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Toyota\", \"RAV4\", 15000)\n\nprint(Car.is_valid_miles(120))\nprint(car.is_valid_miles(-5))\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Toyota\", \"RAV4\", 15000)\n\nprint(Car.is_valid_miles(120))\nprint(car.is_valid_miles(-5))\n"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n @staticmethod\n def is_valid_miles(miles):\n return miles >= 0\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Car class constructible."},"1":{"message":"is_valid_miles should return True for a non-negative value."},"2":{"message":"is_valid_miles should return False for a negative value."},"3":{"message":"Print both validation results."}},"expectedOutput":"True\nFalse"}},"practice":{"mc-methods-and-responsibility-class-jobs":{"title":"Compare Python method types","prompt":"Which statements are correct? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Match `self`, `cls`, and neither with the job each method performs.","help":{"concept":"Instance methods receive `self`; class methods receive `cls`; static methods receive neither automatically.","hint_1":"Alternative constructors commonly use class methods.","hint_2":"A utility that needs no object or class state can be static."},"options":{"a":"An instance method can read or change one object through `self`.","b":"A class method can create an object through `cls(...)`.","c":"A static method is useful when the logic needs neither `self` nor `cls`.","d":"Every method must receive `self`."}},"sc-methods-and-responsibility-main-role":{"title":"Choose an alternative constructor","prompt":"Which method type best fits `from_kilometers(...)`, which converts input and returns a new Car?","hint":"The method needs the class so it can create an object.","help":{"concept":"Class methods are commonly used as named alternative constructors.","hint_1":"It should receive `cls`.","hint_2":"It should return `cls(...)`."},"options":{"a":"A class method","b":"A static method","c":"A property with no method","d":"A print statement in main.py"}},"fb-methods-and-responsibility-call-name":{"title":"Add the utility decorator","prompt":"Fill in the decorator for a method that uses neither `self` nor `cls`.","hint":"The method is attached to the class but behaves like a related utility function.","help":{"concept":"`@staticmethod` prevents Python from binding an instance or class argument.","hint_1":"It begins with @.","hint_2":"The word describes a static method."},"template":"[blank1]\ndef is_valid_miles(miles):","choices":["@staticmethod","@classmethod","self","@property"]},"dr-methods-and-responsibility-flow":{"title":"Choose a method by what it needs","prompt":"Put this decision process in order.","hint":"Start by asking what data the behavior needs.","help":{"concept":"The needed context determines the method type.","hint_1":"Object state points to an instance method.","hint_2":"No object or class context points to a static method."},"tokens":{"t1":"Ask whether the behavior needs one object's state","t2":"Use an instance method when it needs `self`","t3":"Use a class method when it needs `cls` or creates objects","t4":"Use a static method when it needs neither"}}}},"module-8-account-tracker-project":{"label":"Module 8 Account Tracker Project","summary":"Build a two-file Account tracker that uses instance state, one shared class value, instance methods, validation, and an alternative constructor.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Project overview"},"project":{"title":"Account Tracker Build"}},"projectSteps":{"try_module_8_account_tracker_project_sketch0":{"title":"Create the Account class shell"},"account_tracker_step_2_constructor_attributes":{"title":"Add class and instance state"},"account_tracker_step_3_add_methods":{"title":"Add methods and shared validation"},"account_tracker_step_4_validation_summary":{"title":"Add an alternative constructor and summary"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"try_module_8_account_tracker_project_sketch0":{"title":"Create the Account class shell","prompt":"A small after-school club wants a tiny account tracker for member balances. Start with the smallest working version. In `models/account.py`, define an `Account` class with `pass` inside it. In `main.py`, import `Account` from `models.account` and create one object with `account = Account()`. Do not add a constructor yet. Do not print attributes yet. This first project step is only about the class file, the clean import, and creating one object.","hint":"Create the class shell first, then import it in `main.py` and create one object.","help":{"concept":"This project is independent from the lesson examples. It uses the same OOP pattern in a new real-world setting: a club account tracker.","hint_1":"Put the class definition in `models/account.py`.","hint_2":"Keep `main.py` focused on importing the class and creating one object."},"starterCode":"from models.account import Account\n\n# Step 1: create one Account object.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\n# Step 1: create one Account object."},"models_account_py":{"content":"# Step 1: define the Account class shell below.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account()"},"models_account_py":{"content":"class Account:\n pass"}},"solutionCode":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account()","checks":{"0":{"message":"Define an Account class in models/account.py."},"1":{"message":"The class shell should still be constructible with no arguments in this step."},"2":{"message":"Create one Account object in main.py."}}},"account_tracker_step_2_constructor_attributes":{"title":"Add class and instance state","prompt":"Continue the account tracker. Add the class variable `club_name = \"Riverside Club\"`. Then add `__init__(self, owner, balance)` and store `owner` and `balance` on the object. In `main.py`, create `Account(\"Ava\", 125)` and print the club name, owner, and balance on separate lines.","hint":"Put the shared club name in the class body and the per-account values on `self`.","help":{"concept":"The club name is shared by every account, while owner and balance belong to one account object.","hint_1":"Place `club_name` above `__init__`.","hint_2":"Use `self.owner` and `self.balance` inside the constructor."},"starterCode":"from models.account import Account\n\n# Create Ava's account and print the shared club name plus the object state.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\n# Create Account(\"Ava\", 125).\n# Print Account.club_name, account.owner, and account.balance.\n"},"models_account_py":{"content":"class Account:\n # TODO: add club_name = \"Riverside Club\".\n\n # TODO: add __init__(self, owner, balance).\n pass\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account(\"Ava\", 125)\n\nprint(Account.club_name)\nprint(account.owner)\nprint(account.balance)\n"},"models_account_py":{"content":"class Account:\n club_name = \"Riverside Club\"\n\n def __init__(self, owner, balance):\n self.owner = owner\n self.balance = balance\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account(\"Ava\", 125)\n\nprint(Account.club_name)\nprint(account.owner)\nprint(account.balance)\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Account class defined."},"1":{"message":"Account should accept owner and balance."},"2":{"message":"Store owner and balance on each account object."},"3":{"message":"Create one Account object for Ava."},"4":{"message":"Print the shared club name, owner, and balance."}},"expectedOutput":"Riverside Club\nAva\n125"},"account_tracker_step_3_add_methods":{"title":"Add methods and shared validation","prompt":"Add `@staticmethod is_valid_amount(amount)` so it returns whether the amount is greater than 0. Use it inside `deposit(self, amount)` and `withdraw(self, amount)`. Deposit should add valid amounts; withdraw should subtract only a valid amount that does not exceed the balance. In `main.py`, deposit 25, withdraw 40, then print the two balances and `Account.is_valid_amount(-5)`.","hint":"Use the static validation method from both balance-changing instance methods.","help":{"concept":"The instance methods change one account. The static method holds related validation logic that needs neither `self` nor `cls`.","hint_1":"Decorate `is_valid_amount` with `@staticmethod`.","hint_2":"Call it before changing `self.balance`."},"starterCode":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account(\"Ava\", 125)\n\n# Deposit, withdraw, and print the results plus one invalid-amount check.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account(\"Ava\", 125)\n\n# Print the result of deposit(25).\n# Print the result of withdraw(40).\n# Print Account.is_valid_amount(-5).\n"},"models_account_py":{"content":"class Account:\n club_name = \"Riverside Club\"\n\n def __init__(self, owner, balance):\n self.owner = owner\n self.balance = balance\n\n # TODO: add the static validation method.\n # TODO: add deposit and withdraw instance methods.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account(\"Ava\", 125)\n\nprint(account.deposit(25))\nprint(account.withdraw(40))\nprint(Account.is_valid_amount(-5))\n"},"models_account_py":{"content":"class Account:\n club_name = \"Riverside Club\"\n\n def __init__(self, owner, balance):\n self.owner = owner\n self.balance = balance\n\n @staticmethod\n def is_valid_amount(amount):\n return amount > 0\n\n def deposit(self, amount):\n if self.is_valid_amount(amount):\n self.balance += amount\n return self.balance\n\n def withdraw(self, amount):\n if self.is_valid_amount(amount) and amount <= self.balance:\n self.balance -= amount\n return self.balance\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account(\"Ava\", 125)\n\nprint(account.deposit(25))\nprint(account.withdraw(40))\nprint(Account.is_valid_amount(-5))\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"deposit should return the updated balance."},"1":{"message":"withdraw should run after the deposit and return the new balance."},"2":{"message":"is_valid_amount should reject a negative amount."},"3":{"message":"Print the deposit result, withdrawal result, and validation result."}},"expectedOutput":"150\n110\nFalse"},"account_tracker_step_4_validation_summary":{"title":"Add an alternative constructor and summary","prompt":"Finish the tracker with `@classmethod starter_account(cls, owner)`, which returns `cls(owner, 25)`. Add `summary(self)` so it returns `Riverside Club | Ava: $40.00`. In `main.py`, create Ava's account with `Account.starter_account(\"Ava\")`, deposit 25, withdraw 10, and print the summary.","hint":"Use `cls(owner, 25)` so the class method creates the object without hard-coding the class name.","help":{"concept":"The class method provides a named way to create a standard starter account. The instance methods then manage that object's balance.","hint_1":"Place `@classmethod` above `starter_account`.","hint_2":"Include `self.club_name` in the returned summary."},"starterCode":"from models.account import Account\n\n# Create Ava's starter account, apply two valid changes, and print the summary.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\n# Create Ava with Account.starter_account(...).\n# Deposit 25, withdraw 10, then print account.summary().\n"},"models_account_py":{"content":"class Account:\n club_name = \"Riverside Club\"\n\n def __init__(self, owner, balance):\n self.owner = owner\n self.balance = balance\n\n @staticmethod\n def is_valid_amount(amount):\n return amount > 0\n\n def deposit(self, amount):\n if self.is_valid_amount(amount):\n self.balance += amount\n return self.balance\n\n def withdraw(self, amount):\n if self.is_valid_amount(amount) and amount <= self.balance:\n self.balance -= amount\n return self.balance\n\n # TODO: add starter_account(cls, owner).\n # TODO: add summary(self).\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account.starter_account(\"Ava\")\naccount.deposit(25)\naccount.withdraw(10)\n\nprint(account.summary())\n"},"models_account_py":{"content":"class Account:\n club_name = \"Riverside Club\"\n\n def __init__(self, owner, balance):\n self.owner = owner\n self.balance = balance\n\n @staticmethod\n def is_valid_amount(amount):\n return amount > 0\n\n @classmethod\n def starter_account(cls, owner):\n return cls(owner, 25)\n\n def deposit(self, amount):\n if self.is_valid_amount(amount):\n self.balance += amount\n return self.balance\n\n def withdraw(self, amount):\n if self.is_valid_amount(amount) and amount <= self.balance:\n self.balance -= amount\n return self.balance\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.club_name} | {self.owner}: ${self.balance:.2f}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.account import Account\n\naccount = Account.starter_account(\"Ava\")\naccount.deposit(25)\naccount.withdraw(10)\n\nprint(account.summary())\n","checks":{"0":{"message":"The static validation method should still reject invalid amounts."},"1":{"message":"summary should report the final valid balance."},"2":{"message":"Print the final summary from main.py."}},"expectedOutput":"Riverside Club | Ava: $40.00"}}}},"thinking-in-objects":{"label":"Thinking in Objects","summary":"Use provided objects first so object creation, attributes, and method calls make sense before writing class syntax yourself.","cards":{"course-introduction":{"title":"Course introduction"},"sketch0":{"title":"Create objects"},"sketch1":{"title":"Read attributes"},"sketch2":{"title":"Call methods"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_thinking_in_objects_sketch0":{"title":"Create two car objects","prompt":"A `Car` model is already provided in `models/car.py`. You do not need to write that model yet. In `main.py`, create two car objects: `Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 12000)` and `Car(\"Ford\", \"Focus\", 8000)`. Store each object in its own variable. Do not print anything yet. This first exercise is only about creating objects.","hint":"Create two variables and store one `Car(...)` object in each variable. No `print()` is needed yet.","help":{"concept":"An object represents one thing in your program. Here, one Car object represents one car, and another Car object represents a different car.","hint_1":"Create a variable such as `civic_car` and assign it `Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 12000)`.","hint_2":"Create another variable for the Ford Focus. This exercise checks object creation, not output."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\n# A Car model is already provided.\n# Create two Car objects below.\n# Do not print anything yet.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\n# A Car model is already provided.\n# Create two Car objects below.\n# Do not print anything yet."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Keep models/car.py unchanged for this step: Create two car objects.\nclass Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncivic_car = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 12000)\nfocus_car = Car(\"Ford\", \"Focus\", 8000)","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncivic_car = Car(\"Honda\", \"Civic\", 12000)\nfocus_car = Car(\"Ford\", \"Focus\", 8000)"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Use the provided Car class."},"1":{"message":"Create Car objects with make, model, and miles."},"2":{"message":"Each Car object should keep its own make, model, and miles values."},"3":{"message":"Create at least two Car objects."}}},"try_thinking_in_objects_sketch1":{"title":"Read values from car objects","prompt":"Keep using the provided `Car` model. In `main.py`, create `Car(\"Toyota\", \"Corolla\", 22000)` and `Car(\"Mazda\", \"3\", 18000)`. Then print the first car's make on one line and the second car's miles on the next line.","hint":"After creating the objects, use dot notation to read their attributes.","help":{"concept":"An attribute is a value stored on an object. If `corolla_car` is a Car object, then `corolla_car.make` reads that car's make.","hint_1":"Create two variables, such as `corolla_car` and `mazda_car`.","hint_2":"Use `corolla_car.make` and `mazda_car.miles` inside `print()` calls."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Create the two Car objects below.\n# Then print one attribute from each object.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\n# Create the two Car objects below.\n# Then print one attribute from each object."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Keep models/car.py unchanged for this step: Read values from car objects.\nclass Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncorolla_car = Car(\"Toyota\", \"Corolla\", 22000)\nmazda_car = Car(\"Mazda\", \"3\", 18000)\n\nprint(corolla_car.make)\nprint(mazda_car.miles)","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncorolla_car = Car(\"Toyota\", \"Corolla\", 22000)\nmazda_car = Car(\"Mazda\", \"3\", 18000)\n\nprint(corolla_car.make)\nprint(mazda_car.miles)"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Use the provided Car class."},"1":{"message":"Create Car objects with make, model, and miles."},"2":{"message":"Each Car object should keep its own make, model, and miles values."},"3":{"message":"Create at least two Car objects."},"4":{"message":"Print the requested attributes on separate lines."}},"expectedOutput":"Toyota\n18000"},"try_thinking_in_objects_sketch2":{"title":"Call a method on one car object","prompt":"Use the provided `Car` model again. In `main.py`, create `Car(\"Kia\", \"Soul\", 30000)`. Call `drive(50)` on that car object. Then print `summary()`. Do not edit `models/car.py` yet; you are practicing how to use an object before writing the class yourself.","hint":"Create the car object, call `car.drive(50)`, then print `car.summary()`.","help":{"concept":"A method is an action you ask an object to perform. Here, `drive(50)` changes the car object's stored miles, and `summary()` returns a readable result.","hint_1":"After creating the car object, call `car.drive(50)`.","hint_2":"Print `car.summary()` after the method call so the updated miles appear."},"starterCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Kia\", \"Soul\", 30000)\n\n# Drive the car 50 miles.\n# Then print the updated summary.","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Kia\", \"Soul\", 30000)\n\n# Drive the car 50 miles.\n# Then print the updated summary."},"models_car_py":{"content":"# Keep models/car.py unchanged for this step: Call a method on one car object.\nclass Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"solutionCode":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Kia\", \"Soul\", 30000)\ncar.drive(50)\n\nprint(car.summary())","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.car import Car\n\ncar = Car(\"Kia\", \"Soul\", 30000)\ncar.drive(50)\n\nprint(car.summary())"},"models_car_py":{"content":"class Car:\n def __init__(self, make, model, miles):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.miles = miles\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.miles += miles\n return self.miles\n\n def summary(self):\n return f\"{self.make} {self.model} - {self.miles} miles\""}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Use the provided Car class."},"1":{"message":"After drive(50), summary() should show the updated miles."},"2":{"message":"Create one Car object."},"3":{"message":"Print the updated car summary."}},"expectedOutput":"Kia Soul - 30050 miles"}},"practice":{"mc-thinking-in-objects-object-idea":{"title":"Why use objects?","prompt":"Which two statements correctly describe objects in this lesson? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about one program thing keeping its related values and actions together.","help":{"concept":"An object represents one thing in a program. It can store values and offer methods that work with those values.","hint_1":"Look for choices about grouping related data and behavior.","hint_2":"Reject choices that say all objects share one state or that objects are only about printing output."},"options":{"a":"Objects help model things the program cares about.","b":"An object can keep related values and useful behavior together.","c":"Every object from one class must share the exact same state forever.","d":"Objects are only useful when the program prints text."}},"sc-thinking-in-objects-attribute-meaning":{"title":"What is an attribute?","prompt":"In this topic, what does an attribute mean?","hint":"Think about values like a car's make, model, or miles.","help":{"concept":"An attribute is a value stored on one specific object.","hint_1":"Dot notation reads an attribute from an object.","hint_2":"Choose the answer about a value stored on one object."},"options":{"a":"A value stored on a specific object.","b":"A file that always runs before main.py.","c":"A kind of loop.","d":"A comment that explains a class."}},"fb-thinking-in-objects-method-call":{"title":"Choose the method call","prompt":"Which line adds 50 miles to the existing `car` object?","hint":"Call the method on the existing object and pass `50` as the argument.","help":{"concept":"A method call uses the object name, a dot, the method name, and parentheses.","hint_1":"The object is already named `car`.","hint_2":"Choose the line that calls `drive` with `50`."},"options":{"a":"`car.drive(50)`","b":"`car.summary(50)`","c":"`drive.car(50)`","d":"`Car = drive(50)`"}},"dr-thinking-in-objects-workflow":{"title":"Order the object workflow","prompt":"Put these steps in the usual order for working with an object.","hint":"Start by creating the object before reading or changing it.","help":{"concept":"A clear object workflow is: create an object, read attributes when needed, call methods when behavior is needed, then print or use the result.","hint_1":"An object must exist before you can read from it.","hint_2":"Printing the result comes after the object is created and updated."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create the object with starting values","t2":"Read an attribute from the object","t3":"Call a method on that object","t4":"Print or use the object's current state"}}}}},"python-9-inheritance-polymorphism-and-abstraction":{"abstraction-with-base-interfaces":{"label":"Abstract Base Classes and Interfaces","summary":"Use `ABC` and `@abstractmethod` to enforce a shared method, then write helpers that depend on that behavior.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Define an abstract contract"},"sketch1":{"title":"Implement the abstract method"},"sketch2":{"title":"Program to shared behavior"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_abstraction_with_base_interfaces_sketch0":{"title":"Make CatalogItem an abstract base class","prompt":"In `models/catalog_item.py`, import `ABC` and `abstractmethod`, make `CatalogItem` inherit from `ABC`, and decorate `label(self)` with `@abstractmethod`. Keep the constructor that stores `title`. `main.py` checks that Python refuses to create an incomplete CatalogItem.","hint":"Use `class CatalogItem(ABC):` and place `@abstractmethod` directly above `label`.","help":{"concept":"Python has no `interface` keyword. An abstract base class is one way to declare and enforce a shared method contract.","hint_1":"Import both names from `abc`.","hint_2":"An abstract method can use `pass`; concrete child classes must implement it."},"starterCode":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n# This should print only when CatalogItem is truly abstract.\ntry:\n CatalogItem(\"Dune\")\nexcept TypeError:\n print(\"CatalogItem is abstract\")\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n# This should print only when CatalogItem is truly abstract.\ntry:\n CatalogItem(\"Dune\")\nexcept TypeError:\n print(\"CatalogItem is abstract\")\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# TODO: import ABC and abstractmethod.\n\nclass CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n # TODO: make label an abstract method.\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Book is used in the next step; leave it unchanged for now.\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\ntry:\n CatalogItem(\"Dune\")\nexcept TypeError:\n print(\"CatalogItem is abstract\")\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\ntry:\n CatalogItem(\"Dune\")\nexcept TypeError:\n print(\"CatalogItem is abstract\")\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Book is used in the next step.\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define CatalogItem in models/catalog_item.py."},"1":{"message":"CatalogItem should be abstract so Python refuses to instantiate it."}},"expectedOutput":"CatalogItem is abstract"},"try_abstraction_with_base_interfaces_sketch1":{"title":"Implement the abstract method in each child","prompt":"`CatalogItem` is now abstract. Complete `Book.label()` and `Movie.label()` so both child classes become concrete. Each constructor can reuse the parent constructor with `super().__init__(title)`. Run `main.py` to print `Book: Dune` and `Movie: Moana`.","hint":"A concrete child must implement every abstract method before Python can create it.","help":{"concept":"`@abstractmethod` makes the requirement enforceable. A child that implements `label()` can be instantiated; an incomplete child cannot.","hint_1":"Call `super().__init__(title)` in each child constructor.","hint_2":"Return the correct prefix from each `label()` implementation."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nfor item in items:\n print(item.label())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nfor item in items:\n print(item.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n # TODO: return Book: .\n pass\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n # TODO: return Movie: <title>.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nfor item in items:\n print(item.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nfor item in items:\n print(item.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book.label() should return `Book: Dune`."},"1":{"message":"Movie.label() should return `Movie: Moana`."},"2":{"message":"Print both concrete labels."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Dune\nMovie: Moana"},"try_abstraction_with_base_interfaces_sketch2":{"title":"Use a helper that trusts the interface","prompt":"Complete `show_labels(items)` in `services/catalog_view.py`. Return one string with each item's `label()` on its own line. The helper does not need `isinstance` checks; it depends only on the shared behavior. `main.py` is already wired to print the returned string.","hint":"Collect each `item.label()` result and join them with `\"\\n\"`.","help":{"concept":"The ABC enforces the contract for this family of classes. The helper itself uses Python's duck-typing style: it only needs each object to provide `label()`.","hint_1":"Use `\"\\n\".join(...)` so there is no extra blank line.","hint_2":"Do not print inside the helper; return one string."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided script after completing show_labels.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided script after completing show_labels.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_view_py":{"content":"def show_labels(items):\n # TODO: return one string with each item.label() on its own line.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_view import show_labels\n\nitems = [Book(\"Dune\"), Movie(\"Moana\")]\nprint(show_labels(items))\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass CatalogItem(ABC):\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n @abstractmethod\n def label(self):\n pass\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title):\n super().__init__(title)\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_view_py":{"content":"def show_labels(items):\n return \"\\n\".join(item.label() for item in items)\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Return both labels so main.py prints two lines."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Dune\nMovie: Moana"}},"practice":{"sc-interface-purpose":{"title":"Why use an abstract base class?","prompt":"What does `ABC` with `@abstractmethod` add to this design?","hint":"Think about what Python checks before an object can be created.","help":{"concept":"An abstract base class turns the shared method expectation into an enforceable contract.","hint_1":"Incomplete child classes cannot be instantiated.","hint_2":"Concrete children still provide their own behavior."},"options":{"a":"Python prevents instantiation until the abstract method is implemented.","b":"Every child must return identical text.","c":"The parent class can no longer have a constructor.","d":"The helper must check every exact subclass."}},"fb-interface-method-name":{"title":"Add the abstract decorator","prompt":"Fill in the decorator that marks a required method.","hint":"Import it from Python's `abc` module.","help":{"concept":"`@abstractmethod` marks a method that concrete subclasses must implement.","hint_1":"It begins with @.","hint_2":"The word combines abstract and method."},"template":"[blank1]\ndef label(self):\n pass","choices":["@abstractmethod","@staticmethod","@classmethod","@property"]},"dr-interface-build-order":{"title":"Order the ABC workflow","prompt":"Put these steps in a clear order.","hint":"Declare the contract before creating concrete child objects.","help":{"concept":"Import the ABC tools, define the abstract parent, implement the method in children, then use the objects through shared behavior.","hint_1":"Imports come first.","hint_2":"The helper comes after concrete implementations exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"Import `ABC` and `abstractmethod`","t2":"Define the abstract method on the base class","t3":"Implement the method in each concrete child","t4":"Call the shared method from a helper"}},"sc-interface-helper-focus":{"title":"Choose what the helper should care about","prompt":"When `show_labels(items)` loops through mixed objects, what should it focus on most?","hint":"Pick the shared contract, not the exact subclass.","help":{"concept":"Good interface-based code depends on shared behavior instead of subclass-specific branches.","hint_1":"The helper should not care whether the object is a Book or Movie.","hint_2":"It only needs the shared method to exist."},"options":{"a":"The order the subclasses were written in the file","b":"The exact subclass name for every object","c":"Whether each object supports `label()`","d":"How many times the constructor was called"}}}},"inheritance-for-shared-behavior":{"label":"Inheritance for Shared Behavior","summary":"Reuse parent setup, call it with `super()`, and extend inherited behavior without copying the parent code.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Shared parent setup"},"sketch1":{"title":"Call the parent with super()"},"sketch2":{"title":"Extend a parent method"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_inheritance_for_shared_behavior_sketch0":{"title":"Build the shared CatalogItem parent","prompt":"In `models/catalog_item.py`, complete `CatalogItem` so `__init__` stores `title` on `self.title` and `label(self)` returns the title. In `main.py`, create `CatalogItem(\"Hidden Figures\")` and print its label. This gives the child classes shared setup to reuse next.","hint":"Complete the model first, then finish the small main script. The starter is intentionally unfinished.","help":{"concept":"A parent/base class keeps shared setup in one place. Here, CatalogItem is the parent class that future catalog types can inherit from.","hint_1":"The constructor should save the incoming `title` on `self`.","hint_2":"The `label()` method should return that stored title."},"starterCode":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n# TODO: create one CatalogItem for \"Hidden Figures\".\n# TODO: print the item label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n# TODO: create one CatalogItem for \"Hidden Figures\".\n# TODO: print the item label.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n # TODO: store title on this object.\n pass\n\n def label(self):\n # TODO: return the stored title.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nitem = CatalogItem(\"Hidden Figures\")\nprint(item.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nitem = CatalogItem(\"Hidden Figures\")\nprint(item.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define the CatalogItem class."},"1":{"message":"CatalogItem should accept a title."},"2":{"message":"Store the title on each CatalogItem object."},"3":{"message":"label() should return the stored title."}},"expectedOutput":"Hidden Figures"},"try_inheritance_for_shared_behavior_sketch1":{"title":"Call the parent constructor with super()","prompt":"The `CatalogItem` parent already stores `title`. In `models/book.py`, make `Book` inherit from `CatalogItem`. Add `__init__(self, title, author)`, call `super().__init__(title)`, then store `author` on `self.author`. In `main.py`, create `Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\")` and print the title and author on separate lines.","hint":"Use `super().__init__(title)` before storing the Book-specific attribute.","help":{"concept":"`super()` gives the child access to the next implementation in Python's inheritance chain. Calling the parent constructor avoids repeating shared setup.","hint_1":"Write `class Book(CatalogItem):`.","hint_2":"Inside Book.__init__, call `super().__init__(title)` and then assign `self.author = author`."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create The Martian by Andy Weir, then print its title and author.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\").\n# Print the inherited title and the Book-specific author.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n # TODO: call the parent constructor for title.\n # TODO: store author on this Book.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\")\nprint(book.title)\nprint(book.author)\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Martian\", \"Andy Weir\")\nprint(book.title)\nprint(book.author)\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n super().__init__(title)\n self.author = author\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define Book as a child of CatalogItem."},"1":{"message":"Book should accept title and author."},"2":{"message":"The parent constructor should provide title, and Book should store author."},"3":{"message":"Print the title and author on separate lines."}},"expectedOutput":"The Martian\nAndy Weir"},"try_inheritance_for_shared_behavior_sketch2":{"title":"Extend a parent method with super()","prompt":"Add `label(self)` to `Book`. Start with `base_label = super().label()`, then return `f\"{base_label} by {self.author}\"`. In `main.py`, create `Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\")` and print its label.","hint":"Call `super().label()` to reuse the parent result before adding the author.","help":{"concept":"A child can override a method and still reuse the parent implementation. `super().label()` gets the parent result; the child adds its specialized detail.","hint_1":"Keep the Book constructor that calls `super().__init__(title)`.","hint_2":"Return the parent label followed by ` by ` and the author."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create The Hobbit and print the extended label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n# Create Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\").\n# Print book.label().\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n super().__init__(title)\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n # TODO: reuse the parent label and add the author.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\")\nprint(book.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"The Hobbit\", \"J. R. R. Tolkien\")\nprint(book.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def __init__(self, title, author):\n super().__init__(title)\n self.author = author\n\n def label(self):\n base_label = super().label()\n return f\"{base_label} by {self.author}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book should accept title and author."},"1":{"message":"Book.label() should extend the parent label with the author."},"2":{"message":"Create the Book object in main.py."},"3":{"message":"Print the extended label."}},"expectedOutput":"The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien"}},"practice":{"sc-inheritance-shared-work":{"title":"Choose why a base class helps here","prompt":"Book and Movie both need the same `title` setup. Why is a base class helpful?","hint":"Pick the answer about reusing shared code.","help":{"concept":"Inheritance is helpful when related classes share the same core behavior.","hint_1":"Look for the choice about storing shared setup once.","hint_2":"Avoid answers about unrelated classes or identical output forever."},"options":{"a":"It prevents any subclass from having its own behavior.","b":"It stores shared setup once so related subclasses can reuse it.","c":"It turns every object into the same subclass.","d":"It removes the need to create objects."}},"fb-inheritance-subclass-name":{"title":"Call the parent constructor","prompt":"Fill in the function used to reach the parent constructor.","hint":"It returns access to the next class in the inheritance chain.","help":{"concept":"`super()` lets a child call a parent implementation without naming the parent class directly.","hint_1":"It is followed by `.__init__(title)`.","hint_2":"Include the parentheses."},"template":"[blank1].__init__(title)","choices":["super()","self","CatalogItem()","parent"]},"dr-inheritance-build-order":{"title":"Order a child constructor","prompt":"Put these steps in a clear order.","hint":"Connect the child to the parent before adding child-only state.","help":{"concept":"The child class inherits first, then its constructor calls the parent setup, then it stores specialized state.","hint_1":"The class header comes first.","hint_2":"Call super before using the completed object."},"tokens":{"t1":"Define the child class with the parent in parentheses","t2":"Define the child constructor","t3":"Call `super().__init__(...)` for shared setup","t4":"Store the child-specific attributes"}},"sc-inheritance-method-reuse":{"title":"What does super() do here?","prompt":"Inside `Book.label()`, why call `super().label()`?","hint":"The child wants to reuse the parent result and add more detail.","help":{"concept":"`super()` can call the parent method as part of an override.","hint_1":"The child does not need to copy the parent logic.","hint_2":"It can extend the returned text."},"options":{"a":"It gets the parent label so Book can extend it.","b":"It creates an unrelated object.","c":"It deletes the parent method.","d":"It turns label into a static method."}}}},"module-9-greenhouse-sensor-project":{"label":"Module 9 Greenhouse Sensor Project","summary":"Build a greenhouse monitor with an abstract Sensor contract, child constructors that call `super()`, and one polymorphic report.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Project brief"},"project":{"title":"Greenhouse Sensor Monitor"}},"projectSteps":{"greenhouse_project_step_1_base_and_temperature":{"title":"Create Sensor and TemperatureSensor"},"greenhouse_project_step_2_add_humidity_override":{"title":"Add HumiditySensor and override reading()"},"greenhouse_project_step_3_mixed_sensor_loop":{"title":"Build one mixed sensor list"},"greenhouse_project_step_4_monitor_class_report":{"title":"Add the GreenhouseMonitor report"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"greenhouse_project_step_1_base_and_temperature":{"title":"Create an abstract Sensor and one concrete child","prompt":"Create the shared `Sensor(ABC)` base class with a constructor that stores `zone` and an abstract `reading()` method. Then complete `TemperatureSensor`: call `super().__init__(zone)`, store `celsius`, and return `Temperature: <zone> = <value> C` from `reading()`. Run `main.py` to print the North Bed reading.","hint":"Define the abstract contract first, then make TemperatureSensor concrete by implementing reading().","help":{"concept":"The ABC makes `reading()` a required method. `super().__init__(zone)` reuses the parent setup instead of copying it.","hint_1":"Import `ABC` and `abstractmethod` in models/sensor.py.","hint_2":"Implement reading() in TemperatureSensor so Python can instantiate it."},"starterCode":"# TODO: import TemperatureSensor, create the North Bed sensor, and print reading().\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# TODO: import TemperatureSensor from models.temperature_sensor.\n# Create TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5) and print sensor.reading().\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"# TODO: import ABC and abstractmethod.\n\nclass Sensor:\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n # TODO: make reading an abstract method.\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n # TODO: call the parent constructor and store celsius.\n pass\n\n def reading(self):\n # TODO: return the formatted temperature reading.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define the Sensor abstract base class."},"1":{"message":"Keep Sensor abstract instead of creating Sensor objects directly."},"2":{"message":"Store the shared zone in the parent constructor."},"3":{"message":"Define TemperatureSensor as a concrete Sensor child."},"4":{"message":"TemperatureSensor should accept zone and celsius."},"5":{"message":"TemperatureSensor should store its state and return the expected reading."}}},"greenhouse_project_step_2_add_humidity_override":{"title":"Add HumiditySensor and override reading()","prompt":"Continue from the working base and temperature sensor. Override `TemperatureSensor.reading()` so it returns `Temperature: <zone> = <celsius> C`. Add `HumiditySensor` with a `percent` value and its own `reading()` result: `Humidity: <zone> = <percent>%`. Print both readings from `main.py`.","hint":"Keep the shared method name `reading()` in both subclasses.","help":{"concept":"Overriding lets each sensor type format its own reading while callers use one method name.","hint_1":"TemperatureSensor should format its zone and celsius value.","hint_2":"HumiditySensor should inherit Sensor, store percent, and override reading()."},"starterCode":"# Add HumiditySensor and print both specialized readings.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Import HumiditySensor, create both sensors, and print both readings.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\n\nsensor = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nprint(sensor.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"# Override reading() with a temperature-specific result.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n # TODO: return Temperature: <zone> = <celsius> C\n pass\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"# Create a HumiditySensor with zone, percent, and reading().\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\ntemperature = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nhumidity = HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64)\nprint(temperature.reading())\nprint(humidity.reading())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\ntemperature = TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5)\nhumidity = HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64)\nprint(temperature.reading())\nprint(humidity.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"TemperatureSensor.reading() should return the specialized temperature reading."},"1":{"message":"Define the HumiditySensor class."},"2":{"message":"HumiditySensor should accept zone and percent."},"3":{"message":"HumiditySensor should store zone and percent."},"4":{"message":"HumiditySensor.reading() should return the specialized humidity reading."}}},"greenhouse_project_step_3_mixed_sensor_loop":{"title":"Build one mixed sensor list","prompt":"Continue from the two working sensor classes. Put a `TemperatureSensor` and a `HumiditySensor` in one `sensors` list. Loop through the list and print `sensor.reading()` for every object. Do not branch on the sensor type.","hint":"Use one list and one loop; the shared reading() method handles both objects.","help":{"concept":"This milestone applies polymorphism to a greenhouse monitoring problem that was not used in the lessons.","hint_1":"Create both sensor objects inside `sensors = [...]`.","hint_2":"Loop with `for sensor in sensors:` and print `sensor.reading()`."},"starterCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\n# TODO: print every reading with one shared loop.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\n# TODO: loop through sensors and print sensor.reading().\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"# Temperature implementation; keep it working.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"# Humidity implementation; keep it working.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\nfor sensor in sensors:\n print(sensor.reading())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\n\nsensors = [\n TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5),\n HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64),\n]\n\nfor sensor in sensors:\n print(sensor.reading())\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Create at least one TemperatureSensor object."},"1":{"message":"Create at least one HumiditySensor object."},"2":{"message":"TemperatureSensor.reading() should still return the expected reading."},"3":{"message":"HumiditySensor.reading() should still return the expected reading."},"4":{"message":"Print both readings from one shared loop."}}},"greenhouse_project_step_4_monitor_class_report":{"title":"Add the GreenhouseMonitor report","prompt":"Finish the greenhouse project by adding `GreenhouseMonitor`. It should own a `sensors` list, add sensors with `add_sensor(sensor)`, and print each sensor reading from `print_report()`. Keep `main.py` thin: create the monitor, add both sensors, and print the report.","hint":"The monitor should own the mixed collection instead of main.py managing the loop.","help":{"concept":"The final milestone gives collection ownership to a dedicated class.","hint_1":"Initialize `self.sensors` as an empty list.","hint_2":"Append in `add_sensor()` and loop over `self.sensors` in `print_report()`."},"starterCode":"# Run this greenhouse demo after completing models/greenhouse_monitor.py.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this greenhouse demo after completing models/greenhouse_monitor.py.\nfrom models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"# Temperature sensor; keep it unchanged.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"# Humidity sensor; keep it unchanged.\nfrom models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"},"models_greenhouse_monitor_py":{"content":"class GreenhouseMonitor:\n def __init__(self):\n # TODO: create an empty sensors list.\n pass\n\n def add_sensor(self, sensor):\n # TODO: append the sensor.\n pass\n\n def print_report(self):\n # TODO: print sensor.reading() for each stored sensor.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.temperature_sensor import TemperatureSensor\nfrom models.humidity_sensor import HumiditySensor\nfrom models.greenhouse_monitor import GreenhouseMonitor\n\nmonitor = GreenhouseMonitor()\nmonitor.add_sensor(TemperatureSensor(\"North Bed\", 21.5))\nmonitor.add_sensor(HumiditySensor(\"Seedling Bench\", 64))\nmonitor.print_report()\n"},"models___init___py":{"content":"# Package marker for greenhouse model imports.\n"},"models_sensor_py":{"content":"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n\nclass Sensor(ABC):\n def __init__(self, zone):\n self.zone = zone\n\n @abstractmethod\n def reading(self):\n pass\n"},"models_temperature_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass TemperatureSensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, celsius):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.celsius = celsius\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Temperature: {self.zone} = {self.celsius} C\"\n"},"models_humidity_sensor_py":{"content":"from models.sensor import Sensor\n\nclass HumiditySensor(Sensor):\n def __init__(self, zone, percent):\n super().__init__(zone)\n self.percent = percent\n\n def reading(self):\n return f\"Humidity: {self.zone} = {self.percent}%\"\n"},"models_greenhouse_monitor_py":{"content":"class GreenhouseMonitor:\n def __init__(self):\n self.sensors = []\n\n def add_sensor(self, sensor):\n self.sensors.append(sensor)\n\n def print_report(self):\n for sensor in self.sensors:\n print(sensor.reading())\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Define the GreenhouseMonitor class."},"1":{"message":"GreenhouseMonitor should be constructible without arguments."},"2":{"message":"GreenhouseMonitor should own a sensors list."}},"expectedOutput":"Temperature: North Bed = 21.5 C\nHumidity: Seedling Bench = 64%"}}}},"overriding-and-specialization":{"label":"Overriding and Specialization","summary":"Keep one shared method name, then let each child class customize its own version of that method.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"One method name, shared by related classes"},"sketch1":{"title":"Override the method in one subclass"},"sketch2":{"title":"Specialize more than one subclass"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_overriding_and_specialization_sketch0":{"title":"Override label() for Book","prompt":"The lesson used delivery items. Now practice with catalog media. In `models/book.py`, override `label()` so `Book(\"Project Hail Mary\")` returns `Book: Project Hail Mary`. Then finish `main.py` by creating the book and printing its label.","hint":"Use the same method name as the base class, but return a book-specific string.","help":{"concept":"Overriding means a subclass writes its own version of a method with the same name. Callers still use `.label()`, but the subclass controls the result.","hint_1":"Write the method inside `Book`.","hint_2":"Return `Book: ` followed by `self.title`."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\n\n# TODO: create Book(\"Project Hail Mary\").\n# TODO: print the book label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\n# TODO: create Book(\"Project Hail Mary\").\n# TODO: print the book label.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# Keep models/catalog_item.py unchanged for this step: Override label() for Book.\nclass CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n # TODO: override label() so it returns \"Book: <title>\".\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"Project Hail Mary\")\nprint(book.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\n\nbook = Book(\"Project Hail Mary\")\nprint(book.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book.label() should return the book-specific label."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Project Hail Mary"},"try_overriding_and_specialization_sketch1":{"title":"Override label() for Movie","prompt":"Use the same overriding pattern with another catalog type. In `models/movie.py`, override `label()` so `Movie(\"Inside Out\")` returns `Movie: Inside Out`. Then finish `main.py` by creating the movie and printing its label.","hint":"Book and Movie should both use `label()`, but each one can return a different kind of label.","help":{"concept":"Two subclasses can share a method name while producing different results. That sets up polymorphism in the next topic.","hint_1":"The method name should still be `label()`.","hint_2":"Return `Movie: ` followed by `self.title`."},"starterCode":"from models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create Movie(\"Inside Out\").\n# TODO: print the movie label.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create Movie(\"Inside Out\").\n# TODO: print the movie label.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# Keep models/catalog_item.py unchanged for this step: Override label() for Movie.\nclass CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n # TODO: override label() so it returns \"Movie: <title>\".\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.movie import Movie\n\nmovie = Movie(\"Inside Out\")\nprint(movie.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.movie import Movie\n\nmovie = Movie(\"Inside Out\")\nprint(movie.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Movie.label() should return the movie-specific label."}},"expectedOutput":"Movie: Inside Out"},"try_overriding_and_specialization_sketch2":{"title":"Print both specialized labels","prompt":"Now use both specialized child classes. The `Book` and `Movie` classes are provided. In `main.py`, create `Book(\"Coraline\")` and `Movie(\"Coco\")`, then print each object's `label()` result on its own line.","hint":"Create one Book and one Movie. Call `.label()` on each object.","help":{"concept":"The call looks the same for both objects, but each subclass decides what its own label should look like.","hint_1":"Use `book.label()` for the first line.","hint_2":"Use `movie.label()` for the second line."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create a Book for \"Coraline\".\n# TODO: create a Movie for \"Coco\".\n# TODO: print each object's label on its own line.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create a Book for \"Coraline\".\n# TODO: create a Movie for \"Coco\".\n# TODO: print each object's label on its own line.\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"# Keep models/catalog_item.py unchanged for this step: Print both specialized labels.\nclass CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep models/book.py unchanged for this step: Print both specialized labels.\nfrom models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep models/movie.py unchanged for this step: Print both specialized labels.\nfrom models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nbook = Book(\"Coraline\")\nmovie = Movie(\"Coco\")\nprint(book.label())\nprint(movie.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\nbook = Book(\"Coraline\")\nmovie = Movie(\"Coco\")\nprint(book.label())\nprint(movie.label())\n"},"models_catalog_item_py":{"content":"class CatalogItem:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return self.title\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Book(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"from models.catalog_item import CatalogItem\n\nclass Movie(CatalogItem):\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Book.label() should stay specialized."},"1":{"message":"Movie.label() should stay specialized."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: Coraline\nMovie: Coco"}},"practice":{"sc-overriding-purpose":{"title":"Choose the reason to override","prompt":"Why would `Book` override `label()` from `CatalogItem`?","hint":"Look for the choice about changing the result while keeping the method name.","help":{"concept":"Overriding keeps a shared contract but allows subclass-specific behavior.","hint_1":"The method name stays the same.","hint_2":"The returned text becomes more specific."},"options":{"a":"To remove inheritance from the program","b":"To rename the base method everywhere","c":"To keep `label()` but return a book-specific result","d":"To stop `Book` objects from having titles"}},"fb-overriding-method-name":{"title":"Fill in the overriding method name","prompt":"Complete the method name that both subclasses share.","hint":"Use the same method name from the base class.","help":{"concept":"Overriding works when the subclass uses the same method name as the base class.","hint_1":"The method returns the display text for the item.","hint_2":"It is not the constructor name."},"template":"class Movie(CatalogItem):\n def [blank1](self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"","choices":["label","movie_label","title","__init__"]},"dr-overriding-workflow":{"title":"Order the override steps","prompt":"Put the beginner workflow in order.","hint":"Begin with the base method, then specialize it in subclasses.","help":{"concept":"It is easiest to override after the base behavior already exists.","hint_1":"The shared method comes first.","hint_2":"Printing the result comes after the subclass method is ready."},"tokens":{"t1":"Write `label()` in CatalogItem","t2":"Create `Book.label()` with a book-specific return value","t3":"Create `Movie.label()` with a movie-specific return value","t4":"Make objects and print both labels"}},"sc-overriding-shared-contract":{"title":"Keep the shared contract","prompt":"What stays the same when `Book` and `Movie` both override `label()`?","hint":"Think about what later code can still call on both objects.","help":{"concept":"The shared contract is the method name that every subclass supports.","hint_1":"The result can change, but the callable behavior stays aligned.","hint_2":"Look for the answer about one shared method name."},"options":{"a":"Later code can still call `label()` on both subclasses.","b":"Both subclasses must return the exact same string.","c":"Neither subclass can add its own behavior anymore.","d":"The base class stops mattering once one subclass overrides a method."}}}},"polymorphic-collections":{"label":"Polymorphic Collections","summary":"Use one shared method call on different child objects, so a mixed list can be handled with one clean loop.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Put different subclasses in one list"},"sketch1":{"title":"Call the shared method in a loop"},"sketch2":{"title":"Move the loop into a helper"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_polymorphic_collections_sketch0":{"title":"Create one mixed catalog list","prompt":"In `main.py`, create one `catalog` list containing `Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\")` and `Movie(\"Up\")`. Do not print yet. This step is only about storing different object types in one list.","hint":"Create both objects inside the same list and keep the variable name `catalog`.","help":{"concept":"A Python list can hold different object types. Polymorphism becomes useful because both objects provide the same `label()` method.","hint_1":"Create both objects inside the same list and keep the variable name `catalog`.","hint_2":"Inspect the requested file and account for each requirement before running the workspace."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create catalog with the two requested objects. Do not print yet.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\n# TODO: create catalog with the two requested objects. Do not print yet.\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep this provided Book model unchanged.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep this provided Movie model unchanged.\nclass Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"), Movie(\"Up\")]\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"), Movie(\"Up\")]\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"class Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Create the requested Book object in the mixed catalog."},"1":{"message":"Create the requested Movie object in the mixed catalog."},"2":{"message":"Do not print in this first step."}}},"try_polymorphic_collections_sketch1":{"title":"Call the shared method in one loop","prompt":"Use the provided mixed `catalog` list. Loop through it and print each object's `label()` result. Do not branch on the object type; call the same method on every item.","hint":"Use `for item in catalog:` and print `item.label()` inside the loop.","help":{"concept":"Polymorphism lets one loop use the same method name on different object types.","hint_1":"Use `for item in catalog:` and print `item.label()` inside the loop.","hint_2":"Review the file path, class or function name, and output requirements together."},"starterCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\n# TODO: loop through catalog and print item.label() for each item.\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\n# TODO: loop through catalog and print item.label() for each item.\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Book model unchanged.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Movie model unchanged.\nclass Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor item in catalog:\n print(item.label())\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor item in catalog:\n print(item.label())\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"class Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Keep the Book object in the mixed list."},"1":{"message":"Keep the Movie object in the mixed list."},"2":{"message":"Print both labels from the loop."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: A Wrinkle in Time\nMovie: Up"},"try_polymorphic_collections_sketch2":{"title":"Return labels from a helper","prompt":"Complete `build_labels(items)` in `services/catalog_report.py`. It must loop through the supplied items, collect each `item.label()` result in order, and return the list. `main.py` is already wired to print the returned labels.","hint":"Start with an empty list, append `item.label()` inside a loop, and return the finished list.","help":{"concept":"A reusable helper can depend on the shared `label()` behavior without knowing whether an item is a Book or Movie.","hint_1":"Start with an empty list, append `item.label()` inside a loop, and return the finished list.","hint_2":"Use the requested file boundary as part of the solution contract."},"starterCode":"# Run this provided script after completing the helper.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"# Run this provided script after completing the helper.\nfrom models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Book model unchanged.\nclass Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"# Keep the provided Movie model unchanged.\nclass Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_report_py":{"content":"def build_labels(items):\n # TODO: return a list containing item.label() for every item.\n pass\n"}},"solutionCode":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from models.book import Book\nfrom models.movie import Movie\nfrom services.catalog_report import build_labels\n\ncatalog = [\n Book(\"A Wrinkle in Time\"),\n Movie(\"Up\"),\n]\n\nfor label in build_labels(catalog):\n print(label)\n"},"models_book_py":{"content":"class Book:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Book: {self.title}\"\n"},"models_movie_py":{"content":"class Movie:\n def __init__(self, title):\n self.title = title\n\n def label(self):\n return f\"Movie: {self.title}\"\n"},"services_catalog_report_py":{"content":"def build_labels(items):\n labels = []\n for item in items:\n labels.append(item.label())\n return labels\n"}},"checks":{"0":{"message":"Return both labels so main.py can print two lines."}},"expectedOutput":"Book: A Wrinkle in Time\nMovie: Up"}},"practice":{"sc-polymorphism-mixed-list":{"title":"Why the mixed list works","prompt":"Why can one `catalog` list hold both `Book` and `Movie` objects?","hint":"Think about what lists can store in Python.","help":{"concept":"A list can store different objects, and later code can use shared behavior across them.","hint_1":"The objects do not need to be the same subclass.","hint_2":"The shared method name matters when the loop uses the list."},"options":{"a":"Because Python turns both objects into strings first","b":"Because a list can store different objects together","c":"Because Book secretly becomes Movie inside the list","d":"Because lists only allow subclasses of the same name"}},"fb-polymorphism-shared-call":{"title":"Choose the shared method","prompt":"Which shared method should be called on each item?","hint":"Use the method name both subclasses provide.","help":{"concept":"Polymorphism depends on one shared method name.","hint_1":"The method returns the display text for the catalog item.","hint_2":"It is not `title` or `self`."},"template":"for item in catalog:\n print(item.[blank1]())","choices":["label","title","Book","super"]},"dr-polymorphism-loop-order":{"title":"Order the loop steps","prompt":"Put these steps in order for a polymorphic helper.","hint":"Start with the list, then loop, then call the shared method.","help":{"concept":"A polymorphic helper follows a simple receive-loop-call-store pattern.","hint_1":"The list comes before the loop.","hint_2":"The append step happens after the method returns a value."},"tokens":{"t1":"Receive the mixed items list","t2":"Loop through each item","t3":"Call `item.label()`","t4":"Add the returned label to the results list"}},"sc-polymorphism-no-type-check":{"title":"Avoid the wrong pattern","prompt":"Which approach best matches polymorphism in this module?","hint":"Pick the choice that avoids class-by-class branches.","help":{"concept":"Polymorphism keeps later code generic by depending on shared method names.","hint_1":"The loop should call one shared method.","hint_2":"It should not need `if item is Book` checks."},"options":{"a":"Write a separate loop for every subclass forever","b":"Rename the method in each subclass so they are all different","c":"Check each object type before every method call","d":"Call the same method on each object in the mixed list"}}}}}},"python-data-functions":{"python-5-lists-tuples-and-dictionaries":{"creating-and-indexing-lists":{"label":"Creating and Indexing Lists","summary":"Create lists and access items by position.","cards":{"course-introduction":{"title":"Course introduction"},"sketch0":{"title":"What a list is"},"sketch1":{"title":"How indexing works"},"sketch2":{"title":"Using list values in output"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-first-index":{"title":"First item index","prompt":"Which index gets the first item from a Python list?","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"1","c":"-1","d":"first"}},"sc-whole-list":{"title":"Create a list","prompt":"Which line of code correctly creates a list with the values 3, 5, and 7?","hint":"Look for square brackets with comma-separated values.","help":{"concept":"Python lists are written with square brackets around ordered items separated by commas.","hint_1":"Parentheses and braces create different kinds of structures.","hint_2":"Choose the option that uses `[` and `]` with `3, 5, 7` inside."},"options":{"a":"numbers = [3, 5, 7]","b":"numbers = 3, 5, 7, list"}},"mc-valid-index-expressions":{"title":"Valid list access","prompt":"Choose all expressions that correctly access an item from `letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]`.","hint":"A valid access uses the list name followed by an index in square brackets.","help":{"concept":"To access a list item, Python uses the syntax `list_name[index]` with a numeric index.","hint_1":"Check which choices use square brackets after `letters`.","hint_2":"Two choices use the correct indexing pattern and refer to real positions in this three-item list."},"options":{"a":"letters[0]","b":"letters[2]","c":"letters(1)"}},"mc-true-about-lists":{"title":"Facts about lists","prompt":"Choose all true statements about Python lists.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"Lists keep items in order.","b":"The first item in a list has index 0.","c":"Lists must contain only numbers.","d":"Square brackets are used to create lists."}},"dr-build-list-line":{"title":"Build the list line","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to create a line of code that stores `\"pen\"`, `\"pencil\"`, and `\"eraser\"` in a list named `items`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"tokens":{"t1":"items","t2":"=","t3":"[","t4":"\"pen\"","t5":",","t6":"\"pencil\"","t7":"\"eraser\"","t8":"]"}},"dr-index-output-order":{"title":"Order the outputs","prompt":"A program runs this code:\n\n`colors = [\"red\", \"blue\", \"green\"]`\n`print(colors[2])`\n`print(colors[0])`\n`print(colors[1])`\n\nArrange the printed lines in the order they appear in the output panel.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"green","t2":"red","t3":"blue"}},"fb-second-item":{"title":"Pick the second item","prompt":"Complete the code to print the second item from the list.","hint":"Count list positions from zero before selecting the second item.","help":{"concept":"Python counts the first position as zero, so move forward one position to reach the second item.","hint_1":"Write the first three positions in zero-based order before choosing the middle one.","hint_2":"Use the index that points to the item after the first one."},"template":"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]\nprint(letters[[blank1]])","choices":["0","1","2","3"]},"fb-list-name":{"title":"Complete the list assignment","prompt":"Choose the missing variable name so the list is stored in `numbers`.","hint":"Only the name before `=` is missing.","help":{"concept":"In an assignment, the variable name goes on the left side of `=` and receives the list value on the right.","hint_1":"The blank should be the variable that will hold `[4, 8, 12]`.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that is a sensible variable name, not a keyword or function."},"template":"[blank1] = [4, 8, 12]","choices":["numbers","print","index","list()"]},"ci-print-first-last":{"title":"Print the first and last list items","prompt":"Three fruit labels come in one at a time. Store the inputs in a list, then print the first fruit and the last fruit on separate lines.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `apple`, `banana`, and `cherry`, your program should print:\n`apple`\n`cherry`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the first and last list items\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"word1 = input()\nword2 = input()\nword3 = input()\n\n# Store the words in a list.\n# Then print the first item and the last item on separate lines.","solutionCode":"word1 = input()\nword2 = input()\nword3 = input()\n\nwords = [word1, word2, word3]\nprint(words[0])\nprint(words[2])","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use index 0 to read the first item instead of printing the input directly."},"1":{"message":"Use an index to read the last item from the list."}}},"ci-print-second-number":{"title":"Print the second number","prompt":"A scoreboard sends three numbers in order. Put them into a list, then print the second item from that list.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `4`, `9`, and `2`, your program should print:\n`9`.","hint":"The second item in a list is at index 1.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\n# Put the numbers into a list.\n# Print the second item.","solutionCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\nnumbers = [a, b, c]\nprint(numbers[1])","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use index 1 to read the second item from the list."}}},"ci-build-and-show-list":{"title":"Build a list from input","prompt":"A paint shelf needs a quick inventory. Collect the three input colors into one list and print the finished list.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `red`, `blue`, and `green`, your program should print:\n`['red', 'blue', 'green']`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"color1 = input()\ncolor2 = input()\ncolor3 = input()\n\n# Create a list with the three colors.\n# Print the whole list.","solutionCode":"color1 = input()\ncolor2 = input()\ncolor3 = input()\n\ncolors = [color1, color2, color3]\nprint(colors)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create a list with color1, color2, and color3 before printing it."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-checkpoint":{"title":"Index and print list values","prompt":"Create the list `[\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]`. Print the first name, then print the last name.","hint":"Use index `0` for the first item and `-1` for the last item.","help":{"concept":"List indexing lets you retrieve a value by position.","hint_1":"Use index `0` for the first item and `-1` for the last item.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"names = []\n\n# Create the list [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"].\n# Print the first name, then print the last name.\n","solutionCode":"names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]\nprint(names[0])\nprint(names[-1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create the names list instead of only printing the final answers."},"1":{"message":"Use names[0] to print the first name instead of typing Ava directly."},"2":{"message":"Use an index on names to print the last name instead of typing Zoe directly."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-sketch0":{"title":"Print the first and last list items","prompt":"Use list indexes to print the first and last values from `items`.","hint":"Lists keep their items in order. Start by printing the first item in items.","help":{"concept":"Lists keep their items in order. Start by printing the first item in items.","hint_1":"The first item is items[0]. The last item is items[-1].","hint_2":"Print each value on its own line: first red, then green."},"starterCode":"items = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\n\n# Print the first item.\n# Then print the last item.\n","solutionCode":"items = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\nprint(items[0])\nprint(items[-1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use items[0] for the first item instead of typing red."},"1":{"message":"Use an index on items for the last item instead of typing green."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-sketch1":{"title":"Print the second number","prompt":"Use index `1` to print the second value in `numbers`.","hint":"Print the second number in the list.","help":{"concept":"Print the second number in the list.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"numbers = [4, 9, 2]\n\n# Print the second number in the list.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [4, 9, 2]\nprint(numbers[1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers[1] instead of typing 9 directly."}}},"try-creating-and-indexing-lists-sketch2":{"title":"Build and print a list","prompt":"Create a list named `names` from the two variables, then print it.","hint":"Build a list named names with first and second.","help":{"concept":"Build a list named names with first and second.","hint_1":"Build a list named names with first and second, then print names.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"first = 'Ava'\nsecond = 'Mia'\n\n# Build a list named names with first and second.\n# Then print names.\n","solutionCode":"first = 'Ava'\nsecond = 'Mia'\nnames = [first, second]\nprint(names)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Build names from the variables first and second, not by typing the final list directly."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create the list `[\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]`. Print the first name, then print the last name."},"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use list indexes to print the first and last values from `items`."},"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use index `1` to print the second value in `numbers`."},"try_creating_and_indexing_lists_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create a list named `names` from the two variables, then print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"dictionary-basics":{"label":"Dictionary Basics","summary":"Store and retrieve values using keys.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a dictionary is"},"sketch1":{"title":"Looking up values by key"},"sketch2":{"title":"Creating and updating dictionary entries"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-dict-best-choice":{"title":"Choose the best collection","prompt":"Which collection is the best fit for storing a person's name, age, and city with labels for each value?","hint":"Pick the collection that stores labeled key-value pairs.","help":{"concept":"Dictionaries are designed for data where each value has a label, such as name, age, or city.","hint_1":"A list stores items by position, but this question needs labels tied to values.","hint_2":"Look for the collection that lets you write keys like \"name\" and \"age\"."},"options":{"a":"A dictionary","b":"A tuple","c":"A single string","d":"A number"}},"sc-dict-lookup":{"title":"Read a value by key","prompt":"Given `pet = {\"type\": \"cat\", \"age\": 3}`, which expression gets the value `\"cat\"`?","hint":"Use the key, not a numeric position.","help":{"concept":"Dictionary values are accessed with their keys inside square brackets.","hint_1":"The key for `\"cat\"` is `\"type\"`.","hint_2":"Use the dictionary name followed by square brackets containing the string key."},"options":{"a":"pet[0]","b":"pet(\"type\")","c":"type[\"pet\"]"}},"mc-dict-parts":{"title":"Identify dictionary parts","prompt":"Which statements about this dictionary are correct?\n\n`item = {\"name\": \"pen\", \"price\": 2}`\n\nChoose all correct answers.","hint":"Separate keys from values in each pair.","help":{"concept":"In a dictionary, each entry has a key on the left of the colon and a value on the right.","hint_1":"Check the pair `\"name\": \"pen\"` and the pair `\"price\": 2`.","hint_2":"The strings before colons are keys; the data after colons are values."},"options":{"a":"`\"name\"` is a key","b":"`\"pen\"` is a value","c":"`2` is a value","d":"`\"price\"` is a value"}},"mc-dict-operations":{"title":"Valid dictionary actions","prompt":"Which lines correctly work with a dictionary named `scores = {\"Ava\": 10, \"Ben\": 8}`? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about looking up by key and assigning by key.","help":{"concept":"You can read a dictionary value with `dict[key]` and update or add entries with `dict[key] = value`.","hint_1":"One correct pattern reads a value using a name key in square brackets.","hint_2":"Another correct pattern changes or adds a value by putting a key in square brackets on the left side of `=`."},"options":{"a":"`scores[\"Ava\"]`","b":"`scores[1]`","c":"`scores[\"Ben\"] = 9`","d":"`scores.add(\"Kai\", 7)`"}},"dr-dict-create-order":{"title":"Build a dictionary step by step","prompt":"Put these code pieces in the correct order to create a dictionary and print one value.","hint":"Create the dictionary first, then read from it.","help":{"concept":"Python must create and assign the dictionary before you can look up a value from it.","hint_1":"Start with the variable name and assignment to a dictionary literal.","hint_2":"The print line should come after the dictionary exists, and the lookup uses the key `\"name\"`."},"tokens":{"t1":"person = {","t2":"\"name\": \"Ava\"","t3":"}","t4":"print(person[\"name\"])"}},"dr-dict-update-order":{"title":"Order an update example","prompt":"Arrange these lines to create a dictionary, update a value, and print the updated result.","hint":"The dictionary must exist before the update line.","help":{"concept":"Updating a dictionary uses assignment with a key after the dictionary has already been created.","hint_1":"First create `stock`, then change the value for `\"apples\"`, then print it.","hint_2":"The print line belongs last because it should show the updated value, not the original one."},"tokens":{"t1":"stock = {\"apples\": 5}","t2":"stock[\"apples\"] = 7","t3":"print(stock[\"apples\"])"}},"fb-dict-literal":{"title":"Complete a dictionary literal","prompt":"Choose the missing value to finish the dictionary entry.","hint":"The blank should be the value paired with the key `\"color\"`.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary entry has the form `key: value`, so the missing part here is the value for one key.","hint_1":"The key is already written as `\"color\"`.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that can act as the string value stored for that key."},"template":"paint = {\"color\": [blank1]}","choices":["\"blue\"","color","Lesson notes panel","Color theme picker"]},"fb-dict-key-lookup":{"title":"Complete a key lookup","prompt":"Choose the missing key so the expression gets the age value.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"person = {\"name\": \"Ivy\", \"age\": 12}\nprint(person[[blank1]])","choices":["\"age\"","12","\"Ivy\"","0"]},"ci-make-dictionary":{"title":"Return a simple dictionary","prompt":"Write `make_book(title, pages)` so it returns one dictionary describing the book. The dictionary should use the keys `\"title\"` and `\"pages\"`.","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"def make_book(title, pages):\n # return a dictionary with keys \"title\" and \"pages\"\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_book(title, pages):\n return {\"title\": title, \"pages\": pages}"},"ci-get-score":{"title":"Look up a value in a dictionary","prompt":"Write `get_score(scores, name)` so it looks up `name` in the `scores` dictionary and returns that score.","hint":"Read the task \"Look up a value in a dictionary\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def get_score(scores, name):\n # return the score for the given name\n pass","solutionCode":"def get_score(scores, name):\n return scores[name]"},"ci-update-dictionary":{"title":"Add or update a dictionary entry","prompt":"Write `set_price(prices, item, amount)` so it updates the `prices` dictionary with the given item and amount, then returns the updated dictionary.","hint":"Read the task \"Add or update a dictionary entry\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def set_price(prices, item, amount):\n # update the dictionary and return it\n pass","solutionCode":"def set_price(prices, item, amount):\n prices[item] = amount\n return prices"},"try-dictionary-basics-checkpoint":{"title":"Create and read a dictionary","prompt":"Create a dictionary for `name` and `score`, then print the score.","hint":"Use the key `\"score\"` to read the value.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary stores values under named keys.","hint_1":"Use the key `\"score\"` to read the value.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"student = {}\n\n# Store name Ava and score 92.\n# Then print the score.\n","solutionCode":"student = {\"name\": \"Ava\", \"score\": 92}\nprint(student[\"score\"])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create a dictionary variable named student."},"1":{"message":"Use the score key to read the score from student."}}},"try-dictionary-basics-sketch0":{"title":"Print a dictionary value","prompt":"Use the key `'name'` to read a value from the dictionary.","hint":"Print the name from profile.","help":{"concept":"Print the name from profile.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"profile = {'name': 'Ava', 'age': 12}\n\n# Print the name from profile.\n","solutionCode":"profile = {'name': 'Ava', 'age': 12}\nprint(profile['name'])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use profile[\"name\"] instead of typing Ava directly."}}},"try-dictionary-basics-sketch1":{"title":"Update an age","prompt":"Assign a new value to an existing dictionary key.","hint":"Change age to 12.","help":{"concept":"Change age to 12.","hint_1":"Change age to 12, then print the profile dictionary.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"profile = {'name': 'Mia', 'age': 11}\n\n# Change age to 12.\n# Then print the profile dictionary.\n","solutionCode":"profile = {'name': 'Mia', 'age': 11}\nprofile['age'] = 12\nprint(profile)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Update profile['age'] to 12 instead of replacing the final dictionary."}}},"try-dictionary-basics-sketch2":{"title":"Create and print a score dictionary","prompt":"Build a dictionary with two key-value pairs, then print it.","hint":"Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85.","help":{"concept":"Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85.","hint_1":"Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85, then print scores.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"# Create a dictionary named scores with Ava: 92 and Mia: 85.\n# Then print scores.\n","solutionCode":"scores = {'Ava': 92, 'Mia': 85}\nprint(scores)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create a dictionary variable named scores."},"1":{"message":"Use Ava as a key in scores."},"2":{"message":"Use Mia as a key in scores."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_dictionary_basics_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create a dictionary for `name` and `score`, then print the score."},"try_dictionary_basics_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use the key `'name'` to read a value from the dictionary."},"try_dictionary_basics_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Assign a new value to an existing dictionary key."},"try_dictionary_basics_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build a dictionary with two key-value pairs, then print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"list-methods-and-mutation":{"label":"List Methods and Mutation","summary":"Use common list methods like append, remove, pop, and sort, and learn how they change the original list.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What mutation means for lists"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using append, remove, and pop"},"sketch2":{"title":"Sorting lists and watching for common mistakes"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Which method adds to the end?","prompt":"Which list method adds one new item to the end of a list?","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"append()","b":"remove()","c":"pop()","d":"sort()"}},"sc-2":{"title":"What does pop return?","prompt":"In Python, what does `items.pop(1)` return?","hint":"`pop()` both changes the list and gives you something back.","help":{"concept":"`pop(index)` removes the item at the given index and returns that removed item.","hint_1":"Index `1` means the second item in the list.","hint_2":"The return value is not the shortened list itself; it is the element that was taken out."},"options":{"a":"The item that was removed at index 1","b":"A copy of the whole list","c":"The length of the list after removal","d":"Nothing at all"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Methods that mutate a list","prompt":"Which of these operations change the original list? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"append(5)","b":"remove(5)","c":"sort()","d":"len(my_list)"}},"mc-2":{"title":"Valid list method uses","prompt":"Which lines are valid ways to use common list methods on `numbers = [3, 1, 2]`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Check whether each method name matches the kind of argument it expects.","help":{"concept":"Different list methods expect different inputs: `append` takes a value, `remove` takes a value, and `pop` usually takes an index.","hint_1":"Ask whether the method is removing by value or by position.","hint_2":"One choice mixes up `remove` with index behavior, and one choice uses `sort` with an argument it does not need here."},"options":{"a":"numbers.append(4)","b":"numbers.remove(1)","c":"numbers.pop(0)","d":"numbers.sort(2)"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Append then inspect","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order to add `7` to a list and display the updated list.","hint":"First create the list, then change it, then print it.","help":{"concept":"A short list program usually follows a sequence: create data, mutate data, then inspect the result with `print()`.","hint_1":"You cannot append to a list before the list exists.","hint_2":"Printing should happen after the append if you want to see the changed list."},"tokens":{"t1":"numbers = [1, 2]","t2":"numbers.append(7)","t3":"print(numbers)"}},"dr-2":{"title":"Remove, pop, then print","prompt":"Arrange the lines to produce a program that removes `\"b\"`, then pops the last remaining item into `taken`, then prints `taken`.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"letters = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"]","t2":"letters.remove(\"b\")","t3":"taken = letters.pop()","t4":"print(taken)"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Complete an append call","prompt":"Choose the value that makes `numbers.append(...)` add `10` to the list.","hint":"`append()` needs the item you want to add inside the parentheses.","help":{"concept":"To add one item to the end of a list, place that item as the argument to `append()`.","hint_1":"The blank is the new value being added, not the list name or method name.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that would make the list gain the number ten."},"template":"numbers = [1, 2]\nnumbers.append([blank1])","choices":["numbers","append","10","pop"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Complete a sort statement","prompt":"Choose the method name that sorts `scores` in place.","hint":"This method puts list items in order and changes the list itself.","help":{"concept":"Choose the list method that rearranges the existing list into order instead of returning a separate sorted copy.","hint_1":"The blank should be a method that works directly on a list variable.","hint_2":"It is not a method for adding or removing items."},"template":"scores = [4, 1, 3]\nscores.[blank1]()","choices":["append","remove","sort","pop"]},"ci-1":{"title":"Add an item and print the list","prompt":"A pencil case already has `pen` and `pencil`. Read one more item from input, add it to `items`, and print the updated list.\n\nFor example, if the input is `eraser`, your program should print:\n`['pen', 'pencil', 'eraser']`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"item = input()\nitems = [\"pen\", \"pencil\"]\n\n# Add the input item to the list.\n# Then print the updated list.","solutionCode":"item = input()\nitems = [\"pen\", \"pencil\"]\nitems.append(item)\nprint(items)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use items.append(item) so the list is really mutated."}}},"ci-2":{"title":"Remove a value and show the result","prompt":"The list `colors` starts as `['red', 'blue', 'green']`. Read one color from input, remove that value from the list, and print the updated list.\n\nFor example, if the input is `blue`, your program should print:\n`['red', 'green']`.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"color = input()\ncolors = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\n\n# Remove the input color from the list.\n# Then print the updated list.","solutionCode":"color = input()\ncolors = ['red', 'blue', 'green']\ncolors.remove(color)\nprint(colors)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use colors.remove(color) so the list is really mutated."}}},"ci-3":{"title":"Sort numbers from input","prompt":"Three quiz scores arrive out of order. Put the input numbers into `numbers`, sort the list from smallest to largest, and print the sorted list.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `9`, `2`, and `5`, your program should print:\n`[2, 5, 9]`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\nnumbers = [a, b, c]\n\n# Sort the list.\n# Then print the sorted list.","solutionCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\nc = int(input())\n\nnumbers = [a, b, c]\nnumbers.sort()\nprint(numbers)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers.sort() so the list is really sorted in place."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-checkpoint":{"title":"Append 10 to a list","prompt":"Start with `numbers = [3, 1, 2]`. Add `10` to the end of the list, then print the updated list.","hint":"Use `append()` to add one item to the end.","help":{"concept":"`append(value)` mutates the original list by adding one item to the end.","hint_1":"Use `append()` to add one item to the end.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\n\n# Add 10 to the end of the list.\n# Then print the updated list.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\nnumbers.append(10)\nprint(numbers)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers.append(10) so the list is really changed."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-sketch0":{"title":"Append 10 and print the list","prompt":"Use `append(10)` to add `10` to the list, then print the updated list.","hint":"Add 10 to the end of the list.","help":{"concept":"Add 10 to the end of the list.","hint_1":"Add 10 to the end of the list, then print the updated list.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\n\n# Add 10 to the end of the list.\n# Then print the updated list.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [3, 1, 2]\nnumbers.append(10)\nprint(numbers)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use numbers.append(10) so the list is really changed."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-sketch1":{"title":"Remove banana and pop the last item","prompt":"Use `remove()` and `pop()` to change the list and show what remains.","hint":"Remove 'banana'.","help":{"concept":"Remove 'banana'.","hint_1":"Remove 'banana' Then pop the last remaining item into last_item.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\n\n# Remove 'banana'.\n# Pop the last remaining item into last_item.\n# Print fruits, then print last_item.\n","solutionCode":"fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']\nfruits.remove('banana')\nlast_item = fruits.pop()\nprint(fruits)\nprint(last_item)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Call fruits.remove('banana') instead of replacing the final list directly."},"1":{"message":"Store the result of fruits.pop() in last_item instead of typing cherry directly."}}},"try-list-methods-and-mutation-sketch2":{"title":"Sort and print names","prompt":"Call `sort()` before printing so the original list is ordered.","hint":"Sort the list alphabetically.","help":{"concept":"Sort the list alphabetically.","hint_1":"Sort the list alphabetically, then print the sorted list.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"names = ['Zoe', 'Ava', 'Mia']\n\n# Sort the list alphabetically.\n# Then print the sorted list.\n","solutionCode":"names = ['Zoe', 'Ava', 'Mia']\nnames.sort()\nprint(names)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use names.sort() so the list is actually sorted."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_list_methods_and_mutation_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Start with `numbers = [3, 1, 2]`. Add `10` to the end of the list, then print the updated list."},"try_list_methods_and_mutation_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `append(10)` to add `10` to the list, then print the updated list."},"try_list_methods_and_mutation_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `remove()` and `pop()` to change the list and show what remains."},"try_list_methods_and_mutation_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Call `sort()` before printing so the original list is ordered."},"allowReveal":true}},"looping-through-lists":{"label":"Looping Through Lists","summary":"Process each list item and build derived results.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a list loop does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using a loop to build a new list"},"sketch2":{"title":"Choosing clear loop variable names"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-loop-item-name":{"title":"Pick the loop variable","prompt":"In this code, what does `fruit` represent?\n\n```python\nfruits = [\"apple\", \"banana\", \"pear\"]\nfor fruit in fruits:\n print(fruit)\n```","hint":"Look at what comes after `for` and before `in`.","help":{"concept":"In a `for item in list` loop, the variable after `for` stores one current item from the list during each loop.","hint_1":"`fruit` changes as the loop moves through `\"apple\"`, then `\"banana\"`, then `\"pear\"`.","hint_2":"It is not the whole list name. It is the single value being processed on each pass."},"options":{"a":"The whole list of fruits","b":"One item from the list at a time","c":"The index number of each fruit","d":"A built-in Python keyword"}},"sc-empty-list-start":{"title":"Start a new result list","prompt":"You want to loop through a list and collect changed values into a new list. Which line correctly creates an empty list to start with?","hint":"You need the syntax for an empty list literal.","help":{"concept":"When building a derived list, you usually begin with an empty list and add items with `append()` inside the loop.","hint_1":"An empty list uses square brackets with nothing inside.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that creates a list, not a string, number, or print call."},"options":{"a":"result = ()","b":"print(result)"}},"mc-loop-uses":{"title":"What loops through a list can do","prompt":"Which actions are common reasons to loop through a list? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about tasks you repeat once for each item.","help":{"concept":"List loops are used to process each item, such as printing values, checking conditions, or building a new list from transformed items.","hint_1":"A loop is useful when the same action should happen for every item in the list.","hint_2":"Look for choices about repeated processing of items, not choices about changing Python syntax itself."},"options":{"a":"Print each item","b":"Build a new list from changed items","c":"Check whether items meet a condition","d":"Rename Python keywords"}},"mc-good-loop-names":{"title":"Choose clear loop variable names","prompt":"For the list `scores = [88, 91, 76]`, which loop variable names are clear and appropriate? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Trace the code before choosing the option that matches its actual behavior.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"score","b":"item","c":"scores","d":"score_value"}},"dr-build-derived-list":{"title":"Order the steps to build a derived list","prompt":"Arrange these steps in the correct order for building a new list from an existing list.","hint":"Start by creating the new list before the loop begins.","help":{"concept":"To build a derived list, first create an empty list, then loop through the original list, compute each new value, and append it.","hint_1":"The empty list setup happens before any items are processed.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, you first get the current item, then create the changed value, then add it to the result list."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create an empty result list","t2":"Start a loop over the original list","t3":"Compute the changed value for the current item","t4":"Append the changed value to the result list"}},"dr-read-loop-header":{"title":"Read the loop in order","prompt":"Put these parts of the loop statement in the correct order to make a valid Python loop header.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Arrange the pieces according to the structure of the statement.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Put the pieces in the order that makes the statement valid."},"tokens":{"t1":"for","t2":"color","t3":"in","t4":"colors","t5":":"}},"fb-append-call":{"title":"Complete the append line","prompt":"Fill in the missing method name to add each changed item to the result list.","hint":"Use the list method that adds one item to the end.","help":{"concept":"Choose the list method that adds one new value to the end during each iteration.","hint_1":"The method is called on the list you are building, like `result.method(value)`.","hint_2":"It is the common list method used in beginner loops to collect new values."},"template":"result.[blank1](number * 2)","choices":["append","add","insert","print"]},"fb-loop-keyword":{"title":"Complete the loop header","prompt":"Fill in the missing keyword to start a loop over a list.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"template":"[blank1] item in items:","choices":["for","if","while","def"]},"ci-print-each-item":{"title":"Print each item in a list","prompt":"A shelter roll call stores three animal names in `animals`. Loop through `animals` and print each name on its own line.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `cat`, `dog`, and `fox`, your program should print:\n`cat`\n`dog`\n`fox`.","hint":"Build the list from the three input values before the loop starts.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"first = input()\nsecond = input()\nthird = input()\n\nanimals = [first, second, third]\n\n# Loop through animals and print each one.\n","solutionCode":"first = input()\nsecond = input()\nthird = input()\n\nanimals = [first, second, third]\n\nfor animal in animals:\n print(animal)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a for loop over animals instead of printing each variable manually."}}},"ci-double-list-function":{"title":"Return a doubled list","prompt":"Write `double_numbers(numbers)` so it builds a new list containing each number doubled, then returns that new list.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def double_numbers(numbers):\n # build and return a new list\n pass","solutionCode":"def double_numbers(numbers):\n result = []\n for number in numbers:\n result.append(number * 2)\n return result"},"ci-count-long-words":{"title":"Count words longer than 4 letters","prompt":"Write `count_long_words(words)` so it returns how many words in the list are longer than 4 letters.","hint":"Read the task \"Count words longer than 4 letters\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def count_long_words(words):\n # return the number of words longer than 4 letters\n pass","solutionCode":"def count_long_words(words):\n count = 0\n for word in words:\n if len(word) > 4:\n count += 1\n return count"},"try-looping-through-lists-checkpoint":{"title":"Loop through names","prompt":"Loop through `names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]` and print each name on its own line.","hint":"Use a `for` loop.","help":{"concept":"A `for` loop can visit each value in a list.","hint_1":"Use a `for` loop.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]\n\n# Print each name on its own line.\n","solutionCode":"names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]\nfor name in names:\n print(name)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a for loop over names instead of printing each name manually."}}},"try-looping-through-lists-sketch0":{"title":"Print each animal","prompt":"Loop through the list and print each item.","hint":"Use a for loop to print each animal on its own line.","help":{"concept":"Use a for loop to print each animal on its own line.","hint_1":"Run after the edit so the connection between the statement and its effect stays visible.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'fox']\n\n# Use a for loop to print each animal on its own line.\n","solutionCode":"animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'fox']\nfor animal in animals:\n print(animal)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a for loop over animals instead of typing each animal directly."}}},"try-looping-through-lists-sketch1":{"title":"Total the scores","prompt":"Use a running total inside a loop.","hint":"Add each score to total using a loop.","help":{"concept":"Add each score to total using a loop.","hint_1":"Add each score to total using a loop, then print total.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"scores = [4, 6, 10]\ntotal = 0\n\n# Add each score to total using a loop.\n# Then print total.\n","solutionCode":"scores = [4, 6, 10]\ntotal = 0\nfor score in scores:\n total += score\nprint(total)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through scores instead of typing the final total."},"1":{"message":"Add each score into total inside the loop."}}},"try-looping-through-lists-sketch2":{"title":"Build doubled numbers","prompt":"Append a derived result for each item in the input list.","hint":"Loop through numbers and append each doubled value.","help":{"concept":"Loop through numbers and append each doubled value.","hint_1":"Loop through numbers and append each doubled value, then print doubled.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\ndoubled = []\n\n# Loop through numbers and append each doubled value.\n# Then print doubled.\n","solutionCode":"numbers = [1, 2, 3]\ndoubled = []\nfor number in numbers:\n doubled.append(number * 2)\nprint(doubled)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through numbers instead of typing the final doubled list."},"1":{"message":"Use doubled.append(...) to build the list."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_looping_through_lists_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through `names = [\"Ava\", \"Mia\", \"Zoe\"]` and print each name on its own line."},"try_looping_through_lists_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through the list and print each item."},"try_looping_through_lists_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a running total inside a loop."},"try_looping_through_lists_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Append a derived result for each item in the input list."},"allowReveal":true}},"module-5-workshop-schedule-project":{"label":"Module 5 Workshop Schedule Project","summary":"A community learning center needs one schedule board built from fixed session records, an ordered list, and a fast room lookup.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Choose a structure for each job"},"project":{"title":"Workshop Schedule Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"exercise1":{"title":"Create the fixed workshop schedule"},"exercise2":{"title":"Build a room lookup"},"exercise3":{"title":"Format the schedule board"}},"quiz":{"try-workshop-schedule-sketch0":{"title":"Unpack one workshop record","prompt":"The starter defines `session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")`. Unpack it into `name` and `room`, then print `Python Basics — Room A`.","hint":"Use one unpacking assignment before the f-string.","help":{"concept":"A tuple keeps the two fields together while unpacking gives each position a readable name.","hint_1":"The left side needs two names.","hint_2":"Use the supplied tuple instead of typing the output directly."},"starterCode":"session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")\n# Unpack the tuple and print: Python Basics — Room A\n","solutionCode":"session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")\nname, room = session\nprint(f\"{name} — {room}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Unpack session into name and room."}}},"exercise1":{"title":"Create the fixed workshop schedule","prompt":"Start the workshop schedule project. In step 1 of 3, implement `create_schedule()` so it returns a list containing exactly these tuples in order: `(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")`, `(\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\")`, and `(\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")`.","hint":"Return the exact three records before adding lookup behavior.","help":{"concept":"A list can hold several fixed tuple records in a predictable order.","hint_1":"Keep every workshop record as a two-value tuple.","hint_2":"Run the helper with the sample schedule before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"def create_schedule():\n # Return the three required (session, room) tuples in a list.\n return []\n","solutionCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n"},"exercise2":{"title":"Build a room lookup","prompt":"Continue the workshop schedule project. In step 2 of 3, keep `create_schedule()` unchanged. Implement `build_room_lookup(schedule)` so it returns a dictionary mapping each workshop name to its room.","hint":"Unpack each tuple into a session name and room.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary turns a repeated search by position into a direct lookup by name.","hint_1":"Use the tuple values as the dictionary key and value.","hint_2":"Run the helper with the sample schedule before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n # Return a dictionary that maps every session name to its room.\n pass\n","solutionCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n return {name: room for name, room in schedule}\n"},"exercise3":{"title":"Format the schedule board","prompt":"Continue the workshop schedule project. In step 3 of 3, keep the schedule and lookup helpers. Implement `format_schedule(schedule)` so it returns a list of strings in the same order, using the format `<session> — <room>` for every tuple.","hint":"Build a new list in the same order as the schedule.","help":{"concept":"Formatting belongs in a separate helper so the stored records remain reusable.","hint_1":"Return strings; do not print them inside the helper.","hint_2":"Run the helper with the sample schedule before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n return {name: room for name, room in schedule}\n\ndef format_schedule(schedule):\n # Return one \"<session> — <room>\" string for every tuple.\n pass\n","solutionCode":"def create_schedule():\n return [(\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\"), (\"Data Lab\", \"Room B\"), (\"Web Starter\", \"Room C\")]\n\ndef build_room_lookup(schedule):\n return {name: room for name, room in schedule}\n\ndef format_schedule(schedule):\n return [f\"{name} — {room}\" for name, room in schedule]\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_workshop_schedule_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The starter defines `session = (\"Python Basics\", \"Room A\")`. Unpack it into `name` and `room`, then print `Python Basics — Room A`."},"allowReveal":true}},"nested-data-structures":{"label":"Nested Data Structures","summary":"Represent real-world data with lists of dictionaries and nested containers.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What nested data structures are"},"sketch1":{"title":"Reading values from nested containers"},"sketch2":{"title":"Looping through a list of dictionaries"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Choose the best structure","prompt":"You want to store several products, and each product has a name and a price. Which structure is the best fit?","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"A single string with all product names","b":"A list of dictionaries","c":"One number for each product","d":"A tuple with only one product"}},"sc-2":{"title":"Read a nested value","prompt":"Given `item = {\"name\": \"Pen\", \"info\": {\"price\": 2, \"stock\": 9}}`, which expression gets the value `9`?","hint":"First access the inner dictionary stored at `\"info\"`.","help":{"concept":"To read a nested dictionary value, access the outer key first, then the inner key.","hint_1":"`\"stock\"` is not at the top level of `item`; it is inside `item[\"info\"]`.","hint_2":"The correct expression uses two bracket lookups in order: outer key, then inner key."},"options":{"a":"item[\"stock\"]","b":"item[\"info\"][\"stock\"]","c":"item[\"name\"][\"stock\"]","d":"item[0][\"stock\"]"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Valid nested structures","prompt":"Which of these are examples of nested data structures in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"A structure is nested when one collection is stored inside another.","help":{"concept":"Nested data structures contain collections inside collections, such as a list inside a dictionary or dictionaries inside a list.","hint_1":"Check whether each option includes one container placed inside another container.","hint_2":"A plain number or plain string alone is not nested; combinations like list-of-dicts or dict-with-list are."},"options":{"a":"[{\"name\": \"Ava\"}, {\"name\": \"Ben\"}]","b":"{\"scores\": [10, 20, 30]}","c":"42","d":"\"hello\""}},"mc-2":{"title":"Useful access patterns","prompt":"Suppose `players = [{\"name\": \"Mia\", \"points\": 7}, {\"name\": \"Leo\", \"points\": 5}]`. Which expressions are valid ways to read data from this structure? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Start by deciding whether you need a list index first or a dictionary key first.","help":{"concept":"For a list of dictionaries, you use a numeric index to choose one dictionary, then a string key to read a value from that dictionary.","hint_1":"`players` is a list first, so expressions that begin with a string key on `players` are not correct.","hint_2":"Look for expressions that use `[0]` or `[1]` before `['name']` or `['points']`."},"options":{"a":"players[0][\"name\"]","b":"players[1][\"points\"]","c":"players[\"name\"]","d":"players[0][0]"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Access a city name","prompt":"Put these tokens in order to build the expression that gets `\"Paris\"` from `trip = {\"destination\": {\"city\": \"Paris\"}}`.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"trip","t2":"[\"destination\"]","t3":"[\"city\"]"}},"dr-2":{"title":"Build a loop over records","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a loop that prints each student's name from `students`, a list of dictionaries.","hint":"The loop header comes first, and the indented print line comes after it.","help":{"concept":"To loop through a list of dictionaries, write a `for` loop that takes one dictionary at a time, then access a key from that dictionary inside the loop.","hint_1":"Use `student` as the loop variable for each dictionary in `students`.","hint_2":"After the loop header, the print line should use `student[\"name\"]`."},"tokens":{"t1":"for student in students:","t2":"print(student[\"name\"])"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Fill the missing key","prompt":"Complete the expression so it reads the score from the first dictionary in the list.","hint":"The first part `records[0]` gives you one dictionary.","help":{"concept":"After selecting one dictionary from a list, use the correct key name to read the needed value.","hint_1":"You already have the first record. Now choose the key that stores the numeric result.","hint_2":"Use the dictionary key that names the requested field, not a list index or an unrelated variable."},"template":"records[0][\"[blank1]\"]","choices":["score","records","0","name"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Fill the missing outer key","prompt":"Complete the expression so it reads the list stored inside the dictionary `data = {\"items\": [1, 2, 3]}`.","hint":"You need the key that points to the inner list.","help":{"concept":"When a dictionary stores a list, you use the dictionary key first to get that list.","hint_1":"The list `[1, 2, 3]` is stored under one named key in `data`.","hint_2":"Choose the key that matches the label attached to the list value."},"template":"data[\"[blank1]\"]","choices":["items","data","list","0"]},"code-1":{"title":"Return all names","prompt":"Each item in `records` stores a person's data. Finish `get_names(records)` by adding every record's `\"name\"` value to the `names` list, then return `names`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def get_names(records):\n names = []\n # add each record's name to names\n return names","solutionCode":"def get_names(records):\n names = []\n for record in records:\n names.append(record[\"name\"])\n return names"},"code-2":{"title":"Count total stock","prompt":"Finish `total_stock(items)` so it loops through the item dictionaries, adds each `\"stock\"` value into `total`, and returns the final total.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def total_stock(items):\n total = 0\n # update total using each item's stock\n return total","solutionCode":"def total_stock(items):\n total = 0\n for item in items:\n total += item[\"stock\"]\n return total"},"code-3":{"title":"Find the highest score","prompt":"Finish `highest_score(players)` so it compares each later player's `\"score\"` with `best` and returns the highest score in the list.","hint":"Read the task \"Find the highest score\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def highest_score(players):\n best = players[0][\"score\"]\n # compare later scores with best\n return best","solutionCode":"def highest_score(players):\n best = players[0][\"score\"]\n for player in players:\n if player[\"score\"] > best:\n best = player[\"score\"]\n return best"},"try-nested-data-structures-checkpoint":{"title":"Read nested data","prompt":"Use a list of dictionaries. Print the second student’s name and score.","hint":"Use index `1`, then dictionary keys.","help":{"concept":"Nested data combines containers, such as a list of dictionaries.","hint_1":"Use index `1`, then dictionary keys.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"students = [{\"name\": \"Ava\", \"score\": 88}, {\"name\": \"Mia\", \"score\": 91}]\n\n# Print Mia and her score on separate lines.\n","solutionCode":"students = [{\"name\": \"Ava\", \"score\": 88}, {\"name\": \"Mia\", \"score\": 91}]\nprint(students[1][\"name\"])\nprint(students[1][\"score\"])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use students[1] to reach Mia instead of typing Mia directly."},"1":{"message":"Use the name key from the student dictionary."},"2":{"message":"Use the score key from the student dictionary."}}},"try-nested-data-structures-sketch0":{"title":"Read a nested value","prompt":"Use a list index first, then a dictionary key.","hint":"Print the first student's name.","help":{"concept":"Print the first student's name.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\n\n# Print the first student's name.\n","solutionCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\nprint(students[0]['name'])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use students[0] to reach the first student instead of typing Ava directly."},"1":{"message":"Use the name key from the student dictionary."}}},"try-nested-data-structures-sketch1":{"title":"Print names and scores","prompt":"Loop through a list of dictionaries.","hint":"Loop through students and print: name: score.","help":{"concept":"Loop through students and print: name: score.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\n\n# Loop through students and print: name: score\n","solutionCode":"students = [{'name': 'Ava', 'score': 92}, {'name': 'Mia', 'score': 85}]\nfor student in students:\n print(f\"{student['name']}: {student['score']}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through students instead of typing each line directly."},"1":{"message":"Use the name key while building each line."},"2":{"message":"Use the score key while building each line."}}},"try-nested-data-structures-sketch2":{"title":"Add a nested value","prompt":"Add a new value to the list stored inside the dictionary, then print the updated record.","hint":"Add 'Mia' to the students list.","help":{"concept":"Add 'Mia' to the students list.","hint_1":"Add 'Mia' to the students list, then print course.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"course = {'title': 'Python', 'students': ['Ava']}\n\n# Add 'Mia' to the students list.\n# Then print course.\n","solutionCode":"course = {'title': 'Python', 'students': ['Ava']}\ncourse['students'].append('Mia')\nprint(course)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the students key in the course dictionary."},"1":{"message":"Append Mia to course['students'] instead of replacing the whole course."},"2":{"message":"Call course['students'].append('Mia')."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_nested_data_structures_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a list of dictionaries. Print the second student’s name and score."},"try_nested_data_structures_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a list index first, then a dictionary key."},"try_nested_data_structures_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through a list of dictionaries."},"try_nested_data_structures_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Add a new value to the list stored inside the dictionary, then print the updated record."},"allowReveal":true}},"tuple-records-and-unpacking":{"label":"Tuple Records and Unpacking","summary":"Use tuples when a small record should keep a fixed shape, then unpack each position into a meaningful name.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A fixed record has a clear shape"},"sketch1":{"title":"Unpack positions into names"},"quiz":{"title":"Check your tuple understanding"}},"quiz":{"try-tuple-records-sketch0":{"title":"Create a location tuple","prompt":"In `main.py`, create `location` as the tuple `(\"Austin\", \"TX\")`. Print the city from index 0 and the state from index 1 on separate lines.","hint":"Use parentheses for the fixed pair, then read each position with square brackets.","help":{"concept":"A tuple stores an ordered record whose positions should not be changed after creation.","hint_1":"The first position uses index 0.","hint_2":"Print the two fields separately."},"starterCode":"# Create a fixed location record and print both fields.\n","solutionCode":"location = (\"Austin\", \"TX\")\nprint(location[0])\nprint(location[1])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create location as the required two-value tuple."},"1":{"message":"Read the first tuple position with location[0]."}}},"try-tuple-unpacking-sketch1":{"title":"Unpack an event tuple","prompt":"The starter defines `event = (\"Workshop\", 24)`. Unpack it into `title` and `seats`, then print the two variables on separate lines.","hint":"Place both new names on the left side of one assignment.","help":{"concept":"Tuple unpacking gives a meaningful name to each position in a fixed record.","hint_1":"The number of names must match the number of tuple values.","hint_2":"Print the unpacked variables, not hard-coded literals."},"starterCode":"event = (\"Workshop\", 24)\n# Unpack event into title and seats, then print both values.\n","solutionCode":"event = (\"Workshop\", 24)\ntitle, seats = event\nprint(title)\nprint(seats)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Unpack event into title and seats in one assignment."}}},"sc-tuple-purpose":{"title":"Choose the fixed record","prompt":"Which value is the best tuple when a coordinate should keep exactly two ordered positions?","options":{"a":"[4, 9]","b":"(4, 9)","c":"{\"x\": 4, \"y\": 9}"},"hint":"Look for the ordered collection whose structure is intended to stay fixed.","help":{"concept":"Tuples are useful for compact ordered records that should not be mutated.","hint_1":"Parentheses distinguish this literal from a list.","hint_2":"A dictionary names fields rather than relying on positions."}},"mc-tuple-facts":{"title":"Recognize tuple behavior","prompt":"Which statements about tuples are true?","options":{"a":"Tuple positions use zero-based indexes.","b":"append() adds a value to an existing tuple.","c":"A tuple can be unpacked into multiple names.","d":"Tuples can contain only strings."},"hint":"Separate how a tuple is read from whether its structure can be mutated.","help":{"concept":"Tuples are ordered and indexable, but they do not support list-style mutation methods.","hint_1":"Unpacking follows position order.","hint_2":"A tuple may hold values of different types."}},"fb-tuple-index":{"title":"Read the first tuple field","prompt":"Complete the expression that reads `\"North\"` from `direction = (\"North\", 12)`: `direction[___]`","options":{"a":"0","b":"1","c":"-2 + 1"},"hint":"Tuple indexing begins at the same position as list and string indexing.","help":{"concept":"Every Python sequence begins with the zero index.","hint_1":"The requested value is the first field.","hint_2":"Use the simplest direct index."}},"dr-tuple-unpack":{"title":"Build an unpacking assignment","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to unpack `record` into `name` and `score`.","tokens":{"t1":"name","t2":",","t3":"score","t4":"=","t5":"record"},"hint":"Put the target names on the left and the tuple variable on the right.","help":{"concept":"Unpacking is one assignment with one target name per tuple position.","hint_1":"The comma separates the two target names.","hint_2":"The tuple variable appears after the equals sign."}}},"tryIt":{"try_tuple_records_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create and read a location tuple."},"try_tuple_unpacking_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Unpack an event tuple into two names."},"allowReveal":true}},"updating-and-looping-dictionaries":{"label":"Updating and Looping Dictionaries","summary":"Add, update, remove, and loop through dictionary data.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Adding, changing, and removing dictionary entries"},"sketch1":{"title":"Looping through keys and values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Common dictionary patterns"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-dict-update-existing":{"title":"Updating an existing key","prompt":"What happens in Python when you run `profile[\"age\"] = 13` and the key `\"age\"` is already in the dictionary?","hint":"Assignment with an existing key replaces that key's old value.","help":{"concept":"Dictionary assignment uses the key to decide where the value goes. If the key already exists, Python keeps the key and changes only its stored value.","hint_1":"This is not a list index operation. Python looks up the key `\"age\"` in the dictionary.","hint_2":"Ask whether the key is new or already present. Existing keys are changed, not duplicated."},"options":{"a":"It updates the value stored for `\"age\"`","b":"It creates a second separate `\"age\"` entry","c":"It removes the `\"age\"` key","d":"It turns the dictionary into a list"}},"sc-loop-direct-dict":{"title":"Looping over a dictionary directly","prompt":"If `colors = {\"red\": 1, \"blue\": 2}`, what does `for item in colors:` give you on each loop?","hint":"Looping over a dictionary by itself gives one part of each key-value pair, not both parts.","help":{"concept":"A plain `for` loop over a dictionary iterates through its keys. To get both keys and values together, you use `.items()`.","hint_1":"Think about what `item` would be first: a color name or a number?","hint_2":"The loop variable matches the dictionary's lookup labels, the parts you use inside square brackets."},"options":{"a":"Each key, such as `\"red\"` and `\"blue\"`","b":"Each value, such as `1` and `2`","c":"Each key and value together automatically","d":"The dictionary length each time"}},"mc-valid-dict-changes":{"title":"Ways to change a dictionary","prompt":"Which statements can change the contents of a dictionary named `stock`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about adding or updating with square brackets, and removing with `del`.","help":{"concept":"Dictionaries can be changed by assigning to a key or deleting a key. Reading a value or printing the dictionary does not modify it.","hint_1":"Look for statements that either store a value into `stock[...]` or remove a key from `stock`.","hint_2":"One correct choice adds or updates a key, and another correct choice removes a key entirely."},"options":{"a":"`stock[\"pens\"] = 12`","b":"`del stock[\"pens\"]`","c":"`print(stock[\"pens\"])`","d":"`len(stock)`"}},"mc-items-loop":{"title":"Using `.items()`","prompt":"Which statements about `for key, value in data.items():` are correct? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Focus on what `.items()` provides to the loop.","help":{"concept":"The `.items()` method gives key-value pairs, so the loop can unpack each pair into two variables.","hint_1":"Check whether the loop receives one thing or two things from each dictionary entry.","hint_2":"Two statements are true: one about getting both parts of each entry, and one about the meaning of `key` and `value`."},"options":{"a":"It lets you work with both the key and the value in each loop","b":"`key` stores the dictionary key for the current pair","c":"It only works for lists, not dictionaries","d":"It removes entries as it loops"}},"dr-update-sequence":{"title":"Order the dictionary changes","prompt":"Put these lines in the correct order to create a dictionary, update one value, add one new key, and print the result.","hint":"Start by creating the dictionary before trying to change it.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary must exist before you can update or add entries. After the changes, printing shows the final state.","hint_1":"The dictionary literal line comes first, and `print` comes last.","hint_2":"Between those, update the existing `\"tea\"` key and add the new `\"juice\"` key."},"tokens":{"t1":"drinks = {\"tea\": 2}","t2":"drinks[\"tea\"] = 3","t3":"drinks[\"juice\"] = 1","t4":"print(drinks)"}},"dr-loop-items-order":{"title":"Build a loop with `.items()`","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make a loop that prints each key and value from `scores`.","hint":"The loop header comes first, then the indented print line.","help":{"concept":"A dictionary loop with `.items()` uses `for key, value in scores.items():` and then an indented statement inside the loop.","hint_1":"Use `.items()` in the loop header so both variables receive data.","hint_2":"After the colon, the next line should be indented and print both loop variables."},"tokens":{"t1":"for name, score in scores.items():","t2":"print(name, score)"}},"fb-remove-key":{"title":"Remove a dictionary entry","prompt":"Choose the missing code to remove the key `\"done\"` from the dictionary.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"[blank1] tasks[\"done\"]","choices":["del","print","return","for"]},"fb-items-method":{"title":"Complete the loop method","prompt":"Choose the missing method so the loop gets both keys and values.","hint":"Use the dictionary method that returns key-value pairs.","help":{"concept":"Choose the dictionary method that yields key-value pairs so each pair can be unpacked into two loop variables.","hint_1":"Methods like `.keys()` and `.values()` give only one part each.","hint_2":"You need the method that matches `for key, value in ...`."},"template":"for key, value in data.[blank1]():","choices":["items","keys","values","append"]},"ci-update-score":{"title":"Update one score and return the dictionary","prompt":"Write `update_score(scores, name, new_score)` so it updates the existing entry for `name` or adds it if it is missing, then returns the `scores` dictionary.","hint":"Trace the code before choosing the option that matches its actual behavior.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def update_score(scores, name, new_score):\n # update or add the score, then return the dictionary\n pass","solutionCode":"def update_score(scores, name, new_score):\n scores[name] = new_score\n return scores"},"ci-remove-key":{"title":"Remove a key if it exists","prompt":"Write `remove_item(data, key_name)` so it removes `key_name` from the dictionary when that key is present, then returns the dictionary.","hint":"Read the task \"Remove a key if it exists\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def remove_item(data, key_name):\n # remove the key when it is present, then return the dictionary\n pass","solutionCode":"def remove_item(data, key_name):\n if key_name in data:\n del data[key_name]\n return data"},"ci-format-items":{"title":"Build lines from dictionary pairs","prompt":"Write `format_inventory(items)` so it builds and returns a list of strings in the format `\"name: count\"`, such as `\"pens: 3\"`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def format_inventory(items):\n # return a list like [\"pens: 3\", \"paper: 2\"]\n result = []\n \n return result","solutionCode":"def format_inventory(items):\n result = []\n for name, count in items.items():\n result.append(f\"{name}: {count}\")\n return result"},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-checkpoint":{"title":"Update and loop through scores","prompt":"Update Mia’s score to `91`, then print each name and score as `name: score`.","hint":"Assign to `scores[\"Mia\"]`, then loop with `.items()`.","help":{"concept":"Dictionaries can be updated by assigning to an existing key.","hint_1":"Assign to `scores[\"Mia\"]`, then loop with `.items()`.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"scores = {\"Ava\": 88, \"Mia\": 79}\n\n# Update Mia to 91.\n# Print each name and score.\n","solutionCode":"scores = {\"Ava\": 88, \"Mia\": 79}\nscores[\"Mia\"] = 91\nfor name, score in scores.items():\n print(f\"{name}: {score}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Update scores['Mia'] to 91 instead of printing the final result directly."}}},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-sketch0":{"title":"Update a count","prompt":"Read, update, and store a dictionary value.","hint":"Increase apples by 3.","help":{"concept":"Increase apples by 3.","hint_1":"Increase apples by 3, then print counts.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"counts = {'apples': 2, 'bananas': 1}\n\n# Increase apples by 3.\n# Then print counts.\n","solutionCode":"counts = {'apples': 2, 'bananas': 1}\ncounts['apples'] += 3\nprint(counts)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Increase counts['apples'] by 3 instead of replacing the final dictionary."}}},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-sketch1":{"title":"Print inventory lines","prompt":"Use `.items()` to loop through keys and values together.","hint":"Loop through inventory and print lines like: pens: 3.","help":{"concept":"Loop through inventory and print lines like: pens: 3.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"inventory = {'pens': 3, 'markers': 2}\n\n# Loop through inventory and print lines like: pens: 3\n","solutionCode":"inventory = {'pens': 3, 'markers': 2}\nfor item, count in inventory.items():\n print(f'{item}: {count}')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through inventory instead of typing the inventory lines directly."}}},"try-updating-and-looping-dictionaries-sketch2":{"title":"Build a length dictionary","prompt":"Loop through a list and fill a dictionary.","hint":"Store each word's length in lengths.","help":{"concept":"Store each word's length in lengths.","hint_1":"Store each word's length in lengths, then print lengths.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"words = ['red', 'blue']\nlengths = {}\n\n# Store each word's length in lengths.\n# Then print lengths.\n","solutionCode":"words = ['red', 'blue']\nlengths = {}\nfor word in words:\n lengths[word] = len(word)\nprint(lengths)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through words instead of typing the final lengths dictionary."},"1":{"message":"Use len(word) to calculate each word length."},"2":{"message":"Store each length with lengths[word] = len(word)."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Update Mia’s score to `91`, then print each name and score as `name: score`."},"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read, update, and store a dictionary value."},"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `.items()` to loop through keys and values together."},"try_updating_and_looping_dictionaries_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Loop through a list and fill a dictionary."},"allowReveal":true}}},"python-6-functions-and-modularity":{"decomposition-and-refactoring":{"label":"Decomposition and Refactoring","summary":"Break a larger task into clear helper functions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why break a program into helper functions?"},"sketch1":{"title":"Spotting repeated code"},"sketch2":{"title":"Make each function do one clear job"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Best reason to extract a helper","prompt":"Which situation is the strongest reason to move code into a helper function?","hint":"Look for repeated logic that does the same job in more than one place.","help":{"concept":"Helper functions are especially useful when the same logic appears multiple times, because one function can replace repeated code and make updates easier.","hint_1":"Compare the choices and find the one where the same steps would otherwise be copied.","hint_2":"A helper is most valuable when one reusable task appears in several places, not just because a program has many lines."},"options":{"a":"A variable name is short","b":"The same cleanup steps are written in several places","c":"The program uses input() once","d":"A print statement appears at the end"}},"sc-2":{"title":"What refactoring should preserve","prompt":"When you refactor a working program, what should stay the same?","hint":"Refactoring changes structure, not the program's intended result.","help":{"concept":"Refactoring improves readability or organization while preserving behavior, so the program should still produce the same results for the same inputs.","hint_1":"Think about what users notice: the program should still solve the same problem correctly.","hint_2":"The code layout may change, but the output and behavior for the same input should not change."},"options":{"a":"The number of functions must decrease","b":"The variable names must stay identical","c":"The program's behavior for the same input should remain correct","d":"Every line must stay in the same order"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Signs a function is doing too much","prompt":"Which choices suggest a function should be split into smaller helpers? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for mixed responsibilities and repeated chunks of logic.","help":{"concept":"A function often needs decomposition when it handles several different jobs or contains repeated logic that could be reused elsewhere.","hint_1":"One clue is that the function both transforms data and formats final output in a long block.","hint_2":"Another clue is seeing nearly identical code chunks or a function that tries to clean, calculate, and display all at once."},"options":{"a":"It cleans text, calculates a result, and formats a message in one long block","b":"It contains repeated code chunks with only small changes","c":"It has one short return statement for one clear task","d":"It is hard to describe the function's job in one sentence"}},"mc-2":{"title":"Benefits of helper functions","prompt":"Which are real benefits of breaking code into helper functions? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about readability, reuse, and testing.","help":{"concept":"Helper functions improve organization by giving small tasks clear names, reducing duplication, and making logic easier to test separately.","hint_1":"Useful helpers usually make code easier to read and let you reuse one piece of logic in multiple places.","hint_2":"They also help you test one small behavior at a time; they do not automatically make every program shorter in line count."},"options":{"a":"You can reuse the same logic from multiple places","b":"Small pieces are easier to test one at a time","c":"Every program will always use fewer total lines","d":"Function names can explain what each step does"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Refactor repeated cleanup","prompt":"Put these steps in the best order for refactoring repeated text-cleaning code into a helper function.","hint":"First identify the repeated task, then define the helper, then replace the duplicates.","help":{"concept":"A clean refactor usually starts by noticing repeated logic, extracting it into a function, and then calling that function where needed.","hint_1":"You should not replace old code with helper calls before the helper exists.","hint_2":"The repeated behavior must be identified first, then moved into a function, then used from the original locations."},"tokens":{"t1":"Notice the same cleanup logic appears more than once","t2":"Write a helper function for that cleanup task","t3":"Replace the repeated code with calls to the helper","t4":"Run the program and confirm the behavior still matches"}},"dr-2":{"title":"How a helper-based program flows","prompt":"Arrange the steps in the order they happen when this pattern runs: input is cleaned, then used to build a message, then printed.","hint":"A helper returns a value before the next function uses it.","help":{"concept":"In decomposed code, one function often returns a cleaned value, another function uses that value to build a result, and then the main code prints the final result.","hint_1":"The cleaned text must exist before a greeting or summary can be built from it.","hint_2":"Printing is usually the last step after helper functions have returned the needed values."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call the cleaning helper with the original text","t2":"Receive the cleaned text as a return value","t3":"Use the cleaned text to build the final message","t4":"Print the final message"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Call the helper","prompt":"Choose the function call that uses the helper to clean the variable `name`.","hint":"The blank should be a call that passes `name` into the helper.","help":{"concept":"To use a helper function, write its name followed by parentheses and pass the needed argument inside.","hint_1":"You are filling the right side of an assignment, so the blank should produce a value.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that calls `clean_name` with `name` inside the parentheses."},"template":"nice_name = [blank1]","choices":["clean_name(name)","name = clean_name","print(name)","return clean_name"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Return from a helper","prompt":"Choose the missing word that sends the computed value back from the function.","hint":"Inside a function, one keyword sends a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"A helper function should send its result back so other code can store, display, or combine that value.","hint_1":"`print` shows text in the output panel, but it does not send a reusable value back to the caller.","hint_2":"The missing word is the keyword used before an expression like `text.strip()` when the function should produce a value."},"template":"def clean_text(text):\n [blank1] text.strip().lower()","choices":["return","print","input","def"]},"ci-1":{"title":"Extract a cleaning helper","prompt":"Write `clean_name(name)` so it returns the cleaned version of `name`. This helper should do the name-cleaning work instead of leaving it repeated elsewhere.","hint":"Read the task \"Extract a cleaning helper\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def clean_name(name):\n # return the cleaned version of name\n pass","solutionCode":"def clean_name(name):\n return name.strip().title()"},"ci-2":{"title":"Build a summary with helpers","prompt":"Split this job into two helpers. `word_count(text)` should return the number of words, and `summary(text)` should call that helper and return a string like `Words: 3`.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a summary with helpers\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def word_count(text):\n # return the number of words\n pass\n\n\ndef summary(text):\n # return a string like: Words: 3\n pass","solutionCode":"def word_count(text):\n return len(text.split())\n\n\ndef summary(text):\n count = word_count(text)\n return f\"Words: {count}\""},"ci-3":{"title":"Refactor repeated math into helpers","prompt":"Finish `double(number)` and `triple(number)`, then use those helper functions inside `combined_total(a, b)` instead of repeating the math there.","hint":"Read the task \"Refactor repeated math into helpers\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def double(number):\n pass\n\n\ndef triple(number):\n pass\n\n\ndef combined_total(a, b):\n # use the helper functions here\n pass","solutionCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\n\ndef triple(number):\n return number * 3\n\n\ndef combined_total(a, b):\n return double(a) + triple(b)"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-checkpoint":{"title":"Use a helper function","prompt":"Define `clean_title(text)` that strips spaces and title-cases the text. Print the cleaned version of `\" python helper \"`.","hint":"Use `.strip().title()` inside a helper function.","help":{"concept":"Decomposition means moving one clear step into a helper function.","hint_1":"Use `.strip().title()` inside a helper function.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def clean_title(text):\n # Return the cleaned title.\n pass\n\nprint(clean_title(\" python helper \"))\n","solutionCode":"def clean_title(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n\nprint(clean_title(\" python helper \"))\n"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-sketch0":{"title":"Clean text with a helper","prompt":"Move one clear step into a helper function.","hint":"Strip whitespace and lowercase the text.","help":{"concept":"Strip whitespace and lowercase the text.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"def clean_text(text):\n # Strip whitespace and lowercase the text.\n pass\n\nprint(clean_text(' HELLO '))\n","solutionCode":"def clean_text(text):\n return text.strip().lower()\n\nprint(clean_text(' HELLO '))\n"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-sketch1":{"title":"Split a full name","prompt":"A helper can hide a small string-processing step.","hint":"Return the first word from full_name.","help":{"concept":"Return the first word from full_name.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"def get_first_name(full_name):\n # Return the first word from full_name.\n pass\n\nprint(get_first_name('Ava Smith'))\n","solutionCode":"def get_first_name(full_name):\n return full_name.split()[0]\n\nprint(get_first_name('Ava Smith'))\n"},"try-decomposition-and-refactoring-sketch2":{"title":"Combine two helpers","prompt":"One helper can call another helper.","hint":"Return 'Badge: ' plus the cleaned name.","help":{"concept":"Return 'Badge: ' plus the cleaned name.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"def clean(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n\ndef badge(name):\n # Return 'Badge: ' plus the cleaned name.\n pass\n\nprint(badge(' ava '))\n","solutionCode":"def clean(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n\ndef badge(name):\n return 'Badge: ' + clean(name)\n\nprint(badge(' ava '))\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use clean(name) inside badge instead of hard-coding one example."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `clean_title(text)` that strips spaces and title-cases the text. Print the cleaned version of `\" python helper \"`."},"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Move one clear step into a helper function."},"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A helper can hide a small string-processing step."},"try_decomposition_and_refactoring_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"One helper can call another helper."},"allowReveal":true}},"defining-and-calling-functions":{"label":"Defining and Calling Functions","summary":"Create functions and call them with arguments.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a function does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Calling functions with arguments"},"sketch2":{"title":"Functions can return values"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-function-call":{"title":"Recognize a function call","prompt":"Which line calls a function named `greet`?","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"def greet():","b":"greet()","c":"print = greet","d":"return greet"}},"sc-parameter-meaning":{"title":"Understand a parameter","prompt":"In `def greet(name):`, what is `name`?","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"A printed message","b":"A parameter","c":"A return value","d":"A list"}},"mc-valid-calls":{"title":"Pick the valid function calls","prompt":"A function is defined as `def greet(name):`. Which calls are valid? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"The function expects exactly one argument.","help":{"concept":"When a function has one parameter, each call must provide one argument inside the parentheses.","hint_1":"Check how many values each call passes to `greet(...)`.","hint_2":"Valid calls have exactly one value between the parentheses, not zero and not two."},"options":{"a":"greet(\"Ava\")","b":"greet()","c":"greet(\"Ava\", \"Leo\")","d":"greet(\"Mina\")"}},"mc-return-uses":{"title":"Ways to use a returned value","prompt":"A function `double(x)` returns a number. Which lines use that returned value correctly? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"A returned value can be stored or printed.","help":{"concept":"When a function returns a value, you can place the call anywhere a normal value can be used, such as in an assignment or inside `print(...)`.","hint_1":"Look for lines where `double(4)` is treated like a value.","hint_2":"The correct lines either store the result in a variable or pass the result into another function like `print`."},"options":{"a":"result = double(4)","b":"print(double(4))","c":"return = double(4)","d":"def double(4):"}},"dr-define-then-call":{"title":"Order a simple function program","prompt":"Put these lines in the correct order to define a function and then call it.","hint":"The function must be defined before it is called.","help":{"concept":"Python reads code from top to bottom. A function definition comes first, its body stays indented under it, and the call comes after the definition.","hint_1":"Start with the `def` line, then place the indented body line under it.","hint_2":"After the two definition lines are together, put the function call last."},"tokens":{"t1":"def say_hi():","t2":"print(\"Hi\")","t3":"say_hi()"}},"dr-call-with-argument":{"title":"Order a function with one parameter","prompt":"Arrange the lines to define `show_name` and call it with `\"Ava\"`.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"def show_name(name):","t2":"print(name)","t3":"show_name(\"Ava\")"}},"fb-def-keyword":{"title":"Complete a function definition","prompt":"Choose the word that starts a function definition.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"[blank1] greet():","choices":["def","print","call","return"]},"fb-call-argument":{"title":"Fill in the argument","prompt":"Choose the value that completes the function call.","hint":"The function call should pass the name shown in quotes.","help":{"concept":"An argument is the value placed inside the parentheses when calling a function.","hint_1":"Look at the quotes already shown in the call.","hint_2":"The missing part is the exact text value between the parentheses, including the capital letter."},"template":"greet([blank1])","choices":["\"Ava\"","name","greet","print"]},"ci-make-greeting":{"title":"Write a greeting function","prompt":"Write `make_greeting(name)` so it returns a greeting string for that name.","hint":"Read the task \"Write a greeting function\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n # return a greeting string\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n return \"Hello, \" + name"},"ci-square-number":{"title":"Return the square","prompt":"Write `square(number)` so it returns the square of `number`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def square(number):\n # return the square of number\n pass","solutionCode":"def square(number):\n return number * number"},"ci-full-name":{"title":"Combine first and last name","prompt":"Write `full_name(first, last)` so it returns the first and last name joined into one string.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n # return the full name as one string\n pass","solutionCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n return first + \" \" + last"},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-checkpoint":{"title":"Define and call a function","prompt":"Define `say_hello()` so it prints `Hello from a function!`, then call it.","hint":"Put the `print()` inside the function body, then call the function below it.","help":{"concept":"A function groups statements that can be run by calling the function name.","hint_1":"Put the `print()` inside the function body, then call the function below it.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Define say_hello() below.\n\n","solutionCode":"def say_hello():\n print(\"Hello from a function!\")\n\nsay_hello()\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Define a function named say_hello()."},"1":{"message":"Call say_hello() after defining it."}}},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-sketch0":{"title":"Define and call greet","prompt":"Define the function before you call it.","hint":"Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name.","help":{"concept":"Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name.","hint_1":"Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name, then print greet('Ava').","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"# Define greet(name) so it returns 'Hello, ' + name.\n# Then print greet('Ava').\n","solutionCode":"def greet(name):\n return 'Hello, ' + name\n\nprint(greet('Ava'))\n"},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-sketch1":{"title":"Call a square function","prompt":"Call the function and print its return value.","hint":"Print square(5).","help":{"concept":"Print square(5).","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def square(number):\n return number * number\n\n# Print square(5).\n","solutionCode":"def square(number):\n return number * number\n\nprint(square(5))\n"},"try-defining-and-calling-functions-sketch2":{"title":"Use a helper function twice","prompt":"Reuse the same function for two different inputs.","hint":"Print shout('go') and shout('team'), one per line.","help":{"concept":"Print shout('go') and shout('team'), one per line.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"def shout(text):\n return text.upper()\n\n# Print shout('go') and shout('team'), one per line.\n","solutionCode":"def shout(text):\n return text.upper()\n\nprint(shout('go'))\nprint(shout('team'))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_defining_and_calling_functions_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `say_hello()` so it prints `Hello from a function!`, then call it."},"try_defining_and_calling_functions_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define the function before you call it."},"try_defining_and_calling_functions_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Call the function and print its return value."},"try_defining_and_calling_functions_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Reuse the same function for two different inputs."},"allowReveal":true}},"docstrings-and-function-contracts":{"label":"Docstrings and Function Contracts","summary":"Document what a function expects, what it returns, and how to use it correctly.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a docstring and contract do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Writing clear docstrings"},"sketch2":{"title":"Contracts should say return vs print"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-docstring-location":{"title":"Where a docstring goes","prompt":"Where should a function's docstring be placed?","hint":"Look for the string that appears immediately inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A function docstring is the first string literal inside the function body, directly under the `def` line.","hint_1":"It is not placed before the function definition or after the return statement.","hint_2":"Choose the option where the triple-quoted string comes right after `def ...:`."},"options":{"a":"Directly under the function definition as the first statement","b":"Inside the parameter list","c":"After the return statement","d":"Only at the end of the program"}},"sc-contract-purpose":{"title":"What a function contract explains","prompt":"What is the main purpose of a function contract?","hint":"Think about inputs and outputs.","help":{"concept":"A function contract tells other programmers what values a function expects and what result or behavior it provides.","hint_1":"A contract is about how to use the function correctly, not about changing Python syntax.","hint_2":"Pick the option that mentions expected arguments and returned result."},"options":{"a":"It explains what inputs the function expects and what it returns","b":"It automatically fixes bugs in the function","c":"It makes the function run faster","d":"It replaces the need for function names"}},"mc-good-docstring-features":{"title":"Features of a helpful docstring","prompt":"Which statements describe a helpful function docstring? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for statements that make the function easier to use correctly.","help":{"concept":"Helpful docstrings are specific, match the code, and explain the function's behavior clearly enough for someone to call it correctly.","hint_1":"Good docstrings usually mention what the function returns or does with its inputs.","hint_2":"Select the choices that are clear and accurate, not vague or unrelated."},"options":{"a":"It clearly says what the function returns or does","b":"It matches the actual behavior of the code","c":"It should be as vague as possible so it works for any function","d":"It can mention important input expectations"}},"mc-return-vs-print-contract":{"title":"Return vs print in a contract","prompt":"A docstring says a function returns a value. Which code patterns fit that contract? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for functions that send a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"When a contract says a function returns a value, the function should use `return` so the caller can store or reuse the result.","hint_1":"Printing shows output, but it does not give the caller a reusable value.","hint_2":"Choose the options that use `return` to produce the result."},"options":{"a":"`return a + b`","b":"`return name.upper()`","c":"`print(a + b)`","d":"`print(\"Done\")`"}},"dr-docstring-order":{"title":"Order of a documented function","prompt":"Put these parts in the correct order for a simple documented function.","hint":"Start with the function header, then the docstring, then the body.","help":{"concept":"A documented function is written in a standard order: definition line first, docstring next, then the executable code.","hint_1":"The docstring belongs inside the function, not before the `def` line.","hint_2":"After the docstring, place the statement that computes or returns the result."},"tokens":{"t1":"`def double(number):`","t2":"`\"\"\"Return twice number.\"\"\"`","t3":"`return number * 2`"}},"dr-contract-reading":{"title":"Read a function contract in order","prompt":"Arrange these ideas in a sensible order for understanding a function contract.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"Inputs the function expects","t2":"What the function does","t3":"Value the function returns"}},"fb-return-word":{"title":"Complete the docstring wording","prompt":"Choose the word that best completes the docstring.","hint":"The sentence describes giving a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"A docstring should describe the value sent back to the caller when the function does not merely print.","hint_1":"Choose the verb used in function documentation for a value sent back to the caller.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that means the function gives a result back to the caller."},"template":"`\"\"\"[blank1] the sum of two numbers.\"\"\"`","choices":["Return","Print","Loop through","Import"]},"fb-docstring-position":{"title":"Complete the function example","prompt":"Choose the line that correctly fills the blank.","hint":"The missing line should be the docstring, not code that runs the calculation.","help":{"concept":"The docstring is a descriptive string placed as the first statement inside the function body.","hint_1":"The blank comes right after the function header.","hint_2":"Choose the triple-quoted string that describes the function's result."},"template":"```python\ndef square(number):\n [blank1]\n return number * number\n```","choices":["`\"\"\"Return the square of number.\"\"\"`","`print(number * number)`","`number * number`","`square(number)`"]},"ci-add-docstring":{"title":"Add a matching docstring","prompt":"Add a docstring under `make_lower(text)` that clearly says what the function returns.","hint":"Read the task \"Add a matching docstring\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def make_lower(text):\n # Add a docstring below.\n return text.lower()","solutionCode":"def make_lower(text):\n \"\"\"Return the lowercase version of text.\"\"\"\n return text.lower()"},"ci-write-contract-function":{"title":"Write a documented function with a clear contract","prompt":"Write `repeat_word(word, times)` so it returns the repeated text, and add a docstring that explains that contract clearly.","hint":"Read the task \"Write a documented function with a clear contract\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def repeat_word(word, times):\n # Add a docstring and return the repeated word.\n pass","solutionCode":"def repeat_word(word, times):\n \"\"\"Return word repeated times times.\"\"\"\n return word * times"},"ci-fix-print-vs-return":{"title":"Fix the contract mismatch","prompt":"The docstring says `total_price(price, tax)` should return the total, but the starter code prints it instead. Fix the function so its behavior matches the docstring.","hint":"Read the task \"Fix the contract mismatch\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def total_price(price, tax):\n \"\"\"Return the total of price and tax.\"\"\"\n print(price + tax)","solutionCode":"def total_price(price, tax):\n \"\"\"Return the total of price and tax.\"\"\"\n return price + tax"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-checkpoint":{"title":"Write a documented helper","prompt":"Define `square(number)` with a docstring and return the square of the number. Print `square(5)`.","hint":"Place a triple-quoted string as the first line inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A docstring describes the function contract for readers and tools.","hint_1":"Place a triple-quoted string as the first line inside the function.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def square(number):\n # Add a docstring and return the square.\n pass\n\nprint(square(5))\n","solutionCode":"def square(number):\n \"\"\"Return number multiplied by itself.\"\"\"\n return number * number\n\nprint(square(5))\n"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-sketch0":{"title":"Write a documented helper","prompt":"A docstring explains what the function expects and returns.","hint":"Add a docstring and return text stripped and title-cased.","help":{"concept":"Add a docstring and return text stripped and title-cased.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"def clean_name(text):\n # Add a docstring and return text stripped and title-cased.\n pass\n\nprint(clean_name(' ava '))\n","solutionCode":"def clean_name(text):\n \"\"\"Return text stripped of extra space and converted to title case.\"\"\"\n return text.strip().title()\n\nprint(clean_name(' ava '))\n"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-sketch1":{"title":"Return the documented result","prompt":"Make the code match the contract described in the docstring.","hint":"Finish the return statement.","help":{"concept":"Finish the return statement.","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"Do not add debugging text or labels beyond the lines required by the prompt."},"starterCode":"def fahrenheit_to_celsius(temp):\n \"\"\"Return Celsius for a Fahrenheit temperature.\"\"\"\n # Finish the return statement.\n pass\n\nprint(round(fahrenheit_to_celsius(32), 1))\n","solutionCode":"def fahrenheit_to_celsius(temp):\n \"\"\"Return Celsius for a Fahrenheit temperature.\"\"\"\n return (temp - 32) * 5 / 9\n\nprint(round(fahrenheit_to_celsius(32), 1))\n"},"try-docstrings-and-function-contracts-sketch2":{"title":"Use a contract-style check","prompt":"The implementation should follow the stated contract exactly.","hint":"Start with the first missing line.","help":{"concept":"Start with the first missing line.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"def is_valid_score(score):\n \"\"\"Return True when score is between 0 and 100 inclusive.\"\"\"\n pass\n\nprint(is_valid_score(105))\nprint(is_valid_score(95))\n","solutionCode":"def is_valid_score(score):\n \"\"\"Return True when score is between 0 and 100 inclusive.\"\"\"\n return 0 <= score <= 100\n\nprint(is_valid_score(105))\nprint(is_valid_score(95))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `square(number)` with a docstring and return the square of the number. Print `square(5)`."},"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A docstring explains what the function expects and returns."},"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Make the code match the contract described in the docstring."},"try_docstrings_and_function_contracts_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The implementation should follow the stated contract exactly."},"allowReveal":true}},"module-6-name-badge-package":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Name Badge Package","summary":"Build the welcome-table badge app one helper at a time so it grows from name cleanup into a polished multi-file package.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A club needs badges before the event starts"},"project":{"title":"Name Badge Package"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Create the name cleaner module"},"mp_2":{"title":"Add the badge helper module"},"mp_3":{"title":"Document and clean the badge helper"},"mp_4":{"title":"Print the final welcome badge"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-create-clean-name-module":{"title":"Create the name cleaner module","prompt":"Start the badge app by moving name cleanup into its own helper file. Create `tools/names.py` with `clean_name(text)`, import it in `main.py`, read one name from input, and print the cleaned result.","hint":"Put the reusable cleaning logic in `tools/names.py`, then let `main.py` call it.","help":{"concept":"A helper module keeps reusable logic out of `main.py`, which makes the badge app easier to grow.","hint_1":"In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)` and return `text.strip().title()`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `clean_name`, read input, and print the cleaned name."},"starterCode":"raw_name = input()\n\n# Start the badge app by moving name cleanup into tools/names.py.\n# Import clean_name, then print the cleaned version of raw_name.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name(text) inside tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip whitespace."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"mp-2-add-badge-helper":{"title":"Add the badge helper module","prompt":"Keep the working `clean_name` helper from the last step. Now add `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`, import it in `main.py`, read a role too, and print the finished badge.","hint":"Leave `tools/names.py` working, add one new helper file, then connect it in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"This step adds a second helper file so each module has one clear job: names clean names, badges format badge text.","hint_1":"Create `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, clean the name first, then pass `name` and `role` into `make_badge(...)`."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\n\n# Keep the name cleaner working, then add tools.badges.\n# Import make_badge and print the finished badge for this cleaned name and role.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":""},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"# Add make_badge(name, role) here.\n# Return one formatted string for the badge.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.badges."},"1":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"2":{"message":"make_badge should uppercase the role."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"mp-3-document-badge-helper":{"title":"Document and clean the badge helper","prompt":"Start from the working two-helper badge app. Keep the output the same, but improve `tools/badges.py` by adding a docstring and cleaning the role before uppercasing it.","hint":"This step refines the helper in place instead of changing the overall app flow.","help":{"concept":"Small helper functions are easier to maintain when they explain themselves and handle messy input cleanly.","hint_1":"Add a triple-quoted docstring under `def make_badge(name, role):`.","hint_2":"Store `role.strip().upper()` in a variable before returning the badge text."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n\n# Keep this badge flow working.\n# Add the next improvement inside tools/badges.py.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":""},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n # Add a docstring that explains what this helper returns.\n # Then clean role before uppercasing it so extra spaces do not reach the badge.\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n \"\"\"Return a formatted badge label for a cleaned name and role.\"\"\"\n clean_role = role.strip().upper()\n return f\"{clean_role} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Add a docstring to make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"1":{"message":"Clean the role before uppercasing it."},"2":{"message":"Uppercase the role in make_badge."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"mp-4-package-welcome-message":{"title":"Print the final welcome badge","prompt":"Start from the documented badge app. Keep both helpers, store the badge in a variable, and replace the direct badge print with one friendly final line that begins with `Welcome!`.","hint":"Reuse the existing helper flow, but make the final output feel like a polished handoff.","help":{"concept":"The final app uses small helper modules to make the main program read like a simple story: get input, clean it, build the badge, print the welcome message.","hint_1":"Use `badge = make_badge(name, role)` after cleaning the name.","hint_2":"Print one line that starts with `Welcome!` and includes the badge text."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n\n# Replace the line above with one polished welcome message.\n# Store the badge in a variable, then print a line that starts with Welcome!.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":""},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n \"\"\"Return a formatted badge label for a cleaned name and role.\"\"\"\n clean_role = role.strip().upper()\n return f\"{clean_role} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(f\"Welcome! {badge}\")\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n \"\"\"Return a formatted badge label for a cleaned name and role.\"\"\"\n clean_role = role.strip().upper()\n return f\"{clean_role} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Build the badge with make_badge() instead of hard-coding the final text."},"1":{"message":"Print the final welcome message."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(f\"Welcome! {badge}\")\n"},"try-module-6-name-badge-package-sketch0":{"title":"Create the first badge helper file","prompt":"Set up the first helper for the badge app.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print the cleaned version of `\" ava \"`.","hint":"Put `clean_name` in `tools/names.py`, then import it in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"The badge project starts by moving name-cleaning into its own helper file.","hint_1":"In `tools/names.py`, return `text.strip().title()` from `clean_name(text)`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `clean_name` and print `clean_name(\" ava \")`."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/names.py with clean_name(text).\n# Then import clean_name from tools.names and print clean_name(\" ava \").\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import clean_name from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name in tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip spaces."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_6_name_badge_package_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Set up the first helper for the badge app.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print the cleaned version of `\" ava \"`."},"allowReveal":true}},"parameters-and-return-values":{"label":"Parameters and Return Values","summary":"Pass data into functions and return results.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Parameters let a function work with different values"},"sketch1":{"title":"Returning a value is different from printing it"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-parameter-role":{"title":"What a parameter does","prompt":"In `def greet(name):`, what is `name`?","hint":"Look at the value that gets passed into the function call.","help":{"concept":"A parameter is a variable in a function definition that receives a value when the function is called.","hint_1":"`name` appears inside the parentheses of the function definition, so it is part of the function's input.","hint_2":"Ask which choice describes a placeholder that gets its value from a call like `greet(\"Ava\")`."},"options":{"a":"A parameter that receives an argument value","b":"A printed output line","c":"A list method","d":"A return statement"}},"sc-return-purpose":{"title":"Why use return","prompt":"What does `return` do in a Python function?","hint":"Think about how a function sends a result back to the code that called it.","help":{"concept":"The `return` statement ends the function call and gives a value back to the caller.","hint_1":"Unlike `print`, `return` does not mainly display text in the output panel.","hint_2":"Choose the option about sending a result out of the function so it can be stored or used later."},"options":{"a":"It repeats the function automatically","b":"It sends a value back to the caller","c":"It creates a new parameter","d":"It renames the function"}},"mc-return-uses":{"title":"Ways to use a returned value","prompt":"Which statements correctly use a function's returned value? Choose all that apply.","hint":"A returned value can be stored, printed, or used inside another expression.","help":{"concept":"Returned values behave like regular values, so they can be assigned, printed, or combined in expressions.","hint_1":"Look for lines where the function call appears where a normal value could appear.","hint_2":"A function call that returns a number can go on the right side of `=` or inside `print(...)`."},"options":{"a":"`total = add(2, 3)`","b":"`print(add(2, 3))`","c":"`return = add(2, 3)`","d":"`def add = (2, 3)`"}},"mc-print-vs-return":{"title":"Print versus return","prompt":"Which statements about `print` and `return` are true? Choose all that apply.","hint":"One shows output now, and the other gives a value back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"`print` displays text in the output panel, while `return` passes a value back from the function.","hint_1":"Think about whether the result can be reused later in another variable or expression.","hint_2":"Choose the statements that match these roles: visible output for `print`, reusable result for `return`."},"options":{"a":"`print` sends visible text to the output panel","b":"`return` can give a result back to the caller","c":"`print` and `return` always do exactly the same job","d":"`return` can only be used outside functions"}},"dr-function-flow":{"title":"Order of a function call","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for what happens when a function with parameters is called.","hint":"Start with the call, then think about values entering the function and a result coming back.","help":{"concept":"A function call follows a sequence: call the function, pass arguments into parameters, run the body, then return a result.","hint_1":"The function body cannot run until the arguments have been matched to the parameters.","hint_2":"The returned value comes after the body finishes its calculation."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call the function with argument values","t2":"Those values are assigned to the parameters","t3":"The function body runs using those parameter values","t4":"The function returns a result to the caller"}},"dr-build-function":{"title":"Build a simple return function","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a function that takes one parameter and returns double the value.","hint":"The function header comes first, then the return line, then the call that uses the result.","help":{"concept":"A basic function definition needs a header, an indented body, and then any code that calls the function.","hint_1":"The `return` line must be inside the function, so it belongs directly under the `def` line.","hint_2":"The line that prints the result should come after the function has been defined."},"tokens":{"t1":"def double(number):","t2":"return number * 2","t3":"result = double(5)","t4":"print(result)"}},"fb-call-argument":{"title":"Fill the argument","prompt":"Complete the function call so the function receives the number 7.","hint":"The blank is the value being passed into the function call.","help":{"concept":"An argument is the actual value you place inside the parentheses when calling a function.","hint_1":"The function name is already written, so the missing part is the value inside the parentheses.","hint_2":"Choose the number that would be passed into `show_score` as its input."},"template":"show_score([blank1])","choices":["show_score","7","return"]},"fb-return-expression":{"title":"Complete the return line","prompt":"Choose the expression that makes the function return the sum of `price` and `tax`.","hint":"The blank should be the value expression after `return`.","help":{"concept":"A return statement can send back the result of an expression, such as adding two parameters together.","hint_1":"Both `price` and `tax` are already available as parameter names in the function.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that adds the two parameter values instead of naming a keyword or only one variable."},"template":"return [blank1]","choices":["price + tax","def","price"]},"ci-make-label":{"title":"Return a label string","prompt":"Write `make_label(item, count)` so it returns a label string like `Apples: 3`.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def make_label(item, count):\n # return a string like \"Apples: 3\"\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_label(item, count):\n return item + \": \" + str(count)"},"ci-calculate-tip":{"title":"Return a tip amount","prompt":"Write `calculate_tip(bill, percent)` so it returns just the tip amount for that bill and percent.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"def calculate_tip(bill, percent):\n # return the tip amount\n pass","solutionCode":"def calculate_tip(bill, percent):\n return bill * percent / 100"},"ci-first-item":{"title":"Return the first list item","prompt":"Write `first_item(items)` so it returns the first element from the list.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def first_item(items):\n # return the first element from the list\n pass","solutionCode":"def first_item(items):\n return items[0]"},"try-parameters-and-return-values-checkpoint":{"title":"Return a doubled number","prompt":"Define `double(number)` so it returns twice the input. Print `double(7)`.","hint":"Use `return number * 2`.","help":{"concept":"A return value sends a result back to the caller.","hint_1":"Use `return number * 2`.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def double(number):\n # Return twice the number.\n pass\n\nprint(double(7))\n","solutionCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\nprint(double(7))\n"},"try-parameters-and-return-values-sketch0":{"title":"Return a sum","prompt":"Use parameters to receive values and `return` to send back the result.","hint":"Return the sum of a and b.","help":{"concept":"Return the sum of a and b.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Use exact spelling and line order without extra printed explanations."},"starterCode":"def add(a, b):\n # Return the sum of a and b.\n pass\n\nprint(add(3, 4))\n","solutionCode":"def add(a, b):\n return a + b\n\nprint(add(3, 4))\n"},"try-parameters-and-return-values-sketch1":{"title":"Format a full name","prompt":"Return a string built from two parameters.","hint":"Return first and last with one space between them.","help":{"concept":"Return first and last with one space between them.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n # Return first and last with one space between them.\n pass\n\nprint(full_name('Ava', 'Smith'))\n","solutionCode":"def full_name(first, last):\n return first + ' ' + last\n\nprint(full_name('Ava', 'Smith'))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_parameters_and_return_values_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `double(number)` so it returns twice the input. Print `double(7)`."},"try_parameters_and_return_values_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use parameters to receive values and `return` to send back the result."},"try_parameters_and_return_values_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Return a string built from two parameters."},"allowReveal":true}},"print-vs-return":{"label":"Print vs Return","summary":"Understand when to display output and when to return data from a function so other code can keep using the result.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Printing shows a value; returning gives it back"},"sketch1":{"title":"A worked comparison: same output, different usefulness"},"sketch2":{"title":"When should you print, and when should you return?"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"pvrs-sc-1":{"title":"Which statement describes return?","prompt":"Which statement best describes what `return` does in a function?","hint":"Think about whether the value is only shown or sent back to the code that called the function.","help":{"concept":"`return` gives a result back to the caller so it can be stored, reused, or combined with other values.","hint_1":"A returned value can be assigned to a variable like `result = my_function()`.","hint_2":"Look for the option about sending a value back from the function, not just displaying it."},"options":{"a":"It sends a value back from the function to the caller.","b":"It always prints a value in the output panel.","c":"It repeats the function from the beginning.","d":"It creates a new parameter automatically."}},"pvrs-sc-2":{"title":"Which function result can be reused?","prompt":"A function should calculate a number and let later code multiply that number by 10. Which approach is best?","hint":"The later code needs the function's result as a value, not just visible output.","help":{"concept":"When later code must keep using a result, the function should return that result instead of only printing it.","hint_1":"If the function only prints, another expression cannot directly use that printed value in a calculation.","hint_2":"Choose the option where the function gives the number back so another line can store it and multiply it."},"options":{"a":"Use `return` inside the function and store the result in a variable.","b":"Use `print()` inside the function and assume later code can multiply the printed text.","c":"Add more parameters until the function becomes reusable.","d":"Put the multiplication inside the function even if other code needs the original result."}},"pvrs-mc-1":{"title":"Choose the true statements","prompt":"Which statements about `print()` and `return` are true? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Separate what the user sees in the output panel from what the rest of the program can keep using.","help":{"concept":"`print()` is for display, while `return` is for producing a value that calling code can use.","hint_1":"A returned value can be assigned to a variable; printed output is just displayed.","hint_2":"Pick the options that describe display versus reusable results correctly."},"options":{"a":"`print()` displays output for the user to see.","b":"`return` can send a value back to the code that called the function.","c":"A function can never use both `print()` and `return`.","d":"If a function only prints a value, that printed value is automatically stored in a variable."}},"pvrs-mc-2":{"title":"Ways to use a returned value","prompt":"A function `make_label(name)` returns a string. Which lines use that returned value correctly? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for lines where the function call becomes part of another expression or is stored for later use.","help":{"concept":"A returned value behaves like any other value, so it can be stored, printed, or combined with other strings.","hint_1":"If the function returns text, valid uses include assignment and string concatenation.","hint_2":"Choose the lines where the function call is treated like a string value produced by the function."},"options":{"a":"`label = make_label(\"Mia\")`","b":"`print(make_label(\"Mia\"))`","c":"`message = make_label(\"Mia\") + \"!\"`","d":"`return = make_label(\"Mia\")`"}},"pvrs-dr-1":{"title":"Order the return flow","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for code that returns a value and then prints it.","hint":"Start with the function call, then think about what the function sends back, then what gets displayed.","help":{"concept":"When a function returns a value, the call runs first, the value comes back to the caller, it can be stored, and then it may be printed.","hint_1":"The function must run before a variable can receive its returned value.","hint_2":"The displayed output happens after the returned value has already come back and been used by the calling code."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call the function.","t2":"The function computes a result.","t3":"The function returns the value.","t4":"The caller stores or uses that value.","t5":"`print()` can display it."}},"pvrs-dr-2":{"title":"Build a reusable pattern","prompt":"Arrange these code pieces into a sensible pattern for using a returned value.","hint":"First define the function, then call it, then store the result, then display or reuse it.","help":{"concept":"A common pattern is define a function with `return`, call it, save the returned value, and then use that value later.","hint_1":"The function definition must come before the call that uses it.","hint_2":"After the call returns a value, that value should be assigned before a later `print()` uses the variable."},"tokens":{"t1":"`def add_one(n):`","t2":"` return n + 1`","t3":"`result = add_one(4)`","t4":"`print(result)`"}},"pvrs-fb-1":{"title":"Complete the keyword","prompt":"Choose the word that correctly completes the function so it sends a value back.","hint":"The missing word should give the result back to the caller.","help":{"concept":"A function uses a dedicated statement to send a computed value back to its caller.","hint_1":"`print` shows output, but this blank needs the keyword that hands the value back.","hint_2":"Choose the Python keyword used before an expression like `n * 2` when a function should produce a reusable result."},"template":"def double(n):\n [blank1] n * 2","choices":["print","return","input","def"]},"pvrs-fb-2":{"title":"Complete the display line","prompt":"Choose the code that displays the returned value from `get_name()` in the output panel.","hint":"The function already returns the value, so the missing part should show that value.","help":{"concept":"If a function returns a value and you want to display it, wrap the function call in `print()`.","hint_1":"The blank is not inside the function definition; it is the line that shows the returned result.","hint_2":"Choose the option that calls the function and sends its result to the output panel."},"template":"[blank1]","choices":["print(get_name())","return get_name()","def get_name()","get_name = print()"]},"pvrs-code-1":{"title":"Return a doubled value","prompt":"Write `double_number(n)` so it returns double the input instead of printing it.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def double_number(n):\n # return double the input\n pass","solutionCode":"def double_number(n):\n return n * 2"},"pvrs-code-2":{"title":"Return a greeting string","prompt":"Write `make_greeting(name)` so it returns a greeting string like `Hello, Ava`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n # return a greeting like Hello, Ava\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_greeting(name):\n return \"Hello, \" + name"},"pvrs-code-3":{"title":"Return a total instead of printing it","prompt":"Write `add_prices(price1, price2)` so it returns the total of the two prices instead of printing it.","hint":"Trace the code before choosing the option that matches its actual behavior.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def add_prices(price1, price2):\n # return the total of the two prices\n pass","solutionCode":"def add_prices(price1, price2):\n return price1 + price2"},"try-print-vs-return-checkpoint":{"title":"Return, then print","prompt":"Define `add(a, b)` so it returns the sum. Then print `add(3, 4)`.","hint":"The function should return the value; the call site should print it.","help":{"concept":"Returning a value and printing a value are separate actions.","hint_1":"The function should return the value; the call site should print it.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def add(a, b):\n # Return the sum.\n pass\n\n# Print the result of add(3, 4).\n","solutionCode":"def add(a, b):\n return a + b\n\nprint(add(3, 4))\n"},"try-print-vs-return-sketch0":{"title":"Return then print","prompt":"The function returns the value; the caller prints it.","hint":"Return 'Hi, ' + name instead of printing inside the function.","help":{"concept":"Return 'Hi, ' + name instead of printing inside the function.","hint_1":"Run after the edit so the connection between the statement and its effect stays visible.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def make_message(name):\n # Return 'Hi, ' + name instead of printing inside the function.\n pass\n\nmessage = make_message('Ava')\nprint(message)\n","solutionCode":"def make_message(name):\n return 'Hi, ' + name\n\nmessage = make_message('Ava')\nprint(message)\n"},"try-print-vs-return-sketch1":{"title":"Use a returned number","prompt":"Returned values can be stored and used in more expressions.","hint":"Store double(6) in result, then print result + 1.","help":{"concept":"Store double(6) in result, then print result + 1.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\n# Store double(6) in result, then print result + 1.\n","solutionCode":"def double(number):\n return number * 2\n\nresult = double(6)\nprint(result + 1)\n"},"try-print-vs-return-sketch2":{"title":"Avoid printing None","prompt":"Print the returned string, not the function object.","hint":"Print label('zoe').","help":{"concept":"Print label('zoe').","hint_1":"Complete this line before moving on, using the runner to confirm the result.","hint_2":"The grader compares output, so avoid additional prompts or diagnostic text."},"starterCode":"def label(name):\n return name.upper()\n\n# Print label('zoe').\n","solutionCode":"def label(name):\n return name.upper()\n\nprint(label('zoe'))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_print_vs_return_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `add(a, b)` so it returns the sum. Then print `add(3, 4)`."},"try_print_vs_return_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The function returns the value; the caller prints it."},"try_print_vs_return_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Returned values can be stored and used in more expressions."},"try_print_vs_return_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Print the returned string, not the function object."},"allowReveal":true}},"scope-and-local-variables":{"label":"Scope and Local Variables","summary":"Understand where variables exist and why local scope matters.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What local scope means"},"sketch1":{"title":"Inside a function is different from outside"},"sketch2":{"title":"Parameters are local too"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-q1":{"title":"Find the local variable","prompt":"In this code, which name is local to the function?\n\n```python\ncolor = \"blue\"\n\ndef paint():\n shade = \"dark\"\n return color + \" \" + shade\n```","hint":"Look for the name created inside `paint()`.","help":{"concept":"A local variable is created inside a function and is meant to be used only during that function call.","hint_1":"`color` is assigned before the function starts. Check which name is assigned inside the function body.","hint_2":"The local name is the one introduced on the line `... = \"dark\"` inside `paint()`."},"options":{"a":"color","b":"paint","c":"shade","d":"return"}},"sc-q2":{"title":"Parameter scope","prompt":"What is true about a parameter like `name` in `def greet(name):`?","hint":"Think about where the parameter can be used directly.","help":{"concept":"Parameters are local names created for a function call, so they belong to that function's scope.","hint_1":"A parameter gets its value when the function is called, not everywhere in the program.","hint_2":"Ask whether `name` is meant to exist only inside `greet(...)` or in all code automatically."},"options":{"a":"It exists only inside the function call unless returned or passed elsewhere.","b":"It automatically becomes a global variable.","c":"It can only store numbers.","d":"It disappears before the function starts."}},"mc-q1":{"title":"Choose the local names","prompt":"Which names are local in this code? Choose all that apply.\n\n```python\ntax = 5\n\ndef total(price):\n fee = 2\n final_price = price + fee + tax\n return final_price\n```","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"tax","b":"price","c":"fee","d":"final_price"}},"mc-q2":{"title":"Why local scope helps","prompt":"Why are local variables useful? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about how functions stay organized and avoid name mix-ups.","help":{"concept":"Local scope helps functions stay independent, readable, and safer because temporary names do not leak into the rest of the program.","hint_1":"A good answer should mention keeping function work separate or preventing accidental reuse of temporary names.","hint_2":"Look for benefits like reducing conflicts and making each function manage its own temporary data."},"options":{"a":"They help prevent temporary names inside one function from interfering with other code.","b":"They make it easier for a function to keep its own working values.","c":"They force every variable in a program to have the same name.","d":"They automatically print returned values."}},"dr-q1":{"title":"Order a function call","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for what happens when `double(4)` runs in a function that returns `number * 2`.","hint":"Start with the call, then the parameter gets a value, then the calculation happens, then the result is returned.","help":{"concept":"A function call gives values to parameters, runs the function body, computes a result, and then returns that result.","hint_1":"The parameter cannot be used until the function is called with an argument.","hint_2":"After `number` gets `4`, the multiplication happens before the value is sent back."},"tokens":{"t1":"Call `double(4)`","t2":"Set local parameter `number` to `4`","t3":"Compute `number * 2`","t4":"Return the result"}},"dr-q2":{"title":"Trace local variable creation","prompt":"Arrange the steps to describe this function call correctly.\n\n```python\ndef greet(person):\n message = \"Hi \" + person\n return message\n```","hint":"The argument fills the parameter first, then the local variable is built, then the function returns it.","help":{"concept":"During a function call, the argument becomes the parameter value, local variables are created from that value, and the return statement sends the final result back.","hint_1":"`person` gets its value before `message` can be created.","hint_2":"The returned value comes last, after the string has been built inside the function."},"tokens":{"t1":"Pass an argument into `person`","t2":"Create local variable `message`","t3":"Build the text `\"Hi \" + person`","t4":"Return `message`"}},"fb-q1":{"title":"Complete the local assignment","prompt":"Choose the missing word to make `score` a local variable inside the function.","hint":"The blank should be the variable name being assigned inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A variable assigned inside a function becomes local to that function call.","hint_1":"The line is creating a new name inside the function body.","hint_2":"Match the blank to the variable described as belonging only to the function call."},"template":"def show_score():\n [blank1] = 10\n return score","choices":["score","return","show_score","def"]},"fb-q2":{"title":"Complete the parameter use","prompt":"Fill the blank with the correct local name.","hint":"Use the parameter name from the function header.","help":{"concept":"A parameter is a local name, so code inside the function should use that parameter name directly.","hint_1":"The function header already tells you the local name to use.","hint_2":"Look at the parameter position inside the function header and choose the same name used by the function body."},"template":"def triple(value):\n return [blank1] * 3","choices":["value","triple","return","3"]},"code-q1":{"title":"Return a local calculation","prompt":"Write `add_tax(price)` so it calculates `price + 5`, stores that result in a local variable named `total`, and then returns `total`.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"def add_tax(price):\n # store the result in a local variable named total\n # then return it\n pass","solutionCode":"def add_tax(price):\n total = price + 5\n return total","checks":{"0":{"message":"add_tax should return price plus 5."},"1":{"message":"add_tax should work for a different number too."},"2":{"message":"Return the value instead of printing it."}}},"code-q2":{"title":"Use a parameter as a local name","prompt":"Write `make_label(word)` so it builds the finished string in a local variable named `label`, then returns `label`.","hint":"Read the task \"Use a parameter as a local name\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def make_label(word):\n # create a local variable named label\n # return the finished string\n pass","solutionCode":"def make_label(word):\n label = \"Item: \" + word\n return label","checks":{"0":{"message":"make_label should prefix the word with `Item: `."},"1":{"message":"make_label should work with another input word."},"2":{"message":"Return the string instead of printing it."}}},"code-q3":{"title":"Compute with two local variables","prompt":"Write `rectangle_area(width, height)` so it computes the area, stores it in a local variable named `area`, and returns `area`.","hint":"Read the task \"Compute with two local variables\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def rectangle_area(width, height):\n # create a local variable named area\n # return the area\n pass","solutionCode":"def rectangle_area(width, height):\n area = width * height\n return area","checks":{"0":{"message":"rectangle_area should multiply width by height."},"1":{"message":"rectangle_area should work for another pair of numbers."},"2":{"message":"Return the area instead of printing it."}}},"try-scope-and-local-variables-checkpoint":{"title":"Use a local variable","prompt":"Define `make_message(name)` with a local variable named `message`, then return it. Print the result for `Ava`.","hint":"Create the message inside the function.","help":{"concept":"A local variable exists inside the function where it is created.","hint_1":"Create the message inside the function.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def make_message(name):\n # Create a local variable named message.\n pass\n\nprint(make_message(\"Ava\"))\n","solutionCode":"def make_message(name):\n message = f\"Hello, {name}!\"\n return message\n\nprint(make_message(\"Ava\"))\n"},"try-scope-and-local-variables-sketch0":{"title":"Use a local variable","prompt":"A local variable exists inside the function that creates it.","hint":"Create local variable total = price + 2.","help":{"concept":"Create local variable total = price + 2.","hint_1":"Create local variable total = price + 2 Then return total.","hint_2":"Print the required lines in order, with no extra commentary."},"starterCode":"def add_tax(price):\n # Create local variable total = price + 2.\n # Return total.\n pass\n\nprint(add_tax(8))\n","solutionCode":"def add_tax(price):\n total = price + 2\n return total\n\nprint(add_tax(8))\n"},"try-scope-and-local-variables-sketch1":{"title":"Pass data as a parameter","prompt":"Pass the outside value into the function as an argument.","hint":"Return 'Welcome, ' + person.","help":{"concept":"Return 'Welcome, ' + person.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"name = 'Ava'\n\ndef welcome(person):\n # Return 'Welcome, ' + person.\n pass\n\nprint(welcome(name))\n","solutionCode":"name = 'Ava'\n\ndef welcome(person):\n return 'Welcome, ' + person\n\nprint(welcome(name))\n"},"try-scope-and-local-variables-sketch2":{"title":"Keep variables separate","prompt":"A parameter can have the same name but still be local to the function.","hint":"Return count plus one.","help":{"concept":"Return count plus one.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"count = 5\n\ndef add_one(count):\n # Return count plus one.\n pass\n\nprint(add_one(count))\nprint(count)\n","solutionCode":"count = 5\n\ndef add_one(count):\n return count + 1\n\nprint(add_one(count))\nprint(count)\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_scope_and_local_variables_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Define `make_message(name)` with a local variable named `message`, then return it. Print the result for `Ava`."},"try_scope_and_local_variables_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A local variable exists inside the function that creates it."},"try_scope_and_local_variables_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Pass the outside value into the function as an argument."},"try_scope_and_local_variables_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"A parameter can have the same name but still be local to the function."},"allowReveal":true}},"using-imports-and-helper-files":{"label":"Building a Multi-File Python App","summary":"Create module files inside a folder, import your own functions into main.py, and connect the pieces into a small app.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your app can have more than one file"},"sketch1":{"title":"Import from a file inside a folder"},"sketch2":{"title":"Build a small tool folder"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"Why split code into files?","prompt":"Why would a Python project put reusable functions in files such as `tools/names.py` instead of putting every line in `main.py`?","hint":"Think about keeping the main app readable and reusing the same logic later.","help":{"concept":"A module file can hold reusable functions. `main.py` can stay focused on the app flow: read input, call functions, and print results.","hint_1":"Look for the option about organization and reuse.","hint_2":"The goal is not to make more work. The goal is to keep each file responsible for a clear job."},"options":{"a":"It keeps reusable code organized and lets `main.py` import it","b":"It makes Python ignore errors in the imported file","c":"It means the project can only run with one input value","d":"It prevents functions from returning values"}},"q2":{"title":"Choose the direct import","prompt":"You created `tools/names.py` with a function named `clean_name`. Which line imports that function into `main.py`?","hint":"The path uses the folder name, then the file name without `.py`, then the function name.","help":{"concept":"To import from a module inside a folder, use `from folder.file import function`. For `tools/names.py`, the module path is `tools.names`.","hint_1":"Do not include `.py` in the import line.","hint_2":"The correct form starts with `from tools.names import ...`."},"options":{"a":"from tools.names import clean_name","b":"from tools/names.py import clean_name","c":"import clean_name from tools.names","d":"from clean_name import tools.names"}},"q3":{"title":"Good module responsibilities","prompt":"Choose all examples that are good jobs for a small module file in this lesson.","hint":"Pick jobs that are reusable and focused.","help":{"concept":"Good module files usually hold related functions, such as text cleanup, formatting, scoring, or report building.","hint_1":"A module should have a clear purpose.","hint_2":"Avoid choices that put unrelated random code into one file."},"options":{"a":"`tools/names.py` cleans and formats names","b":"`tools/badges.py` builds badge text from a name and role","c":"`tools/random_everything.py` mixes unrelated code with no clear job","d":"`main.py` must copy every function from every module before it can run"}},"q4":{"title":"Valid imported calls","prompt":"Which calls are valid after the matching import? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Match the call style to the import style.","help":{"concept":"After `from tools.names import clean_name`, call `clean_name(...)` directly. After `import tools.badges as badges`, call `badges.make_badge(...)`.","hint_1":"Direct imports use the function name directly.","hint_2":"Alias imports use the alias before the dot."},"options":{"a":"After `from tools.names import clean_name`, use `clean_name(\" ava \")`","b":"After `import tools.badges as badges`, use `badges.make_badge(\"Ava\", \"coder\")`","c":"After `from tools.names import clean_name`, use `tools.names.clean_name(\"Ava\")` without importing `tools`","d":"After `import tools.badges as badges`, use `make_badge.badges(\"Ava\")`"}},"q5":{"title":"Order the module workflow","prompt":"Put these steps in the order you would use when adding your own module file to a small app.","hint":"Create the file before importing from it.","help":{"concept":"Python can import a module only after the file exists in the expected folder path. Then `main.py` can call functions from that file.","hint_1":"The folder and file come before the import.","hint_2":"The function call happens after the import line."},"tokens":{"t1":"Create the `tools` folder","t2":"Create a module file such as `tools/names.py`","t3":"Define a function inside that module file","t4":"Import and call the function from `main.py`"}},"q6":{"title":"Build the import flow","prompt":"Arrange these lines so `main.py` imports a formatter and prints the returned result.","hint":"Import first, then call, then print.","help":{"concept":"A main file usually imports the function it needs, calls it with data, and prints or stores the returned value.","hint_1":"The import line must run before the function call.","hint_2":"Print the stored message after the function returns it."},"tokens":{"t1":"from tools.reports import mission_report","t2":"message = mission_report(\"SCOUT badge: Zoe\", 18)","t3":"print(message)"}},"q7":{"title":"Complete the function import","prompt":"Fill in the missing function name to import it from `tools.names`.","hint":"This is the function that cleans extra spaces and capitalization.","help":{"concept":"`from tools.names import clean_name` imports the `clean_name` function from the `names.py` file inside the `tools` folder.","hint_1":"The missing word is the function name, not the folder name.","hint_2":"Choose the name that describes cleaning a name."},"template":"from tools.names import [blank1]","choices":["clean_name","tools","names.py","input"]},"q8":{"title":"Complete the module path","prompt":"Fill in the missing folder name in this import line.","hint":"The module files for this project live inside one folder.","help":{"concept":"The import path `tools.badges` means Python should look for `badges.py` inside the `tools` folder.","hint_1":"Do not type `.py` in the import path.","hint_2":"Choose the folder that contains `badges.py`."},"template":"from [blank1].badges import make_badge","choices":["tools","badges.py","main","print"]},"q9":{"title":"Create a name-cleaning module","prompt":"This project is starting a small helper package. Create a `tools` folder, add `tools/names.py`, and define `clean_name(text)` there. Then import `clean_name` from `tools.names` in `main.py`, clean the input name, and print it.\n\nFor example, if the input is `aVA`, your program should print:\n`Ava`.","hint":"The required path is `tools/names.py`. The import line in `main.py` should be `from tools.names import clean_name`.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Inside it, create tools/names.py.\n# Define clean_name(text) in that file.\n\nraw_name = input()\n\n# Import clean_name from tools.names.\n# Print the cleaned name.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name(text) inside tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip whitespace."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"q10":{"title":"Add a badge module","prompt":"The helper folder needs one more tool. Create `tools/badges.py`, import `make_badge` from `tools.badges`, clean the input name, build the badge text, and print it.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `lina` and `artist`, your program should print:\n`ARTIST badge: Lina`.","hint":"Create `tools/badges.py`, then import with `from tools.badges import make_badge`.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\n\n# Create tools/badges.py.\n# Import make_badge from tools.badges.\n# Clean the name, build the badge, and print it.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.badges."},"1":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"2":{"message":"make_badge should uppercase the role."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nprint(make_badge(name, role))\n"},"q11":{"title":"Build a mission report module","prompt":"Now connect the helper modules into one final report. Create `tools/reports.py`, import `mission_report` from `tools.reports`, and print the finished mission report.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `zoe`, `scout`, and `18`, your program should print:\n`Mission report: SCOUT badge: Zoe has 18 points`.","hint":"This step combines three files: `tools/names.py`, `tools/badges.py`, and your new `tools/reports.py`.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\npoints = int(input())\n\n# Create tools/reports.py.\n# Import mission_report from tools.reports.\n# Print the final mission report.\n","starterFiles":{"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\nfrom tools.reports import mission_report\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\npoints = int(input())\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(mission_report(badge, points))\n"},"tools_init_py":{"content":"# Tools package for this mini app.\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"},"tools_reports_py":{"content":"def mission_report(badge, points):\n return f\"Mission report: {badge} has {points} points\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.reports."},"1":{"message":"Define mission_report in tools/reports.py."},"2":{"message":"Call mission_report() from main.py."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\nfrom tools.reports import mission_report\n\nraw_name = input()\nrole = input()\npoints = int(input())\nname = clean_name(raw_name)\nbadge = make_badge(name, role)\nprint(mission_report(badge, points))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-checkpoint":{"title":"Import from a helper file","prompt":"Build this as a small two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py`.\n2. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import `clean_name` with `from tools.names import clean_name`.\n4. Read one name with `input()`, clean it, and print the result.","hint":"Create `tools/names.py` first, then import `clean_name` in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"A helper module lets `main.py` stay short while another file handles one focused job.","hint_1":"Put `clean_name(text)` in `tools/names.py`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `clean_name`, call it with the raw input, and print the cleaned name."},"starterCode":"raw_name = input()\n\n# Import clean_name from tools.names.\n# Print the cleaned name.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name(text) inside tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip whitespace."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nraw_name = input()\nprint(clean_name(raw_name))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-sketch0":{"title":"Create and import a name helper","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print `clean_name(\" ava \")`.","hint":"Put `clean_name` in `tools/names.py`, then import it in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"This card is about moving the helper out of `main.py`, not keeping everything in one file.","hint_1":"In `tools/names.py`, return `text.strip().title()` from `clean_name(text)`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, use `from tools.names import clean_name`, then print `clean_name(\" ava \")`."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/names.py with clean_name(text).\n# Then import clean_name from tools.names and print clean_name(\" ava \").\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import clean_name from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Define clean_name in tools/names.py."},"2":{"message":"clean_name should strip spaces."},"3":{"message":"clean_name should title-case the name."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\n\nprint(clean_name(\" ava \"))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-sketch1":{"title":"Create and import a badge helper","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/badges.py`.\n2. In `tools/badges.py`, define `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. Return `ROLE badge: Name` with the role uppercased.\n4. In `main.py`, import `make_badge`.\n5. Print a student badge for Ava.","hint":"Create `tools/badges.py`, then import `make_badge` in `main.py`.","help":{"concept":"The formatting helper belongs in its own module so `main.py` only connects the pieces.","hint_1":"In `tools/badges.py`, return `f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"`.","hint_2":"In `main.py`, import `make_badge` and print `make_badge(\"Ava\", \"student\")`."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/badges.py with make_badge(name, role).\n# Then import make_badge from tools.badges and print a student badge for Ava.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.badges import make_badge\n\nprint(make_badge(\"Ava\", \"student\"))\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import make_badge from tools.badges."},"1":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"2":{"message":"Uppercase the role inside make_badge."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.badges import make_badge\n\nprint(make_badge(\"Ava\", \"student\"))\n"},"try-using-imports-and-helper-files-sketch2":{"title":"Connect two helper modules","prompt":"Build this as a small multi-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py` with `clean_name(text)`.\n2. Create `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import both helpers.\n4. Clean `\" mia \"`.\n5. Build a mentor badge from the cleaned name and print it.","hint":"Import both helpers in `main.py`, then clean the name before calling `make_badge`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices the full pattern: helper files do the work, and `main.py` wires them together.","hint_1":"Use `from tools.names import clean_name` and `from tools.badges import make_badge`.","hint_2":"Clean `\" mia \"`, pass the result into `make_badge(..., \"mentor\")`, and print the badge."},"starterCode":"# Create a folder named tools.\n# Create tools/names.py with clean_name(text).\n# Create tools/badges.py with make_badge(name, role).\n# Then import both helpers, clean \" mia \", and print a mentor badge.\n","solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nname = clean_name(\" mia \")\nprint(make_badge(name, \"mentor\"))\n"},"tools_names_py":{"content":"def clean_name(text):\n return text.strip().title()\n"},"tools_badges_py":{"content":"def make_badge(name, role):\n return f\"{role.upper()} badge: {name}\"\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Import clean_name from tools.names."},"1":{"message":"Import make_badge from tools.badges."},"2":{"message":"Define clean_name in tools/names.py."},"3":{"message":"Define make_badge in tools/badges.py."},"4":{"message":"Call clean_name in main.py."},"5":{"message":"Call make_badge in main.py."}},"solutionCode":"from tools.names import clean_name\nfrom tools.badges import make_badge\n\nname = clean_name(\" mia \")\nprint(make_badge(name, \"mentor\"))\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a small two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py`.\n2. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import `clean_name` with `from tools.names import clean_name`.\n4. Read one name with `input()`, clean it, and print the result."},"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create a folder named `tools`.\n2. Create `tools/names.py`.\n3. In `tools/names.py`, define `clean_name(text)`.\n4. In `main.py`, import `clean_name`.\n5. Print `clean_name(\" ava \")`."},"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a two-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/badges.py`.\n2. In `tools/badges.py`, define `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. Return `ROLE badge: Name` with the role uppercased.\n4. In `main.py`, import `make_badge`.\n5. Print a student badge for Ava."},"try_using_imports_and_helper_files_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build this as a small multi-file program.\n\n1. Create `tools/names.py` with `clean_name(text)`.\n2. Create `tools/badges.py` with `make_badge(name, role)`.\n3. In `main.py`, import both helpers.\n4. Clean `\" mia \"`.\n5. Build a mentor badge from the cleaned name and print it."},"allowReveal":true}}},"python-7-files-exceptions-and-data-cleaning":{"module-7-clean-student-records":{"label":"Module Project: Clean Student Records","summary":"Grow one small cleaner from a raw file preview into a shareable cleaned output file.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A messy student file lands in your inbox"},"project":{"title":"Clean Student Records"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Read the student file"},"mp_2":{"title":"Clean and validate one row"},"mp_3":{"title":"Skip bad rows and collect records"},"mp_4":{"title":"Write cleaned records"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-read-student-file":{"title":"Read the student file","prompt":"A student group emailed you `data/students.csv` and asked what is inside it. Read the file and print every raw row without extra blank lines so you can inspect the data before cleaning it.","hint":"Open the file, loop through each line, and print the stripped line.","help":{"concept":"A real cleaning job usually starts by inspecting the raw file before changing anything.","hint_1":"Use `with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:`.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, print `line.strip()` to avoid extra blank lines."},"starterCode":"# Read data/students.csv and print every line without extra blank lines.\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read data/students.csv instead of typing the file contents."}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"mp-2-clean-one-row":{"title":"Clean and validate one row","prompt":"Start from the raw-file preview you already built. Keep that context, then add `clean_row(line)` so one row becomes a dictionary with a cleaned name and integer score. Read the first row again and print the cleaned dictionary.","hint":"Leave the file shape familiar: define one helper, then reuse the file to test it on the first row.","help":{"concept":"A cleaning function gives the rest of the program one dependable shape for each valid row.","hint_1":"Split the row with `line.strip().split(\",\")`.","hint_2":"Return `{\"name\": ..., \"score\": ...}` with a title-cased name and an integer score."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n# Keep the raw-file preview above as your starting point.\n# Next, write clean_row(line) so one row becomes a cleaned dictionary.\ndef clean_row(line):\n # Split the row, clean the name, and convert the score to int.\n pass\n\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\n# Print the cleaned first row dictionary.\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n"},"mp-3-skip-bad-rows":{"title":"Skip bad rows and collect records","prompt":"Keep `clean_row(line)` from the last step. Now build a list named `records` by looping through the file, appending valid cleaned rows, and skipping `ValueError` rows so the cleaner keeps moving.","hint":"Reuse `clean_row(line)` inside the loop instead of re-cleaning the pieces by hand.","help":{"concept":"In real data files, some rows are broken. A cleaner should keep good rows and quietly move past bad ones.","hint_1":"Start with `records = []` before the loop.","hint_2":"Append inside `try`, then skip `ValueError` rows in `except`."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n # Keep using clean_row(line), but only save the rows that work.\n # Skip ValueError rows so the project keeps moving.\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(records)\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use try/except to skip bad rows."}},"solutionCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"mp-4-write-clean-records":{"title":"Write cleaned records","prompt":"Start from the cleaned-record builder you already have. Keep that logic, then write the valid rows to `output/clean_students.csv` and replace the preview print with a short completion message.","hint":"Turn the working `records` list into a deliverable file and a quick confirmation.","help":{"concept":"The final step of a cleaning job is delivering a clean artifact, not just printing data to the screen.","hint_1":"Create `output/` if needed, then open `output/clean_students.csv` in write mode.","hint_2":"Write one cleaned record per line, then print how many clean records were saved."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n\n# Replace the preview print with the shareable output file.\n# Create output/, write output/clean_students.csv, and print how many clean records were saved.\n","starterFiles":{"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\nPath(\"output\").mkdir(exist_ok=True)\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nwith open(\"output/clean_students.csv\", \"w\") as file:\n for record in records:\n file.write(f\"{record['name']},{record['score']}\\n\")\n\nprint(f\"Wrote {len(records)} clean records\")\n"},"data_students_csv":{"content":"Ava,92\nMia,not-a-score\nZoe,87\n leo ,74\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write the clean records file."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to create the output CSV."}},"solutionCode":"from pathlib import Path\nPath(\"output\").mkdir(exist_ok=True)\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, score = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"score\": int(score)}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nwith open(\"output/clean_students.csv\", \"w\") as file:\n for record in records:\n file.write(f\"{record['name']},{record['score']}\\n\")\n\nprint(f\"Wrote {len(records)} clean records\")\n"},"try-module-7-clean-student-records-sketch0":{"title":"Clean the first row from the file","prompt":"Open `data/students.csv`, read the first row, clean the name and score, and print `Ava:92`.","hint":"Read the first line from the file, split it, clean both pieces, and print them with a colon.","help":{"concept":"This card practices cleaning a real row from the same file shape used in the project.","hint_1":"Use `with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:` and `first_row = file.readline()`.","hint_2":"Split the row, use `.strip().title()` for the name, and print `name:score`."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\n# Clean the first row and print Ava:92.\n","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/students.csv\") as file:\n first_row = file.readline()\n\nname, score = first_row.split(\",\")\nprint(f\"{name.strip().title()}:{score.strip()}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read the row from data/students.csv."},"1":{"message":"Split the row into name and score."},"2":{"message":"Strip spaces from the name and score."},"3":{"message":"Title-case the student name."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_module_7_clean_student_records_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `data/students.csv`, read the first row, clean the name and score, and print `Ava:92`."},"allowReveal":true}},"reading-text-files":{"label":"Reading Text Files","summary":"Open files, read text, and close resources safely.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why read text files?"},"sketch1":{"title":"Reading all text or line by line"},"sketch2":{"title":"Relative paths and safe file access"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-read-mode":{"title":"Read mode","prompt":"Which file mode is used to open a text file for reading?","hint":"Use the question wording and the lesson example to narrow the choices.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Compare each option to the exact topic named in the question.","hint_2":"Remove options that do not match the concept or evidence named in the question."},"options":{"a":"r","b":"w","c":"a","d":"x"}},"sc-relative-path":{"title":"Relative path example","prompt":"Which path correctly refers to a file named `story.txt` inside a folder named `data`?","hint":"Use the folder name, then the file name.","help":{"concept":"A relative path describes a file's location from the current workspace location using folder names separated by `/`.","hint_1":"The folder should come before the file name.","hint_2":"Choose the option that looks like folder slash file."},"options":{"a":"story.txt/data","b":"data/story.txt","c":"/data/story.txt","d":"data-story.txt"}},"mc-with-open-benefits":{"title":"Why use with open","prompt":"Choose all true statements about using `with open(...) as file:` when reading text files.","hint":"Think about what `with` does for the file resource and how you access the file inside the block.","help":{"concept":"`with open(...) as file:` creates a managed file block. You use the file variable inside the block, and Python handles closing the file afterward.","hint_1":"Look for statements about automatic closing and using the variable after `as`.","hint_2":"Two statements are correct: one about cleanup and one about the file variable name."},"options":{"a":"It helps make sure the file is closed after the block ends.","b":"It creates a variable like `file` that you can call `.read()` on.","c":"It always writes new text into the file before reading.","d":"It only works for files in the same folder, not nested folders."}},"mc-read-methods":{"title":"Reading methods","prompt":"Choose all statements that are true about `read()` and `readlines()`.","hint":"One returns a single string, and the other returns a list of lines.","help":{"concept":"`read()` gets the whole file as one string, while `readlines()` returns a list where each item is a line, often including newline characters.","hint_1":"Look for the options describing one big string and a list of lines.","hint_2":"Two options are correct: one mentions a single string, and one mentions newline characters in line items."},"options":{"a":"`read()` can return the whole file as one string.","b":"`readlines()` returns a list of lines.","c":"`read()` always removes every newline character automatically.","d":"`readlines()` returns one number for each line."}},"dr-read-file-steps":{"title":"Order the reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for reading and printing a file's contents.","hint":"Start by opening the file, then read, then print.","help":{"concept":"A basic file-reading flow is: open the file, read its contents into a variable, then use that value such as by printing it.","hint_1":"The file must be opened before `.read()` can be used.","hint_2":"After reading into a variable, the last step is showing the result in the output panel."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open the file with `with open(..., \"r\") as file:`","t2":"Read the text with `file.read()`","t3":"Store the result in a variable","t4":"Print the variable"}},"dr-build-path":{"title":"Build a relative path","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make the relative path to `report.txt` inside the `data` folder.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"data","t2":"/","t3":"report.txt"}},"fb-read-call":{"title":"Complete the read call","prompt":"Fill in the missing method name to read all text from an open file.","hint":"Check every option against the complete behavior described in the question.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"template":"text = file.[blank1]()","choices":["read","write","close","open"]},"fb-open-mode":{"title":"Complete the open mode","prompt":"Fill in the missing mode so the file is opened for reading.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"with open(\"notes.txt\", \"[blank1]\") as file:","choices":["r","w","a","x"]},"ci-read-and-print":{"title":"Print a file's contents","prompt":"Open `data/message.txt`, read the file's contents, and print the text you find there.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Hello from file reading!`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print a file's contents\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run the completed step and verify every output line before submitting it."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/message.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # read the file and print its contents\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/message.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n text = file.read()\n print(text)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/message.txt to read the file."}}},"ci-first-line":{"title":"Print only the first line","prompt":"Open `data/notes.txt`, read only the first line, and print it without the ending newline character.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Apples`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print only the first line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/notes.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # read the first line only\n # print it without the ending newline\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/notes.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n first = file.readline().rstrip(\"\\n\")\n print(first)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/notes.txt to read the file."}}},"ci-count-lines":{"title":"Count lines in a text file","prompt":"Open `data/list.txt`, count how many lines are in the file, and print that number.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`3`.","hint":"Read the task \"Count lines in a text file\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/list.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # count the lines and print the number\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/list.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n lines = file.readlines()\n print(len(lines))","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/list.txt to count the lines."}}},"try-reading-text-files-checkpoint":{"title":"Read a text file","prompt":"Read `data/note.txt` and print its contents without adding extra text.","hint":"Use `with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:` and `file.read()`.","help":{"concept":"Open the file, read the text, and print exactly what was stored there.","hint_1":"Use `with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:`.","hint_2":"Call `file.read()` and print the result without adding extra words."},"starterCode":"# Read data/note.txt and print its contents.\n","starterFiles":{"data_note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file!\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n"},"data_note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file!\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/note.txt instead of typing the file contents."}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/note.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n"},"try-reading-text-files-sketch0":{"title":"Read and print a note file","prompt":"Open `note.txt`, read all of its text, and print exactly what is in the file.","hint":"Use `with open(\"note.txt\") as file:` and print `file.read()`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices reading one whole file at once.","hint_1":"Open `note.txt` first, then call `file.read()` inside the `with` block.","hint_2":"Print only the saved text from the file."},"starterCode":"# Read note.txt and print its contents without extra blank lines.\n","starterFiles":{"note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open('note.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"},"note_txt":{"content":"Hello from a file\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open note.txt instead of typing the file contents."}},"solutionCode":"with open('note.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"},"try-reading-text-files-sketch1":{"title":"Print each line from a file","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, loop through the file, and print each name on its own line.","hint":"Use `for line in file:` and print `line.strip()`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices reading one line at a time with a loop.","hint_1":"Open `names.txt`, then use `for line in file:`.","hint_2":"Print `line.strip()` so each name shows once without extra blank lines."},"starterCode":"# Read names.txt and print each line without extra blank lines.\n","starterFiles":{"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open names.txt instead of typing the names directly."}},"solutionCode":"with open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"try-reading-text-files-sketch2":{"title":"Count file lines","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, count how many lines it has, and print the number.","hint":"Start with `count = 0`, then add 1 for each line in the file.","help":{"concept":"This card practices using a counter while you read a file line by line.","hint_1":"Open `names.txt`, loop through it, and increase `count` inside the loop.","hint_2":"After the loop ends, print the final count."},"starterCode":"count = 0\n\n# Read names.txt, count the lines, and print count.\n","starterFiles":{"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"count = 0\nwith open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n count += 1\nprint(count)\n"},"names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read names.txt instead of typing the final count."},"1":{"message":"Loop through the file lines to count them."},"2":{"message":"Use open(...) to read the file."}},"solutionCode":"count = 0\nwith open('names.txt') as file:\n for line in file:\n count += 1\nprint(count)\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_reading_text_files_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read `data/note.txt` and print its contents without adding extra text."},"try_reading_text_files_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `note.txt`, read all of its text, and print exactly what is in the file."},"try_reading_text_files_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, loop through the file, and print each name on its own line."},"try_reading_text_files_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `names.txt`, count how many lines it has, and print the number."},"allowReveal":true}},"simple-csv-processing":{"label":"Simple CSV Processing","summary":"Use the csv module to read comma-separated rows, access values by column name, and clean simple data while processing rows safely.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Reading CSV rows as dictionaries"},"sketch1":{"title":"Cleaning values from CSV rows"},"sketch2":{"title":"Skipping bad rows safely"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-import-csv":{"title":"Why import csv?","prompt":"Why do you write `import csv` before using `csv.DictReader`?","hint":"Think about where `DictReader` comes from.","help":{"concept":"`DictReader` is part of Python's standard library `csv` module, so the module must be imported before you can use `csv.DictReader`.","hint_1":"Look for the choice that says the code is making CSV tools available from a module.","hint_2":"Without the import, Python does not know what `csv` refers to."},"options":{"a":"It makes the `csv` module available so you can use `csv.DictReader`.","b":"It automatically cleans spaces from every CSV value.","c":"It turns every CSV value into an integer.","d":"It creates a new CSV file if one does not exist."}},"sc-dictreader-row-type":{"title":"What does DictReader produce?","prompt":"When you loop through `csv.DictReader(file)`, what is each `row` most like?","hint":"Think about accessing values with column names like `row[\"name\"]`.","help":{"concept":"`csv.DictReader` uses the header row as keys, so each row behaves like a dictionary mapping column names to text values.","hint_1":"If you can use a column name inside square brackets, the row is key-based.","hint_2":"The header labels become keys such as `name` and `score`."},"options":{"a":"A dictionary that maps column names to values","b":"A single integer from the row","c":"A list of file names","d":"A function that cleans the row"}},"mc-clean-score-steps":{"title":"Clean a score value","prompt":"A CSV row has `row[\"score\"] == \" 12 \"`. Which steps correctly prepare it for math? Choose all that apply.","hint":"You need a number, not spaced text.","help":{"concept":"CSV values are read as strings. To use a numeric field in math, remove extra spaces if needed and convert the cleaned text to an integer.","hint_1":"One correct step removes surrounding spaces, and another converts text to a number.","hint_2":"Methods like `.strip()` clean text, while `int(...)` changes the type."},"options":{"a":"Use `.strip()` on the score text","b":"Use `int(...)` on the cleaned score text","c":"Leave it as text and add 1 directly","d":"Use `dict(row)` to turn the score into a number"}},"mc-good-csv-processing":{"title":"Useful CSV processing patterns","prompt":"Which snippets are good beginner patterns for simple CSV processing? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for patterns that use the csv module and column names clearly.","help":{"concept":"Good beginner CSV processing uses `import csv`, `csv.DictReader`, and clear access by header names. Printing `dict(row)` is also useful for inspecting a row safely.","hint_1":"One correct option reads rows with `csv.DictReader`, and another prints a full row dictionary for inspection.","hint_2":"Avoid choices that claim CSV values become numbers automatically or that skip importing the module."},"options":{"a":"`import csv` followed by `reader = csv.DictReader(file)`","b":"`print(dict(row))` inside a loop to inspect each row","c":"Using `row[\"score\"]` to access a named column","d":"Assuming `row[\"score\"]` is already an integer without conversion"}},"dr-read-csv-order":{"title":"Order the CSV reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for reading a CSV file with `DictReader` and printing one column.","hint":"Start by making the csv tools available, then open the file, then create the reader.","help":{"concept":"A CSV-reading script usually follows a sequence: import the module, open the file, create a `DictReader`, loop through rows, then access values by column name.","hint_1":"The loop happens after the reader is created.","hint_2":"Accessing `row[\"name\"]` must happen inside the loop, after a row exists."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(row[\"name\"])","t2":": for row in reader","t3":"reader = csv.DictReader(file)","t4":"with open(\"names.csv\") as file","t5":"import csv"}},"dr-clean-row-order":{"title":"Order the row-cleaning steps","prompt":"Arrange these actions in the order that cleans a score and then uses it in math.","hint":"Get the text first, clean it, convert it, then calculate.","help":{"concept":"When cleaning numeric CSV data, first read the text value, then strip spaces, then convert to `int`, and only after that use it in arithmetic.","hint_1":"Arithmetic should happen after conversion to an integer.","hint_2":"`.strip()` belongs before `int(...)`, because it cleans the text that `int` will read."},"tokens":{"t1":"add 1 to the integer score","t2":"convert the cleaned text with `int(...)`","t3":"read `row[\"score\"]`","t4":"remove spaces with `.strip()`"}},"fb-dictreader-name":{"title":"Choose the CSV reader tool","prompt":"Complete the code so rows can be accessed by column name.","hint":"Use the csv tool that creates dictionary-like rows.","help":{"concept":"Choose the csv reader that uses the header row as dictionary keys for every later record.","hint_1":"The missing value is the reader class name after `csv.`.","hint_2":"It is not `reader` or `split`; it is the CSV helper that starts with `Dict`."},"template":"reader = csv.[blank1](file)","choices":["DictReader","reader","split","Writer"]},"fb-strip-choice":{"title":"Choose the cleaning method","prompt":"Fill in the missing method to remove spaces around a CSV value.","hint":"This string method removes spaces from both ends.","help":{"concept":"Choose the string-cleaning method that removes whitespace from both ends before conversion.","hint_1":"The missing method is called on a string like `row[\"name\"]`.","hint_2":"It is the method that turns `\" Ava \"` into `\"Ava\"`."},"template":"clean_name = row[\"name\"].[blank1]()","choices":["strip","append","write","read"]},"ci-print-clean-names":{"title":"Print cleaned names from a CSV file","prompt":"Read `students.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, clean each name as you loop through the rows, and print the cleaned names.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Ava`\n`Ben`.","hint":"Use execution order as evidence instead of choosing by familiar wording.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"students.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n # print the cleaned name\n pass","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"students.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n print(row[\"name\"].strip())","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Strip each CSV name before printing it."}}},"ci-sum-valid-scores":{"title":"Sum valid scores from CSV","prompt":"Read `scores.csv`, clean each score, try to convert it to an integer, and add only the valid numbers to `total`. Print `total` after the loop.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`16`.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n # try to convert the cleaned score and add it to total\n pass\n\nprint(total)","solutionCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n try:\n total += int(row[\"score\"].strip())\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(total)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use try/except for invalid score values."},"1":{"message":"Convert score text with int()."}}},"ci-write-summary-file":{"title":"Write a CSV summary file","prompt":"Build a short report from `scores.csv`. As you loop, update `valid_rows` and `total_score` for rows with valid integer scores, then write those results to `summary.txt` and print the file contents.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`valid_rows: 2`\n`total_score: 16`.","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\nvalid_rows = 0\ntotal_score = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n # update valid_rows and total_score for rows with valid integer scores\n pass\n\n# write summary.txt, then print its contents","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nvalid_rows = 0\ntotal_score = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n try:\n score = int(row[\"score\"].strip())\n valid_rows += 1\n total_score += score\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nwith open(\"summary.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(f\"valid_rows: {valid_rows}\\n\")\n file.write(f\"total_score: {total_score}\\n\")\n\nwith open(\"summary.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use try/except for invalid score values."},"1":{"message":"Write the summary to summary.txt."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-checkpoint":{"title":"Read the first CSV row","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, and print the name on one line and the score on the next line.","hint":"Import `csv`, create `csv.DictReader(file)`, then use the first row.","help":{"concept":"This card starts the lesson with a real CSV file instead of a hard-coded string row.","hint_1":"Use `import csv` and `with open(\"scores.csv\") as file:`.","hint_2":"Create `reader = csv.DictReader(file)`, get the first row, and print `row[\"name\"]` and `row[\"score\"]`."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Print the first row name, then the first row score.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n row = next(reader)\n print(row[\"name\"])\n print(row[\"score\"])\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read scores.csv."},"1":{"message":"Open scores.csv for this step."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-sketch0":{"title":"Clean one CSV row from a file","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, strip spaces from the `name` and `score`, and print each cleaned value on its own line.","hint":"Read the first row from `csv.DictReader`, then use `.strip()` on both values.","help":{"concept":"This card practices cleaning text values after reading them from a CSV file.","hint_1":"Use `row[\"name\"].strip()` and `row[\"score\"].strip()`.","hint_2":"Print the cleaned name first, then the cleaned score."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Read the first row, strip the name and score, and print them on separate lines.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n row = next(reader)\n print(row[\"name\"].strip())\n print(row[\"score\"].strip())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read the row."},"1":{"message":"Strip spaces from the CSV values."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-sketch1":{"title":"Loop through CSV rows","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, loop through every row, and print each one as `name: score`.","hint":"Loop through the reader and build one formatted line from each row.","help":{"concept":"This card practices row-by-row CSV processing with named columns.","hint_1":"Use `for row in reader:` after you create `csv.DictReader(file)`.","hint_2":"Print `f\"{row[\"name\"]}: {row[\"score\"]}\"` for each row."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Loop through the rows and print each one as name: score.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n print(f'{row[\"name\"]}: {row[\"score\"]}')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read the rows."},"1":{"message":"Loop through the CSV rows instead of hard-coding the output."}}},"try-simple-csv-processing-sketch2":{"title":"Add CSV scores","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, convert each score to an integer, add the scores into `total`, and print `total`.","hint":"Loop through the reader, convert `row[\"score\"]` with `int(...)`, and add it to `total`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices the full CSV pattern: read rows, convert score text, and do math safely.","hint_1":"Start with `total = 0`, then loop through `csv.DictReader(file)`.","hint_2":"Use `int(row[\"score\"])` inside the loop before adding to `total`."},"starterCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\n# Open scores.csv with csv.DictReader.\n# Convert each score to int, add it into total, and print total.\n","solutionCode":"import csv\n\ntotal = 0\n\nwith open(\"scores.csv\") as file:\n reader = csv.DictReader(file)\n for row in reader:\n total += int(row[\"score\"])\n\nprint(total)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use csv.DictReader to read the rows."},"1":{"message":"Loop through the CSV rows instead of hard-coding the total."},"2":{"message":"Convert the score text with int()."},"3":{"message":"Add each numeric score into total."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_simple_csv_processing_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, and print the name on one line and the score on the next line."},"try_simple_csv_processing_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, read the first row, strip spaces from the `name` and `score`, and print each cleaned value on its own line."},"try_simple_csv_processing_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, loop through every row, and print each one as `name: score`."},"try_simple_csv_processing_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `scores.csv` with `csv.DictReader`, convert each score to an integer, add the scores into `total`, and print `total`."},"allowReveal":true}},"try-except-basics":{"label":"Try/Except Basics","summary":"Catch expected errors and keep programs usable.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What try/except does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Only the risky line needs protection"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use exceptions to keep programs usable"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"What happens after a caught conversion error?","prompt":"A program runs this pattern:\n\n```python\ntry:\n number = int(text)\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Bad number\")\n```\n\nIf `text` is `\"cat\"`, what happens?","hint":"Think about what `int()` does with text that is not a valid whole number.","help":{"concept":"`except ValueError` handles failures from `int()` when text cannot be converted to an integer.","hint_1":"`int(\"cat\")` cannot produce a number, so Python raises a `ValueError`.","hint_2":"Because that specific error is caught, the program runs the `except` block instead of stopping immediately."},"options":{"a":"The `except` block runs and prints `Bad number`","b":"The `try` block prints the converted number","c":"Python ignores the bad text and uses 0","d":"The program always stops before reaching `except`"}},"q2":{"title":"Which error fits int conversion?","prompt":"Which exception type should you catch when `int(user_text)` might fail because the text is not a valid integer?","hint":"Work through the operation in Python terms, then select the matching option.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"NameError","b":"ValueError","c":"IndexError","d":"SyntaxError"}},"q3":{"title":"Why use try/except here?","prompt":"Choose all true reasons to use `try/except` around `int(text)` when cleaning messy input.","hint":"Look for benefits related to handling bad numeric text safely.","help":{"concept":"`try/except` is useful when some values may be invalid and you want the program to respond safely instead of crashing.","hint_1":"Think about what happens when one item is bad in a larger set of inputs.","hint_2":"Correct choices should mention graceful handling and continued program flow, not guaranteed conversion success."},"options":{"a":"It lets the program handle invalid numeric text without crashing immediately","b":"It can show a fallback message when conversion fails","c":"It guarantees every string will become an integer","d":"It can help a loop continue processing later values after one bad value"}},"q4":{"title":"Which inputs would trigger ValueError?","prompt":"Choose all values that would raise `ValueError` in `int(value)`.","hint":"Pick the strings that are not valid whole-number text.","help":{"concept":"`int()` accepts strings like `\"12\"` or `\"-3\"`, but rejects text with letters or decimal points in string form for plain integer conversion.","hint_1":"A minus sign with digits is still a valid integer string.","hint_2":"Look for values containing letters or a decimal point as text."},"options":{"a":"\"18\"","b":"\"blue\"","c":"\"4.5\"","d":"\"-2\""}},"q5":{"title":"Order of execution when conversion fails","prompt":"Put these steps in the order they happen when `int(text)` raises `ValueError` inside a `try/except` block.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"Python enters the `try` block","t2":"`int(text)` raises `ValueError`","t3":"The rest of the `try` block is skipped","t4":"The matching `except` block runs"}},"q6":{"title":"Build a basic try/except pattern","prompt":"Arrange these code pieces into a correct basic pattern that converts input text to an integer and handles bad input.","hint":"Arrange the code pieces in the order Python should run them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form valid Python code in the order it should run.","hint_1":"Start with the line that sets up the Python action.","hint_2":"Place lines that depend on earlier values after those values exist."},"tokens":{"t1":"try:","t2":"number = int(text)","t3":"print(number)","t4":"except ValueError:","t5":"print(\"Invalid input\")"}},"q7":{"title":"Name the catching keyword","prompt":"Complete the code keyword that handles the error after `try`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"try:\n number = int(text)\n[blank1] ValueError:\n print(\"Bad input\")","choices":["except","return","while","import"]},"q8":{"title":"Choose the risky conversion","prompt":"Fill in the expression that can raise `ValueError` when the text is not a valid integer.","hint":"Use the built-in conversion from text to integer.","help":{"concept":"The risky step in this pattern is converting text with `int(...)`, because some strings are not valid integers.","hint_1":"The missing code should attempt to turn `user_text` into a whole number.","hint_2":"Choose the expression that calls Python's integer conversion function on the variable."},"template":"try:\n number = [blank1]\n print(number)\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid\")","choices":["int(user_text)","print(user_text)","len(user_text)","str(user_text)"]},"q9":{"title":"Catch a bad integer input","prompt":"A number scanner might receive invalid text. Convert the input inside a `try` block, then print either the formatted number or an invalid message.\n\nFor example, if the input is `27`, your program should print:\n`Number: 27`.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Preserve the previous milestone, changing only what the new feature requires.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# Convert the text to an integer inside try.\n# Print either the converted result or an invalid message.","solutionCode":"text = input()\n\ntry:\n number = int(text)\n print(f\"Number: {number}\")\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid number\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"q10":{"title":"Add two inputs safely","prompt":"Two score entries arrive as text. Convert both values inside `try`, then print the sum or an invalid message if either value cannot be turned into an integer.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `8` and `5`, your program should print:\n`Sum: 13`.","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"first_text = input()\nsecond_text = input()\n\n# Convert both values inside try.\n# Print the sum or an invalid message.","solutionCode":"first_text = input()\nsecond_text = input()\n\ntry:\n first_number = int(first_text)\n second_number = int(second_text)\n print(f\"Sum: {first_number + second_number}\")\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid input\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"q11":{"title":"Count valid numbers","prompt":"A comma-separated list may contain bad entries. Loop through each part, try to convert it to `int`, count only the valid integers, and print the final count.\n\nFor example, if the input is `3,7,bad,10`, your program should print:\n`Valid count: 3`.","hint":"Compare the options with the exact syntax and result required by the prompt.","help":{"concept":"Build on the supplied working version instead of restarting the project from an empty file.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split(\",\")\nvalid_count = 0\n\n# Loop through each part.\n# Try to convert each one to int.\n# Count only the valid integers.\n# Print the final count.","solutionCode":"parts = input().split(\",\")\nvalid_count = 0\n\nfor part in parts:\n try:\n int(part)\n valid_count += 1\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(f\"Valid count: {valid_count}\")","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through each part."},"1":{"message":"Use try/except around the int conversion."},"2":{"message":"Convert each value with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-checkpoint":{"title":"Handle a bad number","prompt":"Read input and try to convert it to an integer. Print `Valid` if it works, otherwise print `Invalid`.","hint":"Use `try`, `except ValueError`.","help":{"concept":"A `try/except` block handles errors without crashing the program.","hint_1":"Use `try`, `except ValueError`.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# Print Valid for an integer, otherwise Invalid.\n","solutionCode":"text = input()\ntry:\n int(text)\n print(\"Valid\")\nexcept ValueError:\n print(\"Invalid\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-sketch0":{"title":"Catch a ValueError","prompt":"Catch the specific error caused by an invalid integer conversion.","hint":"Try to convert text to int. Print 'bad number' if it fails.","help":{"concept":"Try to convert text to int. Print 'bad number' if it fails.","hint_1":"Apply one small change and inspect the new program state.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"text = 'abc'\n\n# Try to convert text to int. Print 'bad number' if it fails.\n","solutionCode":"text = 'abc'\ntry:\n number = int(text)\n print(number)\nexcept ValueError:\n print('bad number')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-sketch1":{"title":"Use else after try","prompt":"The `else` block runs when no exception happened.","hint":"Convert text to int and print 'ok' only if conversion succeeds.","help":{"concept":"Convert text to int and print 'ok' only if conversion succeeds.","hint_1":"Add the requested statement and run the program to observe its effect.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"text = '42'\n\n# Convert text to int and print 'ok' only if conversion succeeds.\n","solutionCode":"text = '42'\ntry:\n number = int(text)\nexcept ValueError:\n print('bad number')\nelse:\n print('ok')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use a try block for the conversion."},"1":{"message":"Convert the text with int()."}}},"try-try-except-basics-sketch2":{"title":"Keep looping after a bad value","prompt":"Use try/except inside the loop so one bad value does not stop the program.","hint":"Print only the values that can be converted to int.","help":{"concept":"Print only the values that can be converted to int.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"values = ['10', 'bad', '3']\n\n# Print only the values that can be converted to int.\n","solutionCode":"values = ['10', 'bad', '3']\nfor value in values:\n try:\n print(int(value))\n except ValueError:\n pass\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through values instead of typing 10 and 3 directly."},"1":{"message":"Use try/except around the int conversion."},"2":{"message":"Convert each value with int()."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_try_except_basics_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read input and try to convert it to an integer. Print `Valid` if it works, otherwise print `Invalid`."},"try_try_except_basics_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Catch the specific error caused by an invalid integer conversion."},"try_try_except_basics_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"The `else` block runs when no exception happened."},"try_try_except_basics_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use try/except inside the loop so one bad value does not stop the program."},"allowReveal":true}},"validating-and-cleaning-input":{"label":"Validating and Cleaning Input","summary":"Clean text values, detect missing data, and reject invalid rows without crashing your program.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What validation and cleaning do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Missing values vs invalid values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Put cleaning rules in functions"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-valid-row":{"title":"Which row is valid after cleaning?","prompt":"A program strips spaces from both fields, then requires a non-empty name and an age that can be converted with `int()`. Which row would be accepted?","hint":"Look for a row where spaces can be removed and the age text still becomes a whole number.","help":{"concept":"A row is valid only if cleaning with `strip()` leaves a real name and an age string that `int()` can convert.","hint_1":"Check each option after removing leading and trailing spaces from both values.","hint_2":"Reject rows with an empty cleaned name or an age like a word instead of digits."},"options":{"a":"[' Ava ', ' 12 ']","b":"[' ', '9']","c":"['Leo', 'ten']","d":"['Mia', '4.5']"}},"sc-except-flow":{"title":"What does except catch here?","prompt":"In a `try`/`except ValueError` block, what kind of problem is the `except` meant to handle during `int(age_text)`?","hint":"Think about what happens when text cannot be turned into an integer.","help":{"concept":"`ValueError` is raised when a conversion function like `int()` receives a value of the right general type but with unusable content.","hint_1":"`int()` works for strings like `'7'`, but not for strings that contain words or decimal text in this beginner context.","hint_2":"The problem is not a missing variable name or a syntax mistake in the code editor; it is bad input content during conversion."},"options":{"a":"A text value such as 'ten' that cannot be converted to an integer","b":"A missing `print()` statement","c":"A list index being too large","d":"A file path always being relative"}},"mc-clean-steps":{"title":"Useful cleaning steps","prompt":"Choose all steps that help clean a text row before validation.","hint":"Think about operations that remove formatting noise or standardize text values.","help":{"concept":"Cleaning prepares raw text for validation by removing extra spaces or making formatting more consistent before rule checks happen.","hint_1":"Methods like `strip()` and case normalization help; actions that only display data do not clean it.","hint_2":"Pick the options that change messy input into a more consistent form before checking whether it is valid."},"options":{"a":"Use `strip()` to remove extra spaces around a value","b":"Convert a name like 'aVA' to a consistent case such as title case","c":"Print the row without changing it","d":"Keep all spaces exactly as they were so validation sees the mess"}},"mc-reject-row":{"title":"Which rows should be rejected?","prompt":"A cleaned row is valid only when the name is not empty and the score is an integer from 0 to 100. Choose all rows that should be rejected.","hint":"Check each row after trimming spaces, then test both rules.","help":{"concept":"Validation can involve more than one rule: presence, type conversion, and allowed numeric range.","hint_1":"A row fails if the cleaned name is empty, if the score cannot become an integer, or if the integer is outside 0 to 100.","hint_2":"Look closely at the rows with only spaces for the name, word-based scores, and numbers above the allowed maximum."},"options":{"a":"['Ava', '90']","b":"[' ', '75']","c":"['Leo', 'ten']","d":"['Mia', '105']"}},"dr-clean-order":{"title":"Order the cleaning process","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for cleaning and validating one text value that should become an integer.","hint":"Clean formatting before conversion, and only use the number after conversion succeeds.","help":{"concept":"A reliable cleaning flow removes extra spaces first, then attempts conversion, then uses the converted value for later checks.","hint_1":"If you try `int()` before removing spaces and checking the raw text, your code is harder to reason about.","hint_2":"Start with the original text, clean it, convert it, then continue with numeric validation."},"tokens":{"t1":"Read the text value","t2":"Remove extra spaces with `strip()`","t3":"Convert the cleaned text with `int()`","t4":"Use the integer in later checks"}},"dr-try-except-order":{"title":"Order the try/except flow","prompt":"Arrange these parts to show the usual flow when converting cleaned text to an integer safely.","hint":"The risky conversion belongs inside `try`, and the error handling comes after it.","help":{"concept":"`try` contains code that may fail, while `except` handles a specific error if that failure happens.","hint_1":"Place the conversion attempt after entering `try`, and place the fallback action inside `except ValueError`.","hint_2":"The successful path uses the converted number before the error-handling path appears."},"tokens":{"t1":"Start `try:`","t2":"Attempt `age = int(age_text)`","t3":"Use `age` if conversion worked","t4":"Handle bad input in `except ValueError:`"}},"fb-strip-name":{"title":"Fill the cleaning method","prompt":"Complete the code so it removes extra spaces around the name.","hint":"Use the string method that trims spaces from both ends.","help":{"concept":"Choose the string method that removes whitespace from both ends without changing internal spaces.","hint_1":"The missing value is a method name used like `name.[blank1]()` in Python.","hint_2":"It is the method that turns `' Ava '` into `'Ava'` without changing letters in the middle."},"template":"clean_name = name.[blank1]()","choices":["split","strip","append","write"]},"fb-empty-check":{"title":"Fill the missing comparison","prompt":"Complete the condition so it detects a missing cleaned value.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"if cleaned_name == [blank1]:","choices":["0","None","\"\"","False"]},"ci-clean-name":{"title":"Write a name cleaning function","prompt":"Write `clean_name(text)` so it returns a cleaned version of the name text.","hint":"Read the task \"Write a name cleaning function\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Retain the existing files and methods while completing the next responsibility.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def clean_name(text):\n # return the cleaned name\n pass","solutionCode":"def clean_name(text):\n cleaned = text.strip()\n return cleaned.title()"},"ci-parse-age":{"title":"Parse an age safely","prompt":"Write `parse_age(text)` so it returns an `int` for valid age text and `None` when the text cannot be used as an age.","hint":"Read the task \"Parse an age safely\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"def parse_age(text):\n # return an int or None\n pass","solutionCode":"def parse_age(text):\n cleaned = text.strip()\n try:\n return int(cleaned)\n except ValueError:\n return None"},"ci-clean-row":{"title":"Validate and clean one row","prompt":"Write `clean_row(row)` for rows shaped like `[name_text, score_text]`. Return a cleaned dictionary when both values are valid, or `None` when the row should be rejected.","hint":"Read the task \"Validate and clean one row\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"The earlier behavior remains part of the contract, so add the new logic without removing it.","hint_2":"Test the normal path and inspect the final output before completing the step."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(row):\n # row looks like [name_text, score_text]\n # return a cleaned dictionary or None\n pass","solutionCode":"def clean_row(row):\n name = row[0].strip()\n score_text = row[1].strip()\n\n if name == \"\":\n return None\n\n try:\n score = int(score_text)\n except ValueError:\n return None\n\n return {\"name\": name.title(), \"score\": score}"},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-checkpoint":{"title":"Clean and validate a name","prompt":"Read a name. Strip spaces and title-case it. If the cleaned name is empty, print `Missing`; otherwise print the cleaned name.","hint":"Use `.strip()` before checking whether the value is empty.","help":{"concept":"Cleaning input before validation helps programs handle messy text.","hint_1":"Use `.strip()` before checking whether the value is empty.","hint_2":"Run your code and compare the output with the expected result."},"starterCode":"name = input()\n\n# Clean and validate the name.\n","solutionCode":"name = input().strip().title()\nif name:\n print(name)\nelse:\n print(\"Missing\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Strip whitespace from the name."},"1":{"message":"Title-case the cleaned name."}}},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-sketch0":{"title":"Clean a name","prompt":"Clean whitespace and capitalization before using user data.","hint":"Strip extra spaces, convert to title case, and print the result.","help":{"concept":"Strip extra spaces, convert to title case, and print the result.","hint_1":"Make the focused edit, then verify how it changes the current output.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"raw = ' aVA smith '\n\n# Strip extra spaces, convert to title case, and print the result.\n","solutionCode":"raw = ' aVA smith '\nclean = raw.strip().title()\nprint(clean)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use strip() to remove extra spaces."},"1":{"message":"Use title() to normalize the name."}}},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-sketch1":{"title":"Validate a score","prompt":"Check numeric ranges after conversion.","hint":"Convert score_text to int. Print 'valid' if it is from 0 to 100.","help":{"concept":"Convert score_text to int. Print 'valid' if it is from 0 to 100.","hint_1":"Run after the edit so the connection between the statement and its effect stays visible.","hint_2":"Return to the output contract and remove any line the task did not request."},"starterCode":"score_text = '92'\n\n# Convert score_text to int. Print 'valid' if it is from 0 to 100.\n","solutionCode":"score_text = '92'\nscore = int(score_text)\nif 0 <= score <= 100:\n print('valid')\nelse:\n print('invalid')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Convert score_text to an integer."},"1":{"message":"Check that the score is within 0 to 100."}}},"try-validating-and-cleaning-input-sketch2":{"title":"Clean several rows","prompt":"Split each row, strip each field, and format the cleaned result.","hint":"Print cleaned name:score lines like Ava:92.","help":{"concept":"Print cleaned name:score lines like Ava:92.","hint_1":"Test this single step before combining it with later behavior.","hint_2":"Keep the output deterministic and limited to the requested values."},"starterCode":"rows = [' ava , 92 ', ' mia , 85 ']\n\n# Print cleaned name:score lines like Ava:92.\n","solutionCode":"rows = [' ava , 92 ', ' mia , 85 ']\nfor row in rows:\n name, score = row.split(',')\n print(f'{name.strip().title()}:{score.strip()}')\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Loop through rows instead of typing both cleaned lines."},"1":{"message":"Split each row into name and score."},"2":{"message":"Strip spaces from each part."},"3":{"message":"Title-case each name."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read a name. Strip spaces and title-case it. If the cleaned name is empty, print `Missing`; otherwise print the cleaned name."},"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Clean whitespace and capitalization before using user data."},"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Check numeric ranges after conversion."},"try_validating_and_cleaning_input_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Split each row, strip each field, and format the cleaned result."},"allowReveal":true}},"working-with-paths":{"label":"Working With Paths","summary":"Understand relative paths and simple file organization.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Relative paths point to files from your current workspace"},"sketch1":{"title":"Folders help organize files clearly"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use simple relative paths, not machine-specific ones"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-relative-path-folder":{"title":"Choose the relative path","prompt":"A file named `input.txt` is inside a folder named `data`. Which path correctly refers to that file in this lesson?","hint":"Use the folder name first, then the file name.","help":{"concept":"A relative path names folders in order from the current workspace location to the target file.","hint_1":"The file is not in the same folder as the code; it is inside `data`.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that joins the folder and file with a forward slash."},"options":{"a":"input.txt/data","b":"data/input.txt","c":"/data/input.txt","d":"data-input.txt"}},"sc-same-folder-path":{"title":"Path for a nearby file","prompt":"Your code and a file named `notes.txt` are in the same folder. Which path should you use to open that file?","hint":"If the file is in the same folder, you do not need to name another folder.","help":{"concept":"A file in the same folder can be opened with just its file name as a relative path.","hint_1":"No extra folder name is needed here.","hint_2":"Choose the shortest valid path that names only the file itself."},"options":{"a":"data/notes.txt","b":"notes.txt","c":"./data/notes.txt","d":"folder/notes.txt"}},"mc-relative-path-benefits":{"title":"Why use relative paths here?","prompt":"Choose all true statements about using relative paths in this lesson.","hint":"Think about paths that work inside the provided workspace and folders.","help":{"concept":"Relative paths are useful because they describe file locations within the project structure instead of depending on one specific machine setup.","hint_1":"Look for statements about project folders and portability inside the lesson workspace.","hint_2":"Select the choices that describe starting from the current workspace and avoiding machine-specific locations."},"options":{"a":"They can point to files in folders like `data/input.txt`.","b":"They depend on one specific computer's full location.","c":"They help organize files by folder.","d":"They always require a full machine-specific location."}},"mc-open-path-examples":{"title":"Valid relative path examples","prompt":"Choose all paths that are valid relative path examples for this lesson's workspace style.","hint":"Reject any choice that changes the named values, branch order, or output.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you can connect the prompt to the Python concept from the lesson.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Try each option in the sentence or code line and keep the one that makes the example work exactly as described."},"options":{"a":"notes.txt","b":"data/input.txt","c":"folder -> input.txt","d":"name of the output panel"}},"dr-read-file-steps":{"title":"Order the file-reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for reading a file with a relative path and showing its contents.","hint":"Open first, then read, then display.","help":{"concept":"Reading a file follows a sequence: open the file, get its contents, then print the result.","hint_1":"You cannot read from the file before opening it.","hint_2":"After reading the text into a variable, the last step is to show it in the output panel."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open `data/input.txt` in read mode","t2":"Store the contents in a variable","t3":"Print the variable"}},"dr-build-nested-path":{"title":"Build the path in order","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make the relative path to `report.txt` inside the `data` folder.","hint":"Folder name comes before the slash and file name.","help":{"concept":"A nested relative path is built as folder, slash, then file name.","hint_1":"Start with the folder that contains the file.","hint_2":"The slash separates the folder name from the file name."},"tokens":{"t1":"data","t2":"/","t3":"report.txt"}},"fb-folder-part":{"title":"Complete the folder path","prompt":"Fill in the missing folder name.","hint":"Read the complete relative path and include the folder that appears before the filename.","help":{"concept":"A relative path to a file inside a folder includes the folder name before the slash.","hint_1":"The missing part is the folder that contains `input.txt`.","hint_2":"Use the folder name shown throughout the lesson examples."},"template":"[blank1]/input.txt","choices":["data","input","files","read"]},"fb-same-folder-file":{"title":"Complete the same-folder path","prompt":"Fill in the missing file name for a file in the same folder.","hint":"No folder name is needed here.","help":{"concept":"When a file is in the same folder, the relative path is just the file name.","hint_1":"The blank should be the exact file name, not a folder.","hint_2":"Choose the option that is a plain file name ending with `.txt`."},"template":"[blank1]","choices":["data/notes.txt","notes.txt","/notes.txt","folder/notes.txt"]},"ci-read-nested-file":{"title":"Read from a nested relative path","prompt":"Open `data/input.txt`, read the text from that relative path, and print it.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`Hello paths!`.","hint":"Read the task \"Read from a nested relative path\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This step begins from a working project state and adds one clearly bounded responsibility.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Use the expected result as a final contract check after your implementation runs."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/input.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # read the text and print it\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/input.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n text = file.read()\n\nprint(text)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/input.txt to read the nested file."}}},"ci-copy-between-paths":{"title":"Copy text to another relative path","prompt":"Copy the text from `data/source.txt` into `data/copy.txt`, then print the copied text so we can confirm both files match.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`apple`\n`banana`.","hint":"Read the task \"Copy text to another relative path\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"Each project step is cumulative, so the existing files remain part of the solution while one new requirement is added.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"# Read from data/source.txt\n# Write the same text to data/copy.txt\n# Print the copied text","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/source.txt\", \"r\") as source:\n text = source.read()\n\nwith open(\"data/copy.txt\", \"w\") as target:\n target.write(text)\n\nprint(text)","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read from data/source.txt."},"1":{"message":"Write to data/copy.txt."},"2":{"message":"Use file.write() to create the copy."}}},"ci-count-lines-in-folder":{"title":"Count lines from a file path","prompt":"Open `data/items.txt`, count how many lines it contains, and print the result.\n\nYour output should be exactly:\n`3`.","hint":"Read the task \"Count lines from a file path\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/items.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n # count the lines and print the result\n pass","solutionCode":"with open(\"data/items.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n lines = file.readlines()\n\nprint(len(lines))","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/items.txt to count its lines."}}},"try-working-with-paths-checkpoint":{"title":"Use a relative path","prompt":"Use `Path` to read `data/names.txt`, then print the text without extra characters.","hint":"Use `Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"`.","help":{"concept":"Build the relative path first, then use it to read the file.","hint_1":"Create the path with `Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"`.","hint_2":"Read that path and print the file text without extra characters."},"starterCode":"from pathlib import Path\n\n# Build a path to data/names.txt and print its contents.\n","starterFiles":{"data_names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\n\npath = Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"\nprint(path.read_text(), end=\"\")\n"},"data_names_txt":{"content":"Ava\nMia\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use Path(...) to build the path."},"1":{"message":"Build the path with Path('data') / 'names.txt'."}},"solutionCode":"from pathlib import Path\n\npath = Path(\"data\") / \"names.txt\"\nprint(path.read_text(), end=\"\")\n"},"try-working-with-paths-sketch0":{"title":"Build a relative path","prompt":"Build the relative path `data/scores.txt` from the `folder` and `filename` variables, then print the path.","hint":"Combine the folder name, a slash, and the file name.","help":{"concept":"This card practices writing a relative path as text.","hint_1":"Use the `folder` variable first, then `/`, then `filename`.","hint_2":"Print the finished path string `data/scores.txt`."},"starterCode":"folder = 'data'\nfilename = 'scores.txt'\n\n# Build data/scores.txt and print it.\n","solutionCode":"folder = 'data'\nfilename = 'scores.txt'\npath = folder + '/' + filename\nprint(path)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Build the path from folder and filename instead of typing the final path."}}},"try-working-with-paths-sketch1":{"title":"Use pathlib for a path","prompt":"Use `Path(\"data\") / \"scores.txt\"`, store it in a variable, and print the path.","hint":"Import `Path`, join the two pieces with `/`, and print the result.","help":{"concept":"This card practices building a path object instead of a plain string.","hint_1":"Create a variable like `path = Path(\"data\") / \"scores.txt\"`.","hint_2":"Print the path variable after you build it."},"starterCode":"from pathlib import Path\n\n# Create Path('data') / 'scores.txt' and print it.\n","solutionCode":"from pathlib import Path\npath = Path('data') / 'scores.txt'\nprint(path)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use Path(...) to build the path."},"1":{"message":"Build the path with Path('data') / 'scores.txt'."}}},"try-working-with-paths-sketch2":{"title":"Read from a folder path","prompt":"Open `data/message.txt`, read the text from that relative path, and print it.","hint":"Use the full relative path `data/message.txt` inside `open(...)`.","help":{"concept":"This card practices using a folder path when the file is not next to `main.py`.","hint_1":"Open `data/message.txt` inside a `with open(...)` block.","hint_2":"Read the file text and print only that text."},"starterCode":"# Open data/message.txt and print its text.\n","starterFiles":{"data_message_txt":{"content":"Nested hello\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open('data/message.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"},"data_message_txt":{"content":"Nested hello\n"}},"sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Open data/message.txt instead of typing Nested hello."}},"solutionCode":"with open('data/message.txt') as file:\n print(file.read().strip())\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_working_with_paths_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `Path` to read `data/names.txt`, then print the text without extra characters."},"try_working_with_paths_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Build the relative path `data/scores.txt` from the `folder` and `filename` variables, then print the path."},"try_working_with_paths_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use `Path(\"data\") / \"scores.txt\"`, store it in a variable, and print the path."},"try_working_with_paths_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Open `data/message.txt`, read the text from that relative path, and print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"writing-text-files":{"label":"Writing Text Files","summary":"Create or overwrite text files by opening paths in write or append mode and writing text that you can verify with printed output.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Write mode creates or replaces text"},"sketch1":{"title":"Append mode adds to the end"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use newline characters and verify what you wrote"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-write-vs-append":{"title":"Choose the mode that replaces old text","prompt":"Which file mode should you use when you want to overwrite any existing text in a file with new text?","hint":"Use the question wording and the lesson example to narrow the choices.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Remove options that do not match the concept or evidence named in the question."},"options":{"a":"\"a\"","b":"\"w\"","c":"\"r\"","d":"\"x\""}},"sc-verify-written-text":{"title":"Best way to confirm saved text","prompt":"After writing text to a file in this lesson, what is the best way to make the result visible in the output panel?","hint":"Think about reopening the path and showing the saved contents.","help":{"concept":"File-writing exercises should produce observable output, so a common pattern is to reopen the file and print what was written.","hint_1":"Writing changes the file, but the output panel only shows text you print.","hint_2":"Choose the option that reads the saved text back and displays it."},"options":{"a":"Change the editor theme","b":"Reopen the file and print its contents","c":"Open the notes panel","d":"Rename the variable"}},"mc-append-true-statements":{"title":"Facts about append mode","prompt":"Choose all true statements about opening a file with append mode (`\"a\"`).","hint":"Append mode keeps old text and adds new text after it.","help":{"concept":"Append mode writes at the end of existing contents instead of clearing the file first.","hint_1":"Look for statements that describe keeping existing text.","hint_2":"Reject any option that says append mode erases the file before writing."},"options":{"a":"It keeps the existing contents.","b":"It adds new text at the end of the file.","c":"It always removes everything already in the file.","d":"It can be used to add another line to a log."}},"mc-good-writing-patterns":{"title":"Useful patterns when writing text files","prompt":"Choose all practices that fit this topic's file-writing workflow.","hint":"Think about writing text, then making the result observable.","help":{"concept":"Beginner file-writing programs often use `with open(...)` for safe access, newline characters for line breaks, and printed verification after writing.","hint_1":"Look for patterns involving `with open`, `\\n`, and printing saved text.","hint_2":"Avoid choices unrelated to writing or checking file contents."},"options":{"a":"Use `with open(...)` so the file is handled cleanly.","b":"Use `\\n` when you want the next text on a new line.","c":"Print the saved contents after writing so the result is visible.","d":"Change the notes panel before writing."}},"dr-write-file-steps":{"title":"Order the write-and-check steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for a simple program that writes text and then verifies it.","hint":"Write first, then reopen and display the saved text.","help":{"concept":"A common workflow is open in write mode, write text, reopen in read mode, then print the contents.","hint_1":"The file must be opened for writing before `write()` can happen.","hint_2":"Printing comes after reading the saved contents back."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open the path with mode \"w\"","t2":"Write the text","t3":"Open the same path for reading","t4":"Print the file contents"}},"dr-append-log-sequence":{"title":"Order the append workflow","prompt":"Arrange these actions to show how a program can create a starting log entry, append another entry, and then display the full log.","hint":"The first write creates the starting text before append adds more.","help":{"concept":"To demonstrate append mode clearly, first create initial contents, then append new text, then read the whole file back.","hint_1":"You need some starting text before the append step makes sense.","hint_2":"Reading and printing the full log should happen after both writes are finished."},"tokens":{"t1":"Open the log with mode \"w\" and write the first line","t2":"Open the log with mode \"a\" and add another line","t3":"Open the log for reading","t4":"Print the full log text"}},"fb-write-mode-code":{"title":"Fill the write mode","prompt":"Complete the mode so this code opens the file for overwriting text.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Focus on what the blank or answer stands for: a value, a method, a key, an index, or a variable name.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"with open(\"report.txt\", [blank1]) as file:","choices":["\"r\"","\"a\"","\"w\"","\"x\""]},"fb-newline-choice":{"title":"Fill the line break","prompt":"Choose the text that starts a new line after `First line`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank needs the exact Python word or symbol that makes the line do what the prompt describes.","hint_1":"Look at the code around the blank to decide whether you need a keyword, a value, a method, or a key.","hint_2":"Choose the option that makes the full line valid Python and gives the result the prompt asks for."},"template":"file.write(\"First line[blank1]Second line\")","choices":["\\t","\\n","\\r"]},"ci-write-greeting-file":{"title":"Write a personalized greeting file","prompt":"Write a greeting into `greeting.txt` using the input name in title case, then open `greeting.txt` and print its contents.\n\nFor example, if the input is `zoe`, your program should print:\n`Hello, Zoe!`.","hint":"Use `input()` for the name, then write the formatted greeting into the file.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter as the previous milestone: preserve it while implementing the next feature.","hint_1":"Extend the working implementation rather than replacing it with an unrelated solution.","hint_2":"Run from the entry file and verify that the cumulative project still behaves as required."},"starterCode":"name = input()\n\n# Write Hello, NAME! to greeting.txt.\n# Then open greeting.txt and print its contents.\n","solutionCode":"name = input().strip().title()\n\nwith open(\"greeting.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(f\"Hello, {name}!\")\n\nwith open(\"greeting.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to greeting.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write greeting.txt."}}},"ci-overwrite-shopping-list":{"title":"Overwrite a shopping list from input","prompt":"A shopping list needs to be rewritten from fresh input. Write both items to `shopping.txt`, one per line and in title case, then print the file contents.\n\nFor example, if the inputs are `bread` and `apples`, your program should print:\n`Bread`\n`Apples`.","hint":"Opening a file with `\"w\"` replaces the old contents.","help":{"concept":"The workspace already represents the last successful step; extend it with only the behavior named here.","hint_1":"Make the smallest cumulative edit that keeps prior behavior intact.","hint_2":"Execute the full workspace, then compare ordering, spelling, and values with the required result."},"starterCode":"first_item = input()\nsecond_item = input()\n\n# Write both items to shopping.txt, one per line.\n# Then print the file contents.\n","solutionCode":"first_item = input().strip().title()\nsecond_item = input().strip().title()\n\nwith open(\"shopping.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(first_item + \"\\n\")\n file.write(second_item + \"\\n\")\n\nwith open(\"shopping.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to shopping.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write shopping.txt."}}},"ci-append-log-entry":{"title":"Append a log entry","prompt":"The log already starts with one line. Append the new input entry to `log.txt` on a new line, then print the full file.\n\nFor example, if the input is `Checked sensors`, your program should print:\n`Start shift`\n`Checked sensors`.","hint":"Opening a file with `\"a\"` keeps the old contents and adds new text at the end.","help":{"concept":"The starter captures the current project milestone; this task advances it by one focused capability.","hint_1":"Keep the behavior that already passes and integrate the new requirement beside it.","hint_2":"Confirm the program reaches the expected behavior before asking the grader to evaluate it."},"starterCode":"entry = input()\n\n# Append the entry to log.txt on a new line, then print the full file.\n","solutionCode":"entry = input().strip()\n\nwith open(\"log.txt\", \"a\") as file:\n file.write(\"\\n\" + entry)\n\nwith open(\"log.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read(), end=\"\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Append to log.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Open log.txt in append mode."}}},"try-writing-text-files-checkpoint":{"title":"Write and read a text file","prompt":"Write `Hello from a file!` to `note.txt`, then read the file and print the saved text.","hint":"Open the file in write mode first, then reopen it for reading.","help":{"concept":"Write the file first, then reopen it so you can show exactly what was saved.","hint_1":"Open `note.txt` in write mode and save `Hello from a file!`.","hint_2":"Reopen `note.txt` in read mode and print the text you just wrote."},"starterCode":"# Write Hello from a file! to note.txt.\n# Then read note.txt and print it.\n","solutionCode":"with open(\"note.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n file.write(\"Hello from a file!\")\n\nwith open(\"note.txt\") as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to note.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write the file."}}},"try-writing-text-files-sketch0":{"title":"Write and read a message","prompt":"Write `Done` to `note.txt`, then reopen `note.txt` and print the saved text.","hint":"Use write mode first, then read the same file back.","help":{"concept":"This card practices the full write-then-check workflow with one file.","hint_1":"Open `note.txt` with mode `\"w\"` and write `Done`.","hint_2":"Open `note.txt` again and print `file.read()`."},"starterCode":"# Write Done to note.txt.\n# Then open note.txt and print its contents.\n","solutionCode":"with open('note.txt', 'w') as file:\n file.write('Done')\n\nwith open('note.txt') as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to note.txt instead of only printing Done."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write note.txt."}}},"try-writing-text-files-sketch1":{"title":"Append a second line","prompt":"Create `log.txt` with `Start`, reopen it in append mode, add `End` on a new line, then print the full file.","hint":"Use write mode for the first line and append mode for the second line.","help":{"concept":"This card compares write mode and append mode in one short program.","hint_1":"First open `log.txt` with `\"w\"` and write `Start\n`.","hint_2":"Then open `log.txt` with `\"a\"`, write `End`, and print the full file."},"starterCode":"# Create log.txt with Start, then append End on a new line.\n# Print the final file contents.\n","solutionCode":"with open('log.txt', 'w') as file:\n file.write('Start\\n')\nwith open('log.txt', 'a') as file:\n file.write('End')\nwith open('log.txt') as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Create and append to log.txt."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write the log file."}}},"try-writing-text-files-sketch2":{"title":"Write a simple report","prompt":"Write `Ava: 92` to `report.txt`, then reopen the file and print it.","hint":"Use the `name` and `score` variables to build the text before you write it.","help":{"concept":"This card practices formatting a line of text before saving it to a file.","hint_1":"Build the text with `f\"{name}: {score}\"` and write it to `report.txt`.","hint_2":"Reopen `report.txt` and print the saved line."},"starterCode":"name = 'Ava'\nscore = 92\n\n# Write 'Ava: 92' to report.txt, then print the file.\n","solutionCode":"name = 'Ava'\nscore = 92\nwith open('report.txt', 'w') as file:\n file.write(f'{name}: {score}')\nwith open('report.txt') as file:\n print(file.read())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Write to report.txt instead of only printing the answer."},"1":{"message":"Use file.write() to write report.txt."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_writing_text_files_checkpoint":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Write `Hello from a file!` to `note.txt`, then read the file and print the saved text."},"try_writing_text_files_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Write `Done` to `note.txt`, then reopen `note.txt` and print the saved text."},"try_writing_text_files_sketch1":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Create `log.txt` with `Start`, reopen it in append mode, add `End` on a new line, then print the full file."},"try_writing_text_files_sketch2":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Write `Ava: 92` to `report.txt`, then reopen the file and print it."},"allowReveal":true}}},"python-8-real-world-project":{"community-event-registration-cleaner":{"label":"Final Capstone: Community Event Registration Cleaner","summary":"A community center receives messy registration exports. Build a modular cleaner that preserves valid registrations, summarizes seats by event, and writes dependable output files.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A new domain, the same engineering habits"},"project":{"title":"Community Event Registration Cleaner"}},"projectSteps":{"cp_1":{"title":"Preview the registration file"},"cp_2":{"title":"Clean one registration row"},"cp_3":{"title":"Skip invalid seat counts"},"cp_4":{"title":"Move cleaning into a helper module"},"cp_5":{"title":"Add event summary functions"},"cp_6":{"title":"Write the final registration reports"}},"quiz":{"try-community-event-registration-cleaner-sketch0":{"title":"Clean one registration preview","prompt":"Read the first data row from `data/registration.csv`. Split the four fields, title-case the name, convert seats to an integer, lowercase the email, and print `Ava Smith reserved 2 seat(s) for Python Night <ava@example.com>`.","hint":"Skip the header before splitting the first data row.","help":{"concept":"A small preview verifies the input shape before the larger capstone adds error handling and modules.","hint_1":"Clean each field after splitting the row.","hint_2":"Use the values from the file instead of hard-coding the final line."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/registration.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n row = next(file).strip()\n\n# Split the row, clean name/email, convert seats, and print the required line.\n","starterFiles":{"data_registration_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/registration.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n row = next(file).strip()\n\nname, event, seats, email = row.split(\",\")\nprint(f\"{name.strip().title()} reserved {int(seats)} seat(s) for {event.strip()} <{email.strip().lower()}>\")\n"},"data_registration_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM \n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/registration.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n row = next(file).strip()\n\nname, event, seats, email = row.split(\",\")\nprint(f\"{name.strip().title()} reserved {int(seats)} seat(s) for {event.strip()} <{email.strip().lower()}>\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Read the supplied registration file."},"1":{"message":"Split the row into fields."},"2":{"message":"Normalize the attendee name."},"3":{"message":"Normalize the email address."}}},"cp-1-read-registration-file":{"title":"Preview the registration file","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 1 of 6, open `data/registrations.csv` and print every row with surrounding whitespace removed. Do not type the CSV contents into main.py.","hint":"Inspect the real file before designing the cleaner.","help":{"concept":"A production data task begins by confirming the actual columns and row shape.","hint_1":"Use the exact relative path from the prompt.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Read data/registrations.csv and print each stripped row.\n","starterFiles":{"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."}}},"cp-2-clean-one-registration":{"title":"Clean one registration row","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 2 of 6, keep the file-preview context, then add `clean_row(line)`. Return a dictionary with title-cased `name`, stripped `event`, integer `seats`, and lowercase `email`. Read the first data row and print the cleaned dictionary.","hint":"Make one row dependable before processing the complete file.","help":{"concept":"A single-row helper creates one tested contract for every later row.","hint_1":"Split into four names before cleaning each field.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n # Split and clean name, event, seats, and email.\n pass\n\n\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n first_row = next(file)\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n","starterFiles":{"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n first_row = next(file)\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionCode":"with open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n for line in file:\n print(line.strip())\n\n\ndef clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\n\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n first_row = next(file)\n\nprint(clean_row(first_row))\n","sourceChecks":{}},"cp-3-skip-bad-registration-rows":{"title":"Skip invalid seat counts","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 3 of 6, keep `clean_row(line)`. Loop through the data rows, collect valid dictionaries in `records`, and skip rows whose seat value raises `ValueError`.","hint":"Protect the loop from bad seat values without discarding valid registrations.","help":{"concept":"Expected conversion failures should be handled at the narrow point where they occur.","hint_1":"Append only inside the try block.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n pass\n\nprint(records)\n","starterFiles":{"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionCode":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."},"2":{"message":"Preserve the deterministic output contract."}}},"cp-4-move-cleaning-to-module":{"title":"Move cleaning into a helper module","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 4 of 6, move `clean_row(line)` into `tools/cleaning.py`. Import it in `main.py`, keep the same valid `records` list, and preserve the printed output.","hint":"Move only the cleaning responsibility; the workflow remains in main.py.","help":{"concept":"A helper module removes repeated logic without giving the model responsibility for file orchestration.","hint_1":"Import clean_row from tools.cleaning in main.py.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n","starterFiles":{"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n # Move the working cleaning logic here.\n pass\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"},"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""}},"solutionCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(records)\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."}}},"cp-5-add-summary-functions":{"title":"Add event summary functions","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 5 of 6, create `tools/summary.py` with `total_seats(records)` and `event_counts(records)`. Import both helpers in `main.py`, print the total seats, then print each event count in sorted event-name order.","hint":"Keep summary calculations pure so they can be reused by the console and file reports.","help":{"concept":"Summary functions should accept records and return values without depending on a specific output surface.","hint_1":"Sort the event names before printing for deterministic output.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total_seats(records)}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(event_counts(records).items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","starterFiles":{"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n pass\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n pass\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total_seats(records)}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(event_counts(records).items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"},"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n return sum(record[\"seats\"] for record in records)\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n counts = {}\n for record in records:\n event = record[\"event\"]\n counts[event] = counts.get(event, 0) + 1\n return counts\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""}},"solutionCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total_seats(records)}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(event_counts(records).items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."},"2":{"message":"Preserve the deterministic output contract."}}},"cp-6-write-final-reports":{"title":"Write the final registration reports","prompt":"Continue the community-event registration cleaner. In step 6 of 6, create `tools/reports.py`. Write cleaned records to `output/clean_registrations.csv`, write the seat and event summary to `output/summary.txt`, call both helpers from `main.py`, and print the final deterministic summary.","hint":"The final step should leave both output files and a concise console handoff.","help":{"concept":"A finished data tool produces durable artifacts and reports enough information to verify the run.","hint_1":"Create output/ through pathlib before opening the report paths.","hint_2":"Run the complete supplied dataset and compare every output line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.reports import write_clean_registrations, write_summary\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\ntotal = total_seats(records)\ncounts = event_counts(records)\nwrite_clean_registrations(records)\nwrite_summary(total, counts)\n\nprint(f\"Cleaned {len(records)} registrations\")\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","starterFiles":{"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n return sum(record[\"seats\"] for record in records)\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n counts = {}\n for record in records:\n event = record[\"event\"]\n counts[event] = counts.get(event, 0) + 1\n return counts\n"},"tools_reports_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\n\n\ndef write_clean_registrations(records, path=\"output/clean_registrations.csv\"):\n pass\n\n\ndef write_summary(total, counts, path=\"output/summary.txt\"):\n pass\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.reports import write_clean_registrations, write_summary\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\ntotal = total_seats(records)\ncounts = event_counts(records)\nwrite_clean_registrations(records)\nwrite_summary(total, counts)\n\nprint(f\"Cleaned {len(records)} registrations\")\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n"},"data_registrations_csv":{"content":"name,event,seats,email\n ava smith ,Python Night,2, AVA@EXAMPLE.COM\nMia Chen,Data Clinic,not-a-number,mia@example.com\nZoe Ray,Python Night,1,zoe@example.com\nLeo West,Web Workshop,3, leo@example.com \n"},"tools_cleaning_py":{"content":"def clean_row(line):\n name, event, seats, email = line.strip().split(\",\")\n return {\"name\": name.strip().title(), \"event\": event.strip(), \"seats\": int(seats), \"email\": email.strip().lower()}\n"},"tools_summary_py":{"content":"def total_seats(records):\n return sum(record[\"seats\"] for record in records)\n\n\ndef event_counts(records):\n counts = {}\n for record in records:\n event = record[\"event\"]\n counts[event] = counts.get(event, 0) + 1\n return counts\n"},"tools_reports_py":{"content":"from pathlib import Path\n\n\ndef write_clean_registrations(records, path=\"output/clean_registrations.csv\"):\n output_path = Path(path)\n output_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n with output_path.open(\"w\") as file:\n file.write(\"name,event,seats,email\\n\")\n for record in records:\n file.write(f\"{record['name']},{record['event']},{record['seats']},{record['email']}\\n\")\n\n\ndef write_summary(total, counts, path=\"output/summary.txt\"):\n output_path = Path(path)\n output_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)\n with output_path.open(\"w\") as file:\n file.write(f\"Total seats: {total}\\n\")\n for event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n file.write(f\"{event}: {count}\\n\")\n"},"tools___init___py":{"content":""}},"solutionCode":"from tools.cleaning import clean_row\nfrom tools.reports import write_clean_registrations, write_summary\nfrom tools.summary import event_counts, total_seats\n\nrecords = []\nwith open(\"data/registrations.csv\") as file:\n next(file)\n for line in file:\n try:\n records.append(clean_row(line))\n except ValueError:\n continue\n\ntotal = total_seats(records)\ncounts = event_counts(records)\nwrite_clean_registrations(records)\nwrite_summary(total, counts)\n\nprint(f\"Cleaned {len(records)} registrations\")\nprint(f\"Total seats: {total}\")\nfor event, count in sorted(counts.items()):\n print(f\"{event}: {count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the named file and required operation."},"1":{"message":"Keep the function or import in the file named by the prompt."},"2":{"message":"Preserve the deterministic output contract."},"3":{"message":"Create the requested output artifact."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_community_event_registration_cleaner_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read the first data row from `data/registration.csv`. Split the four fields, title-case the name, convert seats to an integer, lowercase the email, and print `Ava Smith reserved 2 seat(s) for Python Night <ava@example.com>`."},"allowReveal":true}}}},"python-v2":{"python-v2-0":{"module-0-welcome-board-project":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Welcome Board","summary":"A club leader needs one welcome board that grows a little more polished with each step. Keep improving the same program until the full board is ready.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your first client: a club leader with an empty welcome board"},"project":{"title":"Welcome Board Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Set the event title"},"mp_2":{"title":"Add the time line"},"mp_3":{"title":"Add the helper count"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the welcome board"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-print-event-title":{"title":"Set the event title","prompt":"Start the real welcome board. Replace the preview line with one line that prints exactly `Code Club Open House`.","hint":"You only need one print line in this step.","help":{"concept":"The project now shifts from the preview into the real board. Keep it simple and get the heading correct first.","hint_1":"Remove the preview text and print the event title instead.","hint_2":"Match the capitalization and spacing exactly."},"starterCode":"print(\"Welcome to Python Club\")\n\n# Replace the preview line with the real event title.\n"},"mp-2-print-agenda-lines":{"title":"Add the time line","prompt":"Keep the title line from the previous step. Under it, add one new line that prints exactly `Doors open at 4 PM`.","hint":"Leave the title in place and add one more print line below it.","help":{"concept":"This step extends the same program instead of starting over. Keep the working line you already have, then add the next detail.","hint_1":"The output now has two lines.","hint_2":"The title should still print first."},"starterCode":"print(\"Code Club Open House\")\n\n# Keep the title line.\n# Add the time line under it.\n"},"mp-3-show-seat-count":{"title":"Add the helper count","prompt":"Keep the two board lines you already have. Add a third line that prints exactly `Helpers ready: 6`, and calculate the `6` with `2 * 3` instead of typing it directly.","hint":"Add one more print line and let Python evaluate `2 * 3`.","help":{"concept":"Now the board mixes text with a small expression. That keeps the program readable while still letting Python do the number work.","hint_1":"Keep the first two lines exactly as they are.","hint_2":"The new line should print the label first and the calculated value second."},"starterCode":"print(\"Code Club Open House\")\nprint(\"Doors open at 4 PM\")\n\n# Keep the lines above.\n# Add the helper count with the expression 2 * 3.\n"},"mp-4-build-full-welcome-board":{"title":"Finish the welcome board","prompt":"Keep the board you have built so far. Add one last line under it that prints exactly `Bring your questions!`.","hint":"Do not rewrite the earlier lines. Just add the final line at the bottom.","help":{"concept":"The last step is a small polish step, not a reset. Keep the working board and add the final message so the whole program feels finished.","hint_1":"The final output has four lines.","hint_2":"The new line belongs after the helper count."},"starterCode":"print(\"Code Club Open House\")\nprint(\"Doors open at 4 PM\")\nprint(\"Helpers ready:\", 2 * 3)\n\n# Keep the board above.\n# Add one last line that says Bring your questions!\n"},"try-module-0-welcome-board-project-sketch0":{"title":"Preview the welcome board","prompt":"Start the board with one friendly line: print exactly `Welcome to Python Club`.","hint":"Use one print statement.","help":{"concept":"This quick preview shows the kind of clean output the project will build.","hint_1":"You only need one line of text for this preview.","hint_2":"Match the words exactly."},"starterCode":"# Print the first welcome line\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_0_welcome_board_project_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Start the board with one friendly line: print exactly `Welcome to Python Club`."},"allowReveal":true}},"operators-and-expressions":{"label":"Operators and Expressions","summary":"Combine numbers and strings with arithmetic operators and parentheses.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What expressions do"},"sketch1":{"title":"More arithmetic expression patterns"},"sketch2":{"title":"Parentheses change the order"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-expression-definition":{"title":"Identify an expression","prompt":"Which description best matches a Python expression?","hint":"Think about code that Python can evaluate into a value.","help":{"concept":"An expression is a piece of Python code that Python evaluates to get a value, such as `2 + 3`, `\"Hi\"`, or `4 * 5`.","hint_1":"Ask which choice describes something Python can evaluate into a result.","hint_2":"A full program can contain many parts, but an expression is the part that becomes a value like a number or string."},"options":{"a":"Code that produces a value when Python evaluates it","b":"A comment that explains what the program does","c":"A blank line between two statements","d":"Only a line that uses print()"}},"sc-parentheses-effect":{"title":"See what parentheses change","prompt":"What is the output of `print((2 + 3) * 4)`?","hint":"Evaluate the part inside the parentheses first.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses in Python expressions force the grouped part to be evaluated before the surrounding operations.","hint_1":"First find the value of `2 + 3`, then use that result in the multiplication.","hint_2":"Without parentheses, multiplication would happen before addition, but this expression changes that order."},"options":{"a":"12","b":"14","c":"20","d":"24"}},"mc-comparison-results":{"title":"Choose the arithmetic expressions","prompt":"Which examples are arithmetic expressions? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Arithmetic expressions use numbers with operators such as +, -, *, or /.","help":{"concept":"Arithmetic expressions combine numbers and operators to produce a number result.","hint_1":"Look for examples that Python can calculate as number expressions.","hint_2":"Do not choose plain words or full sentences."},"options":{"a":"`3 + 4`","b":"`\"hello\"`","c":"`10 - 2 * 3`","d":"`print`"}},"mc-boolean-operators":{"title":"Choose expressions that use parentheses well","prompt":"Which expressions use parentheses to make the order clearer? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Parentheses can show which part should be calculated first.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses group part of an expression so Python evaluates that group first.","hint_1":"Look for expressions with `(` and `)` around a smaller calculation.","hint_2":"Good parentheses make the intended calculation easier to read."},"options":{"a":"`(2 + 3) * 4`","b":"`10 - (2 * 3)`","c":"`7 + 5`","d":"`(8 / 2) + 1`"}},"dr-arithmetic-order":{"title":"Order the evaluation steps","prompt":"Arrange the steps for evaluating `2 + 3 * 4` in the correct order.","hint":"Multiplication happens before addition here.","help":{"concept":"Python follows operator precedence, so multiplication is evaluated before addition unless parentheses change the grouping.","hint_1":"Do not add 2 and 3 first in this expression.","hint_2":"Find the product of `3 * 4`, then combine that result with 2."},"tokens":{"t1":"Evaluate `3 * 4`","t2":"Get `12`","t3":"Add `2 + 12`","t4":"Get `14`"}},"dr-boolean-evaluation":{"title":"Order a grouped arithmetic expression","prompt":"Arrange the steps for evaluating `(5 + 2) * 3` in the correct order.","hint":"Evaluate the expression inside the parentheses first.","help":{"concept":"Python evaluates parentheses before multiplying, adding, or subtracting outside the group.","hint_1":"Start with the expression inside the parentheses.","hint_2":"After the parentheses become one value, multiply that value by 3."},"tokens":{"t1":"Evaluate `5 + 2`","t2":"Get `7`","t3":"Multiply `7 * 3`","t4":"Get `21`"}},"fb-equality-operator":{"title":"Complete an addition expression","prompt":"Choose the operator that adds the two numbers.","hint":"Use the arithmetic symbol for addition.","help":{"concept":"The `+` operator adds numbers in Python.","hint_1":"Read the expression as a math sentence.","hint_2":"Choose the symbol that means add."},"template":"print(4 [blank1] 4)","choices":["+","-","*","/"]},"fb-boolean-or":{"title":"Complete a multiplication expression","prompt":"Choose the operator that multiplies the two numbers.","hint":"Use the Python arithmetic symbol for multiplication.","help":{"concept":"The `*` operator multiplies numbers in Python.","hint_1":"Think of the symbol Python uses instead of the multiplication sign ×.","hint_2":"Choose the operator that makes `3 times 4`."},"template":"print(3 [blank1] 4)","choices":["+","-","*","/"]},"ci-arithmetic-output":{"title":"Print an arithmetic result","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints the result of `7 + 5 * 2`.","hint":"Use `print()` with the expression inside it.","help":{"concept":"An arithmetic expression can be placed directly inside `print()`, and Python will evaluate it before showing the result.","hint_1":"You do not need to print the numbers separately; print the whole expression.","hint_2":"Multiplication happens before addition, so the output should come from evaluating the expression as written."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-parentheses-output":{"title":"Use parentheses in print","prompt":"Use Python to prints the result of `(7 + 5) * 2`.","hint":"Put the grouped expression inside `print()`.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses change the order of evaluation by making Python calculate the grouped part first.","hint_1":"Add 7 and 5 before multiplying by 2.","hint_2":"Your code should show one final number in the output panel, not the expression text."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-comparison-output":{"title":"Print a subtraction result","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints the result of `9 - 4`.","hint":"Put the arithmetic expression inside `print()`.","help":{"concept":"Python can calculate an arithmetic expression and display its value in the output panel.","hint_1":"You are not printing words yourself; let Python evaluate the arithmetic expression.","hint_2":"The output should be one number."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-boolean-and-output":{"title":"Print a grouped arithmetic result","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints the result of `(6 + 2) * 3`.","hint":"Use parentheses so Python adds before multiplying.","help":{"concept":"Parentheses let you group an arithmetic expression so that part is evaluated first.","hint_1":"First notice which arithmetic part should be evaluated inside parentheses.","hint_2":"The output should be one number."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-two-line-expression-check":{"title":"Compare two grouped expressions","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints two lines: first the result of `2 + 3 * 4`, then the result of `(2 + 3) * 4`.","hint":"Use two separate `print()` calls.","help":{"concept":"Two expressions that use the same numbers can produce different results when parentheses change the grouping.","hint_1":"The first line should use the expression without extra parentheses around `2 + 3`.","hint_2":"The second line should group `2 + 3` before multiplying, so the two outputs will be different."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below\n# Print the first result\n# Print the second result"}}},"print-comments-and-errors":{"label":"Print, Comments, and First Errors","summary":"Use print statements and comments while learning how syntax errors appear.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Printing text to the output panel"},"sketch1":{"title":"Comments are notes for people, not output"},"sketch2":{"title":"What a first syntax error looks like"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-print-purpose":{"title":"What print does","prompt":"What does `print(\"Hello\")` do in Python?","hint":"Think about what appears in the output panel after you click Run.","help":{"concept":"`print()` sends a value to the output panel so you can see program output.","hint_1":"This line is not a comment and not an error. It runs and shows text.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that describes displaying `Hello` in the output panel."},"options":{"a":"It displays Hello in the output panel.","b":"It turns Hello into a comment.","c":"It creates a syntax error every time.","d":"It hides Hello from the program."}},"sc-comment-line":{"title":"Recognizing a comment","prompt":"Which line is a Python comment?","hint":"A Python comment starts with a special symbol.","help":{"concept":"In Python, a comment begins with `#` and is ignored when the code runs.","hint_1":"Only one option starts with the comment marker used in Python.","hint_2":"Choose the line that begins with `#`, not a `print()` call."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Note\")","b":"# Note for the reader","c":"\"Note\"","d":"print(# Note)"}},"mc-valid-print-lines":{"title":"Valid print statements","prompt":"Choose all lines that are valid Python print statements.","hint":"A valid print statement here needs `print`, parentheses, and correctly closed quotes.","help":{"concept":"A basic Python `print()` call needs matching parentheses and matching quotes around text.","hint_1":"Check each option for two things: are the quotes closed, and is the closing `)` present?","hint_2":"Two options are complete and balanced; the others are missing a quote or a parenthesis."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Hi\")","b":"print(\"Bye\")"}},"mc-comments-behavior":{"title":"How comments behave","prompt":"Choose all correct statements about Python comments.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"options":{"a":"They start with `#`.","b":"They are shown in the output panel as normal output.","c":"Python ignores them when running the program.","d":"They must be inside `print()`."}},"dr-run-simple-program":{"title":"Order the program lines","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a simple program that shows a title and then a greeting.","hint":"The comment can go first, and the title should print before the greeting.","help":{"concept":"Python runs top to bottom, so the order of lines controls the order of output.","hint_1":"Place the comment before the code it describes.","hint_2":"The line printing `Title` should come before the line printing `Hello`."},"tokens":{"t1":"# Program start","t2":"print(\"Title\")","t3":"print(\"Hello\")"}},"dr-build-valid-print":{"title":"Build a correct print call","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to form a valid Python line that prints Hi.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"print","t2":"(","t3":"\"Hi\"","t4":")"}},"fb-comment-symbol":{"title":"Fill the comment marker","prompt":"Complete the line so it becomes a Python comment.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"[blank1] this line explains the program","choices":["#","print","\"",")"]},"fb-complete-print-text":{"title":"Complete the printed text","prompt":"Choose the value that correctly completes this print statement.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"print([blank1])","choices":["Hello","\"Hello\"","# Hello","(Hello)"]},"ci-print-one-line":{"title":"Print a welcome message","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints exactly `Welcome to Python` on one line.","hint":"Use one `print()` call with the text inside quotes.","help":{"concept":"To display text, use `print()` with a string literal in quotes.","hint_1":"The output should be one line only, with the exact capitalization shown.","hint_2":"Put the message inside quotes and pass it to `print()`."},"starterCode":"# Write Python code below"},"ci-two-lines":{"title":"Print two lines","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints `Name: Alex` on the first line and `City: Lima` on the second line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print two lines\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print two lines\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"# Print the two required lines"},"ci-comment-and-output":{"title":"Use a comment and print","prompt":"Write Python code with a comment on the first line and a `print()` statement on the second line that prints exactly `Ready`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The task is complete when the program consistently produces the requested result.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"# Add your comment here\n# Then write the print line below"},"ci-fix-missing-paren":{"title":"Fix the syntax error","prompt":"The starter code has a syntax error. Fix it so the program prints exactly `Hello`.","hint":"Check whether the `print()` call is fully closed.","help":{"concept":"A missing parenthesis in a built-in tool call causes a syntax error because Python cannot finish reading the statement.","hint_1":"The text is already correct; the structure around it is incomplete.","hint_2":"Make sure the `print(` line ends with the closing symbol that matches the opening `(`."},"starterCode":"print(\"Hello\""},"ci-personal-intro":{"title":"Build a tiny introduction","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints these three lines exactly:\n`About me`\n`Name: Sam`\n`Favorite color: Green`","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"# Write your introduction program below"}}},"reading-error-messages":{"label":"Reading Error Messages","summary":"Learn how to read Python tracebacks, spot the important line, and use the message to decide what to fix.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What an error message is telling you"},"sketch1":{"title":"Different errors mean different kinds of problems"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use the line number to narrow your search"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-bottom-of-traceback":{"title":"Best place to start reading","prompt":"When a beginner reads a Python traceback, which part usually gives the clearest clue about the problem?","hint":"Look for the part that names the error type and describes it.","help":{"concept":"In Python tracebacks, the most useful summary is usually near the bottom, where Python names the error and gives a short message.","hint_1":"The line number matters, but the error type and message often explain what kind of fix you need.","hint_2":"Choose the option that points to the final lines of the traceback rather than the top or a random middle line."},"options":{"a":"The bottom of the traceback, where the error type and message appear","b":"Only the first line of the traceback","c":"Any line with spaces in it","d":"The longest line in the traceback"}},"sc-nameerror-meaning":{"title":"Meaning of NameError","prompt":"What does a NameError usually mean in beginner Python code?","hint":"Think about what happens when Python sees a variable name it does not know.","help":{"concept":"A NameError happens when Python tries to use a name, such as a variable, that has not been defined.","hint_1":"This is different from missing punctuation like a quote or parenthesis.","hint_2":"Pick the option about an unknown name, not an invalid code shape."},"options":{"a":"Python found a name that has not been defined","b":"Python found too many comments","c":"Python printed the wrong output on purpose","d":"Python requires every line to start with print"}},"mc-traceback-clues":{"title":"Useful traceback clues","prompt":"Which parts of an error message are especially useful when you are trying to fix beginner Python code? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about what tells you where the problem is and what kind of problem it is.","help":{"concept":"The most useful traceback clues are usually the line number and the error type/message, because they tell you where Python stopped and why.","hint_1":"Look for one clue about location and another clue about the kind of mistake.","hint_2":"Choose the options about the reported line and the named error, not visual details like line length."},"options":{"a":"The line number where Python points","b":"The error type and message near the bottom","c":"How many letters are in the code line","d":"Whether the code editor background is light or dark"}},"mc-syntaxerror-signs":{"title":"Signs of a syntax problem","prompt":"Which situations can cause a SyntaxError in beginner Python code? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about code that is written in an incomplete or invalid form.","help":{"concept":"A SyntaxError happens when Python cannot parse the code because the structure is invalid, such as missing punctuation or quotes.","hint_1":"Missing closing symbols are common syntax problems.","hint_2":"Choose the options with broken code structure, not the one about an unknown variable name."},"options":{"a":"A missing closing parenthesis in a print statement","b":"A missing quote in a string","c":"Using a variable name that was never defined","d":"Leaving a print statement unfinished"}},"dr-read-traceback-order":{"title":"Order for reading a traceback","prompt":"Put these debugging steps in a sensible order for reading a beginner Python traceback.","hint":"Start by locating the problem, then identify the error type, then inspect the code.","help":{"concept":"A useful beginner process is to find the reported line, identify the error type/message, inspect that line, and then make a fix.","hint_1":"The line number comes before editing the code.","hint_2":"The final step should be changing the code after you understand the clue."},"tokens":{"t1":"Read the line number Python points to","t2":"Read the error type and message near the bottom","t3":"Inspect the code on that line for missing quotes, parentheses, or unknown names","t4":"Fix the code and run again"}},"dr-what-happens-before-stop":{"title":"Program flow with an error","prompt":"Arrange these events in the order they happen when Python reaches an error during execution.","hint":"Think about what runs first and what happens immediately after the problem line.","help":{"concept":"Python runs code from top to bottom until it reaches an error, then it stops and shows a traceback instead of continuing.","hint_1":"Earlier valid lines run before the broken line causes a stop.","hint_2":"The traceback appears after Python hits the problem, and later lines do not run."},"tokens":{"t1":"Python runs earlier valid lines","t2":"Python reaches the broken line","t3":"Python stops execution","t4":"Python shows the error message"}},"fb-nameerror-fill":{"title":"Complete the error type","prompt":"Choose the error type that fits this situation: `print(word)` is used, but `word` was never defined.","hint":"This is about an unknown name, not broken punctuation.","help":{"concept":"When Python evaluates a name that has not been defined, the error category identifies an unknown name.","hint_1":"The code shape is valid, so this is not mainly a syntax problem.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that mentions a missing or unknown name."},"template":"The likely error is [blank1].","choices":["NameError","SyntaxError","CommentError","PrintError"]},"fb-line-number-focus":{"title":"What to inspect first","prompt":"Choose the best word to complete the debugging advice.","hint":"A traceback helps you narrow your search to one place first.","help":{"concept":"The reported line number tells you where to begin checking the code.","hint_1":"Begin with the reported line, then inspect nearby punctuation and names if the cause is not obvious.","hint_2":"Choose the word that names the numbered location Python points to."},"template":"When a traceback shows a line number, inspect that [blank1] first.","choices":["line","comment","space","color"]},"ci-fix-missing-paren":{"title":"Fix a missing parenthesis","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints `Hello` exactly. The starter code has a syntax problem. Fix it, then click Run and check the output panel.","hint":"This print statement is almost correct; check its closing punctuation.","help":{"concept":"A missing closing parenthesis makes a print statement invalid and causes a syntax error.","hint_1":"The string itself is fine. Look just outside the quotes.","hint_2":"A valid print call needs matching parentheses around its argument."},"starterCode":"print(\"Hello\""},"ci-fix-missing-quote":{"title":"Fix a missing quote","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints `Python is fun` exactly. The starter code has a string that is not closed correctly. Fix it and run the code.","hint":"Check whether the string starts and ends with matching quotes.","help":{"concept":"Strings need matching opening and closing quotes. If one is missing, Python cannot read the line correctly.","hint_1":"The problem is inside the print statement, around the text.","hint_2":"Make sure the text is fully wrapped in one pair of quotes before the closing parenthesis."},"starterCode":"print(\"Python is fun)"},"ci-fix-nameerror-string":{"title":"Turn a missing name into a string","prompt":"The starter code tries to print a word as if it were a variable. Fix the code so it prints `banana` exactly.","hint":"If you want to print text directly, it needs quotes.","help":{"concept":"Without quotes, Python treats a word like a variable name. With quotes, Python treats it as a string value.","hint_1":"The word should be printed as text, not looked up as a variable.","hint_2":"Keep the print call, but change the argument so Python reads it as a string."},"starterCode":"print(banana)"},"ci-fix-second-line-error":{"title":"Fix the broken second line","prompt":"This program should print two lines: `Start` and `Done`. The first line is already correct. Fix the second line so the whole program runs.","hint":"The first line works. Compare the punctuation on the second print line.","help":{"concept":"When one later line has a syntax problem, earlier valid lines may be fine, but the whole program still stops at the broken line.","hint_1":"The second line is missing part of a normal print statement shape.","hint_2":"Make the second line match the same print pattern as the first line."},"starterCode":"print(\"Start\")\nprint(\"Done\""},"ci-fix-three-line-program":{"title":"Repair a short program","prompt":"Fix the code so it prints three lines exactly: `One`, `Two`, and `Three`. There is one broken line in the starter code.","hint":"Two lines are already valid. Find the line with mismatched string punctuation.","help":{"concept":"A single syntax mistake in one line can stop a whole program, so you should inspect the reported line carefully for missing quotes or parentheses.","hint_1":"The middle line is the one to inspect most closely.","hint_2":"Make the second print statement use a complete quoted string and valid closing punctuation."},"starterCode":"print(\"One\")\nprint(\"Two)\nprint(\"Three\")"}}},"running-python-code":{"label":"Running Python Code","summary":"Use the ZoeSkoul browser code editor, Run button, and output panel to execute Python code.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"How code runs in ZoeSkoul"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using print with text"},"sketch2":{"title":"Comments and simple syntax mistakes"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_runner_parts":{"title":"Main parts of the runner","prompt":"Which answer correctly describes how you run Python code in this lesson?","hint":"Think about the editor, the Run button, and where printed text appears.","help":{"concept":"This question checks whether you know the basic browser workflow: write code in the code editor, click Run, and read results in the output panel.","hint_1":"Look for the option that mentions typing code first, then running it, then reading printed output.","hint_2":"The correct answer includes all three parts: code editor, Run button, and output panel."},"options":{"a":"Type code in the code editor, click Run, and read the result in the output panel.","b":"Write code in a document and wait for it to run automatically.","c":"Type code into the output panel and click Run there.","d":"Click Run before writing code so Python can create the program for you."}},"sc_print_purpose":{"title":"What print does","prompt":"What does `print(\"Hello\")` do when you click Run?","hint":"Focus on what appears after Python executes the line.","help":{"concept":"This question checks the role of `print(...)`: it displays a value in the output panel.","hint_1":"The line does not create a comment or ask for input; it sends text outward.","hint_2":"Think about the exact word inside the quotes and where that word is shown after running."},"options":{"a":"It shows the text Hello in the output panel.","b":"It turns Hello into a comment.","c":"It removes the word Hello from the program.","d":"It asks the learner to type Hello."}},"mc_valid_print_lines":{"title":"Valid print statements","prompt":"Choose all lines that are valid Python print statements.","hint":"Check for the print name, parentheses, and properly closed quotes.","help":{"concept":"A valid beginner `print(...)` statement needs correct spelling, matching parentheses, and complete string quotes when printing text.","hint_1":"Any option with a missing quote or missing parenthesis is not valid syntax.","hint_2":"Look for lines where `print` is followed by parentheses and the text string starts and ends with quotes."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Hi\")","b":"print(5)","c":"print \"Hi\""}},"mc_comments_behavior":{"title":"What comments do","prompt":"Choose all correct statements about comments in beginner Python code.","hint":"Think about lines that start with `#`.","help":{"concept":"Comments are notes for humans. Python ignores them during execution, so they do not produce output by themselves.","hint_1":"A comment can explain code, but it is not executed like a `print(...)` statement.","hint_2":"Select the statements that match `#` lines being ignored by Python and useful for explanation."},"options":{"a":"A comment starts with `#`.","b":"Python ignores a comment when the code runs.","c":"A comment always appears in the output panel.","d":"A comment is required on every line of code."}},"dr_run_steps":{"title":"Order the run process","prompt":"Put these actions in the correct order for checking a Python program in ZoeSkoul.","hint":"Start with writing code and end with reading the result.","help":{"concept":"This question checks the normal workflow for using the browser runner: write code, run it, then inspect the output.","hint_1":"You cannot inspect output before the program has been run.","hint_2":"The correct sequence begins in the code editor, then uses Run, then finishes in the output panel."},"tokens":{"t1":"Type Python code in the code editor","t2":"Click Run","t3":"Read the output panel"}},"dr_program_flow":{"title":"Top-to-bottom execution","prompt":"Arrange the printed lines in the order Python produces them for this code: `print(\"One\")` then `print(\"Two\")`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"One","t2":"Two"}},"fb_comment_symbol":{"title":"Comment marker","prompt":"Complete the Python comment line with the correct symbol.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"[blank1] this line is a comment","choices":["#","print","\"","="]},"fb_print_output_word":{"title":"Predict simple output","prompt":"Fill in the missing output for this code.","hint":"Look at the exact text inside the quotes.","help":{"concept":"When `print(...)` contains a string, Python displays that exact string in the output panel.","hint_1":"The output matches the word between the quotation marks.","hint_2":"Do not add extra punctuation or code words; use the printed text itself."},"template":"Code: `print(\"Start\")` → Output: [blank1]","choices":["Start","print","\"Start\"","Run"]},"ci_print_greeting":{"title":"Print a greeting","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints exactly `Hello, ZoeSkoul!` on one line.","hint":"Use one `print(...)` statement with the exact text.","help":{"concept":"This exercise practices the simplest run cycle: write one valid `print(...)` statement and check the exact output.","hint_1":"Put the message inside quotes so Python treats it as text.","hint_2":"Your program should produce one line of output with the greeting and punctuation exactly as shown."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci_two_lines":{"title":"Print two lines in order","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints `First` on one line and `Second` on the next line.","hint":"Use two separate `print(...)` statements.","help":{"concept":"This exercise checks top-to-bottom execution: each `print(...)` runs in order and creates its own output line.","hint_1":"The first line of code should produce the first line of output.","hint_2":"Write one print for `First` and another print below it for `Second`."},"starterCode":"# Print two lines below"},"ci_comment_and_output":{"title":"Use a comment and print","prompt":"Write Python code with a comment on the first line and a `print(...)` statement on the second line that prints `Ready`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The exercise evaluates what the finished program does with the supplied values.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"# Add a comment here\n# Then write a print statement below"},"ci_fix_quotes":{"title":"Print quoted text correctly","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints exactly `Learning Python`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print quoted text correctly\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print quoted text correctly\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"print("},"ci_print_expression":{"title":"Print an expression result","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints the result of `3 + 4`.","hint":"You can place a math expression directly inside `print(...)`.","help":{"concept":"Python can evaluate a simple expression first and then print the resulting value.","hint_1":"Do not put the expression in quotes if you want Python to calculate it.","hint_2":"Use `print(...)` around the addition so the output panel shows the computed number."},"starterCode":"# Print the result of an addition"}}},"values-types-and-literals":{"label":"Values, Types, and Literals","summary":"Recognize strings, integers, and floats as beginner value types.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a value is"},"sketch1":{"title":"Literals are values you type directly"},"sketch2":{"title":"Expressions produce values"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-string-literal":{"title":"Pick the string literal","prompt":"Which option is a Python string literal?","hint":"Look for the value written with quotes.","help":{"concept":"A string literal is text written directly in code and surrounded by quotes.","hint_1":"Numbers like `7` and `3.5` are not strings unless they are inside quotes.","hint_2":"Find the option that Python would treat as text because quote marks are part of the code."},"options":{"a":"7","b":"\"cat\"","c":"3.5","d":"cat"}},"sc-float-value":{"title":"Identify the float","prompt":"Which value is a float literal in Python?","hint":"A float usually has a decimal point.","help":{"concept":"A float is a number with a decimal point, such as `2.5` or `0.0`.","hint_1":"Do not choose a quoted value, because quotes make it a string.","hint_2":"Find the numeric option written with a decimal point and no quotes."},"options":{"a":"\"3.0\"","b":"3","c":"3.5","d":"\"cat\""}},"mc-boolean-values":{"title":"Choose number literals","prompt":"Which options are number literals in Python? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Numbers are written without quotes.","help":{"concept":"Integer and float literals are values written directly in code, such as `7` and `2.5`.","hint_1":"Quoted text is a string, not a number.","hint_2":"Choose the values Python can treat as numbers right away."},"options":{"a":"7","b":"\"7\"","c":"2.5","d":"\"two\""}},"mc-valid-literals":{"title":"Choose valid beginner literals","prompt":"Which options are valid Python literals from this topic? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"This topic focuses on strings, integers, and floats.","help":{"concept":"Strings, integers, and floats can all be written directly as literals.","hint_1":"Choose quoted text, whole numbers, and decimal numbers.","hint_2":"Do not choose an unfinished or unquoted word."},"options":{"a":"\"hello\"","b":"42","c":"4.2","d":"hello"}},"dr-type-order":{"title":"Order beginner value examples","prompt":"Arrange these examples from string to integer to float to arithmetic expression to printed output idea.","hint":"Start with quoted text, then whole number, then decimal number.","help":{"concept":"Beginner Python values include strings, integers, and floats. Expressions can produce those values.","hint_1":"A string uses quotes.","hint_2":"A float has a decimal point."},"tokens":{"t1":"\"cat\"","t2":"42","t3":"3.14","t4":"2 + 3","t5":"print the result"}},"dr-expression-steps":{"title":"Order the reading steps","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for understanding `print(2 + 3)`.","hint":"First notice the outer command, then the expression inside it, then the result.","help":{"concept":"To read a simple print statement, identify the print call, evaluate the expression inside, and then determine what appears in the output panel.","hint_1":"The arithmetic happens inside the parentheses before the final output appears.","hint_2":"Begin with recognizing `print`, then compute the inside value, and end with the displayed result."},"tokens":{"t1":"Notice that `print(...)` will display a value","t2":"Evaluate `2 + 3`","t3":"Get the value `5`","t4":"Show `5` in the output panel"}},"fb-none-literal":{"title":"Complete a string literal","prompt":"Choose the text that completes the string literal.","hint":"A string literal uses quotes around text.","help":{"concept":"A string is text inside quotes.","hint_1":"Choose the word that belongs inside the quotes.","hint_2":"The completed code should print one word."},"template":"print(\"[blank1]\")","choices":["hello","42","2.5","print"]},"fb-quoted-text":{"title":"Complete the string","prompt":"Fill in the blank so the code prints a string literal.","hint":"A string literal needs quotes around the text.","help":{"concept":"Strings are text values written inside quotes, while unquoted words are not string literals.","hint_1":"Choose the option where the letters are surrounded by quote marks.","hint_2":"The correct choice is text written directly in code, not a number and not an unquoted word."},"template":"print([blank1])","choices":["hello","\"hello\"","5","3.5"]},"ci-print-literals":{"title":"Print five literal values","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints these three values on separate lines in this order: the string `\"Zoe\"`, the integer `7`, and the float `2.5`.","hint":"Use one `print()` line for each value.","help":{"concept":"This exercise checks whether you can print strings, integers, and floats.","hint_1":"The string needs quotes. The integer and float do not need quotes.","hint_2":"Print each value on its own line."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the five values in order"},"ci-print-expression":{"title":"Print expression results","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints the result of `2 + 3` on the first line and the result of `1.5 + 2.5` on the second line.","hint":"Put each expression inside its own `print(...)` call.","help":{"concept":"An expression produces a value, and `print(...)` shows that value in the output panel.","hint_1":"The first expression uses integers, and the second uses decimal numbers.","hint_2":"You need two print lines, each containing one addition expression."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the two expression results"},"ci-read-and-print":{"title":"Read text and print it","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input and prints it exactly as it was entered.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# TODO: read one line and print it"},"ci-read-number-text":{"title":"Read a number-looking input","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input and prints `You typed:` followed by the exact input on the same line. Treat the input as text.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# TODO: read input and print it after the label"},"ci-three-lines":{"title":"Print mixed values","prompt":"Build a small Python program that prints three lines: the string `\"start\"`, then the result of `4 + 1`, then the string `\"done\"`.","hint":"Use three `print()` lines.","help":{"concept":"A program can print different kinds of values one after another, including strings and expression results.","hint_1":"Use one `print()` statement per line of output.","hint_2":"Print the text first, then the computed number, then the final text."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the required three lines"}}},"what-python-is":{"label":"What Python Is Used For","summary":"Understand Python's role in automation, web apps, data, beginner programming, and AI.","cards":{"course-introduction":{"title":"Course introduction"},"sketch0":{"title":"Python solves many kinds of problems"},"sketch1":{"title":"A worked example: automation"},"sketch2":{"title":"Python in web apps, data, and AI"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-python-use-general":{"title":"Python is used for many tasks","prompt":"Which statement best describes Python?","hint":"Look for the choice that includes several different kinds of work, not just one.","help":{"concept":"Python is a general-purpose language, so it is used in multiple areas such as automation, web apps, data work, beginner learning, and AI.","hint_1":"A language used only for one narrow job would not match Python's common real-world use.","hint_2":"Choose the option that says Python can be used across different kinds of projects."},"options":{"a":"Python is only for making video games.","b":"Python is a general-purpose language used in many areas.","c":"Python can only print text and nothing else.","d":"Python is only for designing images."}},"sc-automation-example":{"title":"Recognize automation","prompt":"Which task is the best example of using Python for automation?","hint":"Think about repeated steps that code can do for you.","help":{"concept":"Automation means using Python to handle repeated or routine actions instead of doing each step manually.","hint_1":"Look for the option where the same kind of action happens again and again.","hint_2":"The best answer involves Python helping with a repetitive task rather than a physical activity."},"options":{"a":"Using Python to rename many items in a repeated pattern","b":"Using Python to kick a soccer ball","c":"Using Python to paint a wall by hand","d":"Using Python to eat lunch"}},"mc-common-uses":{"title":"Common uses of Python","prompt":"Choose all common uses of Python.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"options":{"a":"Automation","b":"Web apps","c":"Data analysis","d":"Washing dishes by hand"}},"mc-beginner-friendly-reasons":{"title":"Why beginners start with Python","prompt":"Choose all reasons Python is often beginner-friendly.","hint":"Think about readability and quick feedback from simple code.","help":{"concept":"Python is often beginner-friendly because its syntax is readable and small programs can show results quickly.","hint_1":"Look for choices about understanding code and seeing output, not about needing complex setup.","hint_2":"Two options describe beginner advantages: easier reading and quick visible results."},"options":{"a":"Its code is often easier to read than many languages.","b":"Simple programs can show output quickly.","c":"It requires many files for even tiny programs.","d":"Beginners must install many packages before printing text."}},"dr-usecase-order":{"title":"From idea to output","prompt":"Put these steps in a sensible order for exploring a Python use case in the browser runner.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"Check the output panel","t2":"Type Python code in the code editor","t3":"Click Run","t4":"Compare the output with your expectation"}},"dr-automation-sequence":{"title":"Understand an automation example","prompt":"Arrange these ideas from a repeated task to Python output.","hint":"Start with the repeated job, then the code, then the printed result.","help":{"concept":"Automation starts with a repeated task, then Python instructions describe it, and finally the program produces output.","hint_1":"A real-world repeated need comes before writing code about it.","hint_2":"The printed messages happen after the Python instructions are run."},"tokens":{"t1":"See repeated messages in the output panel","t2":"Notice a repeated task","t3":"Write Python print statements for the task","t4":"Click Run"}},"fb-python-general-purpose":{"title":"Complete the idea","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the sentence about Python.","hint":"Python is not limited to one narrow job.","help":{"concept":"A general-purpose language can be used across many kinds of projects instead of serving only one narrow task.","hint_1":"The missing phrase describes a language with many uses.","hint_2":"Choose the option that means 'useful across many tasks.'"},"template":"Python is a [blank1] language.","choices":["general-purpose","physical","paper-only","single-use"]},"fb-data-use":{"title":"Python and data","prompt":"Fill in the blank with a common Python use.","hint":"Think about organizing and studying information.","help":{"concept":"Python is widely used for data work such as organizing, analyzing, and exploring information.","hint_1":"The missing word names work done with information and results.","hint_2":"Choose the option connected to analyzing information, not a physical task."},"template":"Python is often used for [blank1] analysis.","choices":["data","shoe","wall","plate"]},"ci-print-usecase-automation":{"title":"Print an automation message","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints exactly: Python helps automate repeated tasks.","hint":"Use one print statement with the full sentence inside quotes.","help":{"concept":"The `print()` statement sends text to the output panel exactly as written, including spaces and punctuation.","hint_1":"You need one line of code that prints the whole sentence.","hint_2":"Put the message inside parentheses and quotation marks so Python treats it as text."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the required sentence"},"ci-two-usecases":{"title":"Print two Python use cases","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints these two lines exactly in this order:\nAutomation\nData analysis","hint":"Use two print statements, one for each line.","help":{"concept":"Each `print()` call creates its own line in the output panel unless you change that behavior.","hint_1":"The output needs two separate lines in a specific order.","hint_2":"Write one `print()` for the first word and another `print()` for the second phrase."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the two required lines"},"ci-web-data-ai":{"title":"Print three areas","prompt":"Complete the program so it prints exactly these three lines:\nWeb apps\nData\nAI","hint":"Use one print statement per line of output.","help":{"concept":"Multiple `print()` statements are a simple way to show several related outputs in order.","hint_1":"There should be three output lines, not one long line.","hint_2":"Match the capitalization and order shown in the prompt."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the three lines exactly"},"ci-personal-usecase-label":{"title":"Label a Python use","prompt":"Use Python to prints exactly: One Python use: web apps","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the required labeled sentence"},"ci-beginner-message":{"title":"Print a beginner-friendly message","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints exactly these two lines:\nPython is beginner-friendly.\nIt is used in many fields.","hint":"Use two print statements and match the punctuation exactly.","help":{"concept":"Exact output exercises check whether your printed text matches the required lines character by character.","hint_1":"There are two sentences, each ending with a period.","hint_2":"Print the first sentence on one line and the second sentence on the next line."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print both required lines"}}}},"python-v2-1":{"common-variable-mistakes":{"label":"Common Variable Mistakes","summary":"Avoid undefined names, accidental strings, and confusing names.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Using a variable before it exists"},"sketch1":{"title":"Strings by accident"},"sketch2":{"title":"Clear names and exact spelling"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-undefined-name":{"title":"Find the undefined name mistake","prompt":"Which code causes an error because a variable is used before it is assigned?","hint":"Look for code that prints or reads a name before that name gets a value.","help":{"concept":"A variable must be assigned before Python can read it. Using a name too early causes a name error.","hint_1":"Check the order of the lines. Which option tries to use the variable first?","hint_2":"Find the option where `print(...)` comes before the assignment for the same variable."},"options":{"a":"score = 5\nprint(score)","b":"print(score)\nscore = 5","c":"score = 5\nscore = 6\nprint(score)"}},"sc-quotes-vs-variable":{"title":"Quotes change the meaning","prompt":"If `name = \"Ava\"`, what does `print(\"name\")` show?","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"Ava","b":"name","c":"an error","d":"nothing"}},"mc-valid-variable-uses":{"title":"Choose all valid variable uses","prompt":"Which code snippets use variables correctly? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for names that are assigned before they are printed, and watch out for exact spelling.","help":{"concept":"Correct variable use means the name exists before use and the same exact name is used each time.","hint_1":"A snippet is valid if the assignment happens first and the printed name matches exactly.","hint_2":"Reject snippets with a missing underscore, changed spelling, or a print before assignment."},"options":{"a":"city = \"Rome\"\nprint(city)","b":"print(city)\ncity = \"Rome\"","c":"user_name = \"Kai\"\nprint(user_name)","d":"user_name = \"Kai\"\nprint(username)"}},"mc-confusing-name-mistakes":{"title":"Spot the likely mistakes","prompt":"Which examples show common variable mistakes? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for quotes around a variable name or a slightly different variable spelling.","help":{"concept":"Common beginner mistakes include printing a string literal instead of a variable and using a different variable name than the one assigned.","hint_1":"One mistake prints the letters of the variable name. Another uses a different name than the one created.","hint_2":"Check whether the code uses quotes by accident and whether underscores or letter order changed."},"options":{"a":"name = \"Lia\"\nprint(\"name\")","b":"age = 12\nprint(age)","c":"first_name = \"Noah\"\nprint(firstname)","d":"color = \"blue\"\nprint(color)"}},"dr-order-assignment-then-use":{"title":"Put the steps in the right order","prompt":"Arrange the steps to correctly create a variable and show its value.","hint":"The variable must exist before Python can print its value.","help":{"concept":"A correct sequence first chooses a name, then assigns a value, then uses the variable.","hint_1":"Assignment comes before printing.","hint_2":"Start with creating the variable, then store the value, then display it."},"tokens":{"t1":"Choose the variable name `score`","t2":"Assign `10` to `score`","t3":"Print `score`"}},"dr-fix-quoted-name-thinking":{"title":"From text to variable value","prompt":"Arrange these ideas to explain why `print(\"name\")` and `print(name)` are different.","hint":"Think about what quotes mean in Python.","help":{"concept":"Quotes create a string literal, while an unquoted variable name asks Python to look up a stored value.","hint_1":"First identify the quotes, then decide whether Python sees text or a variable.","hint_2":"The quoted version is treated as literal text before any variable lookup happens."},"tokens":{"t1":"Quotes make `\"name\"` a string literal","t2":"Python treats it as text, not a variable lookup","t3":"`print(\"name\")` shows the letters name"}},"fb-variable-name":{"title":"Complete the assignment","prompt":"Choose the correct variable name to complete the code.","hint":"Only one choice makes a normal variable assignment statement.","help":{"concept":"In an assignment statement, the variable name goes on the left side of `=` and the value goes on the right side.","hint_1":"The missing part should be a variable name, not a keyword or a number.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that could store the value `10` for later use."},"template":"[blank1] = 10","choices":["age","print","\"age\"","10"]},"fb-print-variable-value":{"title":"Print the stored value","prompt":"Choose the correct code to print the value stored in `name`.","hint":"To print a stored value, place the variable name inside print() without quotation marks.","help":{"concept":"An unquoted variable name refers to its stored value. Quoted characters create a new string literal instead.","hint_1":"The blank is inside `print(...)`, so choose what Python should read as a variable.","hint_2":"Reject any version that puts quotation marks around the variable name."},"template":"print([blank1])","choices":["name","\"name\"","print","="]},"ci-fix-undefined-name":{"title":"Fix a variable used too early","prompt":"Complete the program so it stores the number `7` in a variable named `count` and then prints `count`.","hint":"Read the task \"Fix a variable used too early\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Fix a variable used too early\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"# Store 7 in count\n# Then print count"},"ci-print-variable-not-text":{"title":"Print the variable value, not the word","prompt":"Create a focused solution that stores `\"Mila\"` in a variable named `name` and prints the value in the variable.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the variable value, not the word\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the variable value, not the word\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"# Create a variable called name\n# Store the text Mila in it\n# Print the variable value"},"ci-match-variable-spelling":{"title":"Use the exact same variable name","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores `\"green\"` in a variable named `favorite_color` and prints it. Use the exact same variable name both times.","hint":"Read the task \"Use the exact same variable name\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Use the exact same variable name\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Store the text green in favorite_color\n# Print the same variable"},"ci-read-and-store-input":{"title":"Store input before printing","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of input into a variable named `city` and then prints `city`.","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"# Read one line into city\n# Then print city"},"ci-fix-accidental-string-number":{"title":"Store a number as a number","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores the number `12` in a variable named `age` and prints `age`.","hint":"This task asks for a number value, not text in quotes.","help":{"concept":"Numbers and strings are different kinds of values. A plain number is written without quotes.","hint_1":"Assign `12` directly to `age`.","hint_2":"Use quotes only for text, then print the variable after the assignment."},"starterCode":"# Store the number 12 in age\n# Print age"}}},"f-strings-and-formatting":{"label":"F-Strings and Formatting","summary":"Create readable output with f-strings and formatted values.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What an f-string does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Why formatting helps readability"},"sketch2":{"title":"Formatting numbers inside f-strings"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_fstring_prefix":{"title":"Choose the correct f-string start","prompt":"Which line starts an f-string correctly in Python?","hint":"Look for the string that places `f` directly before the opening quote.","help":{"concept":"An f-string must begin with the letter `f` immediately before the quote so Python knows to replace values inside `{}`.","hint_1":"Only one option uses the `f` prefix in the right place before the string.","hint_2":"Check whether the line would let `{name}` be interpreted as a variable value instead of plain text."},"options":{"a":"print(\"Hello {name}\")","b":"print(f\"Hello {name}\")","c":"print(f Hello {name})"}},"sc_decimal_places":{"title":"Identify two decimal places","prompt":"Which f-string expression formats `price` to show exactly 2 decimal places?","hint":"Look for the format part that uses `.2f` inside the braces.","help":{"concept":"Inside an f-string, `:.2f` formats a number as a fixed-point value with two digits after the decimal point.","hint_1":"The formatting instruction belongs inside `{}` after the variable name and a colon.","hint_2":"Find the option where `price` is followed by `:.2f`, not outside the braces and not with the wrong punctuation."},"options":{"a":"f\"{price.2f}\"","b":"A command"}},"mc_fstring_benefits":{"title":"Pick true statements about f-strings","prompt":"Which statements about f-strings are correct? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about how f-strings insert variable values and improve readable output.","help":{"concept":"F-strings are used to build readable strings by embedding expressions or variable values directly inside text with `{}`.","hint_1":"Look for statements that describe inserting values into text and making output easier to read.","hint_2":"Reject any statement that says braces are unnecessary or that the `f` prefix is optional."},"options":{"a":"They can place variable values directly inside a string.","b":"They use curly braces around values or expressions.","c":"They work only with text values, not numbers.","d":"They can make output easier to read."}},"mc_output_formatting_examples":{"title":"Find valid formatting examples","prompt":"Which lines are valid ways to produce readable formatted output in this topic? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for lines that correctly use either an f-string or normal string joining with values already converted to strings.","help":{"concept":"Readable output can be built with f-strings or with string concatenation when the pieces are valid strings.","hint_1":"An f-string needs the `f` prefix, and concatenation with `+` needs string pieces on both sides.","hint_2":"Check whether each line would work with a string variable like `name` and whether the syntax is complete."},"options":{"a":"print(f\"Name: {name}\")","b":"print(\"Name: \" + name)","c":"print(\"Name: {name}\")","d":"print(f\"Name: \" + {name})"}},"dr_build_simple_fstring":{"title":"Order the parts of a simple f-string","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make a valid line that prints a label and a variable value.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(","t2":"f\"Name: {name}\"","t3":")"}},"dr_profile_output_order":{"title":"Order steps for formatted output","prompt":"Put these steps in the best order for showing a formatted profile line with an f-string.","hint":"You need values first, then the formatted print line.","help":{"concept":"To print formatted output, variables must be assigned before they are used inside an f-string.","hint_1":"A variable cannot be inserted into an f-string before it has a value.","hint_2":"Both assignments come before the print statement, and the print statement comes last."},"tokens":{"t1":"name = \"Lina\"","t2":"age = 12","t3":"print(f\"{name} is {age} years old\")"}},"fb_missing_prefix":{"title":"Fill the missing prefix","prompt":"Complete the line so Python treats it as an f-string.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"template":"print([blank1]\"Hello {name}\")","choices":["f","p","x","s"]},"fb_decimal_format":{"title":"Fill the number format","prompt":"Choose the missing format code to show `price` with 2 decimal places.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"print(f\"Price: ${price[blank1]}\")","choices":[":.2f",".2f",":2","::2f"]},"ci_print_profile_line":{"title":"Print a simple profile line","prompt":"Create a focused solution that stores the name `Mila` and the age `13`, then prints exactly: `Mila is 13 years old` using an f-string.","hint":"Read the task \"Print a simple profile line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print a simple profile line\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# TODO: store the values in variables\n# TODO: print the sentence with an f-string"},"ci_format_price_two_decimals":{"title":"Format a price","prompt":"Use Python to stores `price = 4.5` and prints exactly: `Price: $4.50` using an f-string with number formatting.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"price = 4.5\n# TODO: print the formatted price"},"ci_input_greeting":{"title":"Format input into a greeting","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one name from input and prints `Hello, NAME!` using an f-string.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"# Read a name\nname = input()\n\n# TODO: print the greeting with an f-string"},"ci_input_name_city":{"title":"Build a formatted intro line","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads a name and a city on separate lines, then prints exactly: `NAME lives in CITY` using an f-string.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a formatted intro line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Build a formatted intro line\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# Read the name and city\nname = input()\ncity = input()\n\n# TODO: print the formatted sentence"},"ci_average_one_decimal":{"title":"Show an average with one decimal place","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads two whole numbers, calculates their average, and prints exactly in this format: `Average: X.X` using an f-string.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# Read two whole numbers\nfirst = int(input())\nsecond = int(input())\n\n# TODO: calculate the average\n# TODO: print it as Average: X.X"}}},"input-and-type-conversion":{"label":"Input and Type Conversion","summary":"Use input(), int(), float(), and str() to read user-entered values and turn them into the types your program needs.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What input() gives you"},"sketch1":{"title":"Turning input into numbers with int() and float()"},"sketch2":{"title":"Using str() to build readable output"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_input_type":{"title":"What type comes from input()?","prompt":"If a user types `25` into `input()`, what type does Python return before any conversion?","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"options":{"a":"int","b":"float","c":"str","d":"bool"}},"sc_best_conversion_decimal":{"title":"Choose the right conversion","prompt":"A program asks for a temperature like `21.5`. Which conversion should you use on the result of `input()`?","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"bool()","b":"float()","c":"str()","d":"print()"}},"mc_valid_number_conversions":{"title":"Conversions that make numbers","prompt":"Which lines can correctly turn user input into a number? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for conversions that produce numeric values from the text returned by input().","help":{"concept":"Since `input()` returns a string, numeric programs often wrap it with `int()` or `float()` to create numbers.","hint_1":"Two common built-in conversions are used for whole numbers and decimal numbers.","hint_2":"Pick the lines that call `input()` and then wrap that result in a numeric conversion, not the one that keeps it as text."},"options":{"a":"age = int(input(\"Age: \"))","b":"price = float(input(\"Price: \"))","c":"name = str(input(\"Name: \"))","d":"score = print(input(\"Score: \"))"}},"mc_true_statements_conversion":{"title":"True statements about conversion","prompt":"Which statements are true? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Think about what input() returns and when str() is useful.","help":{"concept":"This question checks three linked ideas: `input()` returns strings, `int()` converts text digits to integers, and `str()` helps combine numbers with text.","hint_1":"One true statement is about `input()`, and another is about joining a number into a message.","hint_2":"Reject any statement claiming that `input()` automatically gives an integer or that `str()` is only for user input."},"options":{"a":"input() returns a string","b":"int(\"8\") creates the integer 8","c":"str() can help combine a number with text","d":"input() automatically returns an int when the user types digits"}},"dr_steps_add_one":{"title":"Order the steps for adding 1 to user input","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order to read an age and print the age plus 1.","hint":"The program must read text first, then convert, then do math, then print.","help":{"concept":"A beginner input program usually follows a sequence: get text from `input()`, convert it, use the converted value, then display the result.","hint_1":"You cannot safely add `1` before converting the typed text into a number.","hint_2":"Start with reading the value, then make it numeric, then calculate, then show the result."},"tokens":{"t1":"Read the value with input()","t2":"Convert the text with int()","t3":"Add 1 to the number","t4":"Print the result"}},"dr_build_message_number":{"title":"Order the steps for a text message with a number","prompt":"Arrange the steps to create and print the message `You have 5 stars` using a number variable.","hint":"The number must exist before it can be converted into text and joined into a message.","help":{"concept":"When combining numbers and strings with `+`, create the number first, convert it with `str()`, then build the full message and print it.","hint_1":"The conversion with `str()` happens before the final string is complete.","hint_2":"Start by storing the numeric value, then turn it into text, then join the pieces, then print."},"tokens":{"t1":"Store 5 in a variable","t2":"Convert the number with str()","t3":"Join the text pieces into one message","t4":"Print the message"}},"fb_int_conversion":{"title":"Fill the conversion built-in tool","prompt":"Complete the code so the input becomes a whole number.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"age = [blank1](input(\"Age: \"))","choices":["int","float","print","input"]},"fb_str_message":{"title":"Fill the missing conversion","prompt":"Complete the code so the number can be joined with text.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"message = \"Score: \" + [blank1](score)","choices":["int","float","str","input"]},"code_echo_name":{"title":"Read and print a name","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one line of input as a name and prints `Hello, NAME!` using the entered name.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"# Read a name and print a greeting\n# TODO: use input() and print()"},"code_add_two_ages":{"title":"Add two whole numbers from input","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads two whole numbers, one per line, converts them with `int()`, and prints their sum.","hint":"Read the task \"Add two whole numbers from input\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Add two whole numbers from input\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"# Read two whole numbers and print their sum\nfirst = input()\nsecond = input()\n# TODO: convert and print"},"code_double_price":{"title":"Double a decimal number","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one decimal number, converts it with `float()`, and prints the value multiplied by 2.","hint":"Read the task \"Double a decimal number\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Double a decimal number\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# Read a decimal number and print double its value\nvalue = input()\n# TODO: convert and print"},"code_age_next_year":{"title":"Print next year's age","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads a person's age as a whole number and prints `Next year: X` where `X` is the age plus 1.","hint":"Convert the typed age to an integer before adding 1.","help":{"concept":"This combines input, integer conversion, arithmetic, and readable output in one short program.","hint_1":"Store the converted age in a variable, then calculate one more than that value.","hint_2":"Build the printed message so the label text comes first, followed by the updated number."},"starterCode":"# Read an age and print next year's age\n# TODO: complete the program"},"code_profile_line":{"title":"Build a simple profile line","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads a name on the first line and an age on the second line. Convert the age to an integer, then print `NAME is AGE years old`.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a simple profile line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Build a simple profile line\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"# Read a name and an age, then print a profile line\nname = input()\nage = input()\n# TODO: convert age and print the sentence"}}},"module-1-profile-card-project":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Profile Card","summary":"A tutor wants one profile card program that grows from a simple stored value into a clean interactive card. Each step keeps the working code and upgrades it.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your first profile-card client"},"project":{"title":"Profile Card Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Build the first profile card"},"mp_2":{"title":"Make the card read input"},"mp_3":{"title":"Clean the typed name"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the full profile card"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-store-profile-values":{"title":"Build the first profile card","prompt":"Turn the preview into the first real card. Store `\"Maya\"` in `student_name`, store `7` in `level`, then print exactly:\nProfile for Maya\nLevel: 7","hint":"Store the values first, then print the two card lines.","help":{"concept":"This step starts the actual project structure. The card now has labeled output instead of a single preview value.","hint_1":"Use `student_name` for the name variable and `level` for the number.","hint_2":"The first line starts with `Profile for`."},"starterCode":"name = \"Ava\"\nprint(name)\n\n# Replace the preview with a first profile card.\n# Store Maya in student_name and 7 in level.\n# Then print the two profile lines.\n"},"mp-2-read-and-label-input":{"title":"Make the card read input","prompt":"Keep the same card layout, but make it more useful. Replace the stored name with `input()`, keep `level = 7`, read the city with a second `input()`, and print exactly:\nProfile for <name>\nLevel: 7\nCity: <city>","hint":"Use `input()` for the typed name and city, then keep printing the card in the same order.","help":{"concept":"The project still feels like the same card, but now the learner can type values instead of relying only on stored text.","hint_1":"The name comes from the first input and the city comes from the second input.","hint_2":"Keep the level line in the middle."},"starterCode":"student_name = \"Maya\"\nlevel = 7\nprint(f\"Profile for {student_name}\")\nprint(f\"Level: {level}\")\n\n# Keep the profile card idea.\n# Replace the stored name with input().\n# Read the city with input() too, then add the city line.\n"},"mp-3-clean-typed-name":{"title":"Clean the typed name","prompt":"Keep the same three-line card. This time, clean the typed name with `.strip()` and `.title()` before printing it.","hint":"Store the typed name first, then clean it before you print the card.","help":{"concept":"This is an upgrade to the same program, not a reset. The card layout stays the same while the name handling gets better.","hint_1":"Use one variable for the raw name and another for the cleaned result if that helps.","hint_2":"Only the name needs cleaning in this step."},"starterCode":"name = input()\nlevel = 7\ncity = input()\nprint(f\"Profile for {name}\")\nprint(f\"Level: {level}\")\nprint(f\"City: {city}\")\n\n# Keep the card layout.\n# Clean the typed name with .strip() and .title() before printing it.\n"},"mp-4-build-full-profile-card":{"title":"Finish the full profile card","prompt":"Keep the cleaned-name card you already built. Now replace the level with a typed age, convert it to an integer, and print the finished card as:\nProfile for <clean name>\nAge next year: <age + 1>\nCity: <city>","hint":"Keep the cleaned name logic, switch the middle value to `int(input())`, and print the updated middle line.","help":{"concept":"The final step keeps most of the card structure the same, but makes the program more realistic by reading an age and calculating next year.","hint_1":"The input order is name, age, city.","hint_2":"The middle line should use `age + 1`, not the raw age."},"starterCode":"raw_name = input()\nlevel = 7\ncity = input()\nname = raw_name.strip().title()\nprint(f\"Profile for {name}\")\nprint(f\"Level: {level}\")\nprint(f\"City: {city}\")\n\n# Keep the cleaned name.\n# Replace level with a typed age.\n# Print Age next year instead of Level.\n"},"try-module-1-profile-card-project-sketch0":{"title":"Preview the profile card","prompt":"Store `\"Ava\"` in a variable named `name` and print it.","hint":"Assign first, then print the variable.","help":{"concept":"This quick preview gives the project one clean stored value before the full profile card grows around it.","hint_1":"Use the variable name `name`.","hint_2":"Print the variable, not the text directly."},"starterCode":"# Store Ava in name.\n# Then print name.\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_1_profile_card_project_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Store `\"Ava\"` in a variable named `name` and print it."},"allowReveal":true}},"naming-and-assigning-variables":{"label":"Naming and Assigning Variables","summary":"Use clear variable names, assign values with =, and update variables by reassignment.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a variable does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Choose clear variable names"},"sketch2":{"title":"Reassignment updates a variable"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"What assignment does","prompt":"What does `score = 10` do in Python?","hint":"Look at what `=` means when creating or updating a variable.","help":{"concept":"Assignment stores a value in a variable name so the program can use that value later.","hint_1":"The name is on the left and the value is on the right.","hint_2":"This line does not print anything by itself; it stores `10` under a name."},"options":{"a":"It stores the value 10 in the variable `score`.","b":"It prints 10 to the output panel.","c":"It compares `score` and 10 to see if they are equal.","d":"It turns `score` into a string."}},"q2":{"title":"Best variable name","prompt":"Which variable name is the clearest choice for storing a person's age?","hint":"Pick the name that tells you what the value means.","help":{"concept":"Clear variable names make code easier to read because the name describes the stored value.","hint_1":"A descriptive word is better than a single letter when both are allowed.","hint_2":"Choose the option that directly says what number is being stored."},"options":{"a":"x","b":"n","c":"age","d":"thing"}},"q3":{"title":"Valid Python variable names","prompt":"Choose all names that are valid Python variable names.","hint":"Check for spaces and whether the name starts with a number.","help":{"concept":"Python variable names can use letters, numbers, and underscores, but they cannot contain spaces or begin with a digit.","hint_1":"An underscore is allowed in a name.","hint_2":"Reject any option with a space or one that starts with `2`."},"options":{"a":"user_name","b":"2score","c":"favorite color","d":"level1"}},"q4":{"title":"Effects of reassignment","prompt":"Choose all true statements about this code:\n\n```python\npoints = 5\npoints = 8\n```","hint":"Think about what value the variable has after the second assignment.","help":{"concept":"Reassignment replaces the previous value stored in the same variable name.","hint_1":"After the second line, the variable keeps the newer value, not both values.","hint_2":"One statement should mention replacement, and another should mention the final stored value."},"options":{"a":"`points` ends with the value 8.","b":"The value 5 is replaced by the new assignment.","c":"`points` stores both 5 and 8 at the same time.","d":"The second line prints 8 automatically."}},"q5":{"title":"Build a simple assignment program","prompt":"Put the lines in the correct order to store a name and print it.","hint":"Assign the value before trying to print the variable.","help":{"concept":"A variable must be assigned before it is used in `print`.","hint_1":"The line with the string value should come before the line that displays the variable.","hint_2":"Start with the assignment, then use `print(...)`."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(name)","t2":"name = \"Lina\""}},"q6":{"title":"Order a reassignment example","prompt":"Arrange the lines so the program prints `1` and then `2`.","hint":"The first print must happen before the variable is updated.","help":{"concept":"To show both the old and new values, print once before reassignment and once after reassignment.","hint_1":"The update to `count` should happen between the two print lines.","hint_2":"Start by storing `1`, then print, then change the value, then print again."},"tokens":{"t1":"print(count)","t2":"count = 2","t3":"count = 1"}},"q7":{"title":"Complete the variable name","prompt":"Choose the best word to complete the assignment.","hint":"Pick the name that matches the value `16`.","help":{"concept":"A clear variable name should describe the meaning of the value being stored.","hint_1":"Choose a name that describes what the value represents, not merely its data type.","hint_2":"Choose the option that would make the line easy to read for another person."},"template":"[blank1] = 16","choices":["print","age","hello world","=="]},"q8":{"title":"Complete the reassignment","prompt":"Fill the blank so the variable is updated to a new number.","hint":"The blank should be the new value on the right side of `=`.","help":{"concept":"Reassignment changes a variable by giving it a new value with `=`.","hint_1":"The variable name is already provided, so only the replacement value is missing.","hint_2":"Choose the number that would become the new stored value after the line runs."},"template":"score = [blank1]","choices":["score","7","print","\"score\""]},"q9":{"title":"Store and print one value","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores the number `12` in a variable named `age` and prints the value.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Assign `12` to `age`, then print the variable.","help":{"concept":"A basic assignment uses `name = value`, and `print(name)` displays the stored value.","hint_1":"You need one assignment line and one print line.","hint_2":"The variable name must be `age`, and the printed result should come from the variable."},"starterCode":"# Store 12 in a variable named age\n# Then print the variable"},"q10":{"title":"Store text in a clear variable","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that stores the text `\"Maya\"` in a variable named `student_name` and prints it.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the task \"Store text in a clear variable\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Store text in a clear variable\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"# Store the name in student_name\n# Print the variable"},"q11":{"title":"Update a variable","prompt":"Write Python code that:\n1. stores `3` in a variable named `level`\n2. changes `level` to `4`\n3. prints `level`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Use the same variable name twice, then print after the update.","help":{"concept":"Reassignment means giving a new value to an existing variable name.","hint_1":"The first value is only temporary because the second assignment replaces it.","hint_2":"Print after the second assignment so the output shows the updated value."},"starterCode":"# Create level\n# Update level\n# Print level"},"q12":{"title":"Read input into a variable","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of input into a variable named `city` and then prints it.\n\nExample: if the input is `Tokyo`, the output should be `Tokyo`.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"# Read one line into city\n# Print city"},"q13":{"title":"Print before and after reassignment","prompt":"Create a focused solution that stores `\"red\"` in a variable named `color`, prints it, changes `color` to `\"green\"`, and prints it again.\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Your solution must satisfy the complete input-and-output contract.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"# Store the first color\n# Print it\n# Change the color\n# Print it again"}}},"string-indexing-and-slicing":{"label":"String Indexing and Slicing","summary":"Access characters and substrings using indexes and slices.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Indexing gets one character"},"sketch1":{"title":"Slicing gets part of a string"},"sketch2":{"title":"Common patterns with indexes and slices"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_index_zero_start":{"title":"Where does string indexing start?","prompt":"In Python, what index gives the first character of a string?","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"1","c":"-1","d":"first"}},"sc_slice_end_rule":{"title":"How slice end positions work","prompt":"What does `text[1:4]` do in Python?","hint":"A slice includes the start index and stops before the end index.","help":{"concept":"In a slice like `text[start:end]`, Python includes the character at `start` but does not include the character at `end`.","hint_1":"Check whether index 4 is part of the result or just the stopping point.","hint_2":"The slice begins at index 1 and collects characters up to, but not including, index 4."},"options":{"a":"It gets only the character at index 4","b":"It gets characters from index 1 through index 4, including both","c":"It gets characters from index 1 up to, but not including, index 4","d":"It removes characters from index 1 to index 4"}},"mc_negative_and_open_slices":{"title":"Recognize true string facts","prompt":"Choose all true statements about Python string indexing and slicing.","hint":"Think about negative indexes and slices with a missing start or end.","help":{"concept":"Negative indexes count from the end of the string, and slices can omit the start or end to mean 'from the beginning' or 'to the end.'","hint_1":"Check whether `-1` refers to the last character and whether `[:3]` starts at the beginning.","hint_2":"More than one statement is correct here; look for the ones that match Python's actual indexing and slicing behavior."},"options":{"a":"`text[-1]` gets the last character","b":"`text[:3]` starts at the beginning and stops before index 3","c":"`text[2:]` starts at index 2 and goes to the end","d":"`text[1:4]` includes the character at index 4"}},"mc_valid_examples":{"title":"Pick the expressions that return substrings","prompt":"For `word = \"planet\"`, which expressions return a substring rather than a single character? Choose all that apply.","hint":"A substring usually comes from a slice with a colon.","help":{"concept":"Indexing with one number returns one character, while slicing with a colon returns a substring.","hint_1":"Look for expressions that use `:` inside the brackets.","hint_2":"Single indexes like `[0]` or `[-1]` return one character, but slice forms return a section of the string."},"options":{"a":"`word[0]`","b":"`word[1:4]`","c":"`word[:2]`","d":"`word[-1]`"}},"dr_build_first_last_middle":{"title":"Order the steps to inspect a string","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order to write a program that stores a word, prints its first character, then prints its last character.","hint":"Start by creating the string variable before trying to index it.","help":{"concept":"To use indexing, you first need a string variable. Then you can print characters using index expressions in a logical order.","hint_1":"The variable assignment must happen before either `print` line.","hint_2":"After the string exists, print index 0 first, then print index -1."},"tokens":{"t1":"word = \"robot\"","t2":"print(word[0])","t3":"print(word[-1])"}},"dr_slice_reasoning":{"title":"Order the slice explanation","prompt":"Arrange the reasoning steps for `text = \"banana\"` and `text[1:4]`.","hint":"Think about where the slice starts and where it stops.","help":{"concept":"A slice starts at the first index, includes each character up to the stopping point, and excludes the end index.","hint_1":"Begin with the rule for the start index, then collect the included characters, then stop before the end index.","hint_2":"The explanation should move from index 1, through the included letters, and then mention that index 4 is excluded."},"tokens":{"t1":"Start at index 1","t2":"Include the characters at indexes 1, 2, and 3","t3":"Stop before index 4"}},"fb_first_char_index":{"title":"Fill the index for the first character","prompt":"Complete the code so it gets the first character of a string.","hint":"The first character uses Python's starting index.","help":{"concept":"Because string indexes begin at zero, the first character uses the starting index.","hint_1":"This is the smallest normal index used to access a character from the front.","hint_2":"It is not 1 and not a negative index from the end."},"template":"print(name[[blank1]])","choices":["0","1","-1","2"]},"fb_open_end_slice":{"title":"Fill the missing slice part","prompt":"Complete the code so it gets everything from index 2 to the end.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"print(word[[blank1]])","choices":["2","2:",":2","1:2"]},"code_first_and_last":{"title":"Print the first and last characters","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one word from input. Print the first character on one line and the last character on the next line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the first and last characters\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the first and last characters\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the first character\n# TODO: print the last character"},"code_middle_slice":{"title":"Print a slice from index 1 to 4","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one word from input and prints the slice from index 1 up to, but not including, index 4.","hint":"Read the task \"Print a slice from index 1 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print a slice from index 1 to 4\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the required slice"},"code_prefix_suffix":{"title":"Print the first three and the rest","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one word from input. Print the first three characters on one line, then print the remaining characters on the next line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the first three and the rest\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the first three and the rest\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the first three characters\n# TODO: print the rest of the word"},"code_last_two":{"title":"Print the last two characters","prompt":"Use Python to reads one word from input and prints its last two characters.","hint":"Read the task \"Print the last two characters\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print the last two characters\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print the last two characters"},"code_wrap_edges":{"title":"Build a short edge summary","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one word from input and prints a new string made from the first character, a hyphen, and the last character. For example, if the input is `robot`, the output should be `r-t`.","hint":"Read the task \"Build a short edge summary\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Build a short edge summary\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print first character, then '-', then last character"}}},"string-methods":{"label":"Useful String Methods","summary":"Use methods like lower, strip, replace, split, and join.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What string methods do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Changing text with replace"},"sketch2":{"title":"Breaking and joining text"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"Choose the lowercase method","prompt":"Which string method changes all letters in a string to lowercase?","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"options":{"a":"strip()","b":"lower()","c":"split()","d":"join()"}},"sc-2":{"title":"Pick the method for outside spaces","prompt":"Which method removes spaces from the beginning and end of a string?","hint":"Think about cleaning up text like \" hi \".","help":{"concept":"Some string methods change letter case, some break text apart, and one removes extra whitespace only from the outside edges of the string.","hint_1":"The method does not remove spaces in the middle of the text, only at the start and end.","hint_2":"Imagine cleaning \" Ada \" so the name keeps its letters but loses the outside padding."},"options":{"a":"replace()","b":"lower()","c":"strip()","d":"split()"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Methods that return strings","prompt":"Choose all expressions that return a string.","hint":"Think about which operations produce one piece of text, not a list.","help":{"concept":"Different string methods return different types of results. `lower()`, `strip()`, and `replace()` return strings, while `split()` returns a list of strings.","hint_1":"Check whether each expression gives back text you could print directly as one string.","hint_2":"One option creates multiple pieces in a list. The others keep the result as a single string."},"options":{"a":"\"Hi\".lower()","b":"\" hi \".strip()","c":"\"a,b,c\".split(\",\")","d":"\"cat\".replace(\"c\", \"b\")"}},"mc-2":{"title":"Good uses of split and join","prompt":"Choose all true statements about `split()` and `join()`.","hint":"One breaks a string into pieces, and the other combines pieces into one string.","help":{"concept":"`split()` separates a string using a delimiter, and `join()` combines an iterable of strings using the string before `.join(...)` as the separator.","hint_1":"Ask what happens to the number of pieces: does the result become many parts or one combined string?","hint_2":"A comma can be used to split text like \"a,b,c\", and a space can be used to join words into a sentence."},"options":{"a":"`\"a,b,c\".split(\",\")` breaks the text into parts","b":"`\" \".join([\"I\", \"code\"])` combines words with a space","c":"`split()` always makes text lowercase","d":"`join()` removes outside spaces from a string"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Order the cleanup steps","prompt":"Put these steps in order to clean a name, make it lowercase, and print it.","hint":"Start by storing the original text, then transform it, then show the result.","help":{"concept":"A small Python program usually follows a sequence: create a value, transform it with methods, store the result, then print the final value.","hint_1":"You cannot print the cleaned value before it has been created.","hint_2":"The lowercase step should happen after the original text exists and before the final print."},"tokens":{"t1":"name = \" ALICE \"","t2":"clean = name.strip()","t3":"result = clean.lower()","t4":"print(result)"}},"dr-2":{"title":"Order split and join","prompt":"Arrange the code steps to turn \"red-blue-green\" into \"red, blue, green\".","hint":"First store the original text, then split it, then join the pieces with a new separator.","help":{"concept":"To change separators, first split the original string into parts using the old separator, then join those parts using the new separator.","hint_1":"The list of parts must exist before you can join it.","hint_2":"The hyphen is used in the split step, and the comma-space is used in the join step."},"tokens":{"t1":"colors = \"red-blue-green\"","t2":"parts = colors.split(\"-\")","t3":"result = \", \".join(parts)","t4":"print(result)"}},"fb-1":{"title":"Fill the method name","prompt":"Complete the code so it removes outside spaces from `text`.","hint":"Use the method that trims the start and end of a string.","help":{"concept":"When text has unwanted spaces around the edges, Python uses a specific string method to remove only those outside spaces.","hint_1":"This method is often used before comparing or printing cleaned user input.","hint_2":"It is not the method for lowercase and not the method for replacing one word with another."},"template":"clean = text.[blank1]()","choices":["lower","strip","split","join"]},"fb-2":{"title":"Fill the separator","prompt":"Complete the code so the words are joined with a single space.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"sentence = [blank1].join(words)","choices":["\"-\"","\" \"","\",\"","\"|\""]},"code-1":{"title":"Lowercase a line of text","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of input, converts it to lowercase, and prints the result.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Convert text to lowercase and print it"},"code-2":{"title":"Trim outside spaces","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input, removes spaces from the beginning and end, and prints the cleaned text.","hint":"Read the task \"Trim outside spaces\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Trim outside spaces\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Remove outside spaces and print the result"},"code-3":{"title":"Replace one word","prompt":"Use Python to reads a line of input and prints the result after replacing every `cat` with `dog`.","hint":"Read the task \"Replace one word\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Replace one word\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Replace cat with dog and print the result"},"code-4":{"title":"Split comma-separated words","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one line of comma-separated words, splits the text at each comma, and prints each word on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Split comma-separated words\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Split comma-separated words\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\nparts = text.split(\",\")\n# Print each part on its own line"},"code-5":{"title":"Clean and format tags","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of input like ` apple,banana,cherry `, removes outside spaces, splits the text by commas, then joins the parts with ` | ` and prints the result.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Correct syntax is only the start; the resulting output must also match.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# Remove outside spaces\n# Split by commas\n# Join with \" | \" and print"}}}},"python-v2-2":{"and-or-not":{"label":"And, Or, and Not","summary":"Combine conditions with boolean operators.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Using and to require two things"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using or and not"},"sketch2":{"title":"Combining conditions in real if statements"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_and_true":{"title":"When does and become true?","prompt":"Which statement about `A and B` is correct?","hint":"Think about a rule where two requirements must both be met.","help":{"concept":"The `and` operator combines two conditions and returns true only if each condition is true.","hint_1":"Compare `and` with a situation like 'old enough and has permission'. Missing either one should fail.","hint_2":"Ask yourself what happens if one side is false. With `and`, that makes the whole result false."},"options":{"a":"It is true only when both A and B are true.","b":"It is true when either A or B is true.","c":"It is always the opposite of A.","d":"It is true whenever A is false."}},"sc_not_flip":{"title":"What does not do?","prompt":"If `logged_in = False`, what does `not logged_in` evaluate to?","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"options":{"a":"False","b":"0","c":"True","d":"None"}},"mc_or_cases":{"title":"Choose the true or expressions","prompt":"Which expressions evaluate to `True`? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"With `or`, only one side needs to be true.","help":{"concept":"The `or` operator returns true when at least one of its two conditions is true.","hint_1":"Check each side of each expression separately, then see whether at least one side is true.","hint_2":"Any expression with one true side and one false side still becomes true with `or`."},"options":{"a":"True or False","b":"False or False","c":"3 > 5 or 10 > 2","d":"7 == 8 or 1 > 4"}},"mc_valid_age_and_name":{"title":"Valid input checks","prompt":"A program should accept input only when the user is at least 18 and the name is not empty. Which conditions match that rule? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"The rule needs both age and a non-empty name.","help":{"concept":"Equivalent boolean conditions can be written in different ways, but they must still require both parts of the rule to be satisfied.","hint_1":"One part checks adulthood. The other part checks that the string is not empty.","hint_2":"A condition using `not (age < 18)` means the same as being 18 or older."},"options":{"a":"age >= 18 and name != \"\"","b":"age >= 18 or name != \"\"","c":"not (age < 18) and name != \"\"","d":"age > 18 and name == \"\""}},"dr_build_and_condition":{"title":"Build an and condition","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to make a valid Python condition that checks whether `score` is at least 50 and `passed` is true.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Think about which part must come first.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"tokens":{"t1":"score","t2":">=","t3":"50","t4":"and","t5":"passed"}},"dr_if_elif_else_logic":{"title":"Order the branches","prompt":"Arrange these lines into a valid `if` / `elif` / `else` structure.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"if age < 13:","t2":"print(\"child\")","t3":"elif age < 18:","t4":"print(\"teen\")","t5":"else:","t6":"print(\"adult\")"}},"fb_not_condition":{"title":"Complete a not check","prompt":"Choose the missing word to make the condition true when `ready` is false.","hint":"You need the operator that reverses a boolean value.","help":{"concept":"Use the unary boolean operator that reverses True and False.","hint_1":"If `ready` is false, the condition should still pass.","hint_2":"Choose the operator that turns false into true inside the `if` check."},"template":"if [blank1] ready:\n print(\"Wait\")","choices":["and","or","not","elif"]},"fb_or_operator":{"title":"Complete an either-or rule","prompt":"Choose the operator that makes the condition true when either comparison is true.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"if temp < 0 [blank1] temp > 30:\n print(\"Extreme\")","choices":["and","or","not","="]},"code_ticket_check":{"title":"Check event entry","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads two lines: an integer age and a string `yes` or `no` for whether the person has an ID. Print `allowed` if the age is at least 18 and the ID answer is `yes`. Otherwise print `denied`.","hint":"Read the task \"Check event entry\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Check event entry\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\nhas_id = input().strip()\n\n# TODO: print allowed or denied"},"code_free_day":{"title":"Weekend or holiday","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads two lines, each containing `True` or `False`: `is_weekend` and `is_holiday`. Print `rest` if either value is true. Otherwise print `work`.","hint":"Read the task \"Weekend or holiday\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Weekend or holiday\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"is_weekend = input().strip() == \"True\"\nis_holiday = input().strip() == \"True\"\n\n# TODO: print rest or work"},"code_not_logged_in":{"title":"Prompt when not logged in","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line containing `True` or `False` for `logged_in`. If the user is not logged in, print `please sign in`. Otherwise print `welcome`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"logged_in = input().strip() == \"True\"\n\n# TODO: print the correct message"},"code_score_certificate":{"title":"Certificate decision","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads an integer score and a second line containing `True` or `False` for `late`. Print `certificate` if the score is at least 80 and the work is not late. Print `passed` if the score is at least 80 and the work is late. Otherwise print `practice`.","hint":"Read the task \"Certificate decision\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Certificate decision\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nlate = input().strip() == \"True\"\n\n# TODO: print certificate, passed, or practice"},"code_range_check":{"title":"Check if a number is in range","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one integer `n`. Print `in range` if `n` is at least 10 and at most 20. Otherwise print `out of range`.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print in range or out of range"}}},"checking-special-cases-first":{"label":"Checking Special Cases First","summary":"Use clear early checks to make conditional logic easier to read.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why check special cases first?"},"sketch1":{"title":"Put specific checks before broad checks"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use `elif` to separate cases clearly"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-special-before-general":{"title":"Choose the best ordering","prompt":"Why is it usually better to check a special case before a broad case in an `if` / `elif` chain?","hint":"Python uses the first branch whose condition is true.","help":{"concept":"In an `if` / `elif` chain, Python checks conditions from top to bottom and stops at the first true one. A broad condition can hide a more specific case if it appears first.","hint_1":"Think about what happens when one value matches both a specific condition and a wider condition.","hint_2":"If the wider condition is first, Python will take that branch and skip the later special-case branch."},"options":{"a":"Because Python runs every matching branch in order","b":"Because a broad condition placed first can prevent the special case from being reached","c":"Because `elif` only works with numbers","d":"Because special cases must always be written in `else`"}},"sc-output-perfect-score":{"title":"Predict the output","prompt":"What does this code print when `score = 100`?\n\n```python\nscore = 100\n\nif score >= 60:\n print(\"Pass\")\nelif score == 100:\n print(\"Perfect\")\nelse:\n print(\"Fail\")\n```","hint":"Check which condition becomes true first.","help":{"concept":"Python evaluates `if` and `elif` branches in order. Even if a later condition is also true, it will not run once an earlier true branch is found.","hint_1":"Ask whether `100 >= 60` is true before thinking about the `elif` line.","hint_2":"Once the first branch matches, Python prints from that branch and skips the rest."},"options":{"a":"Perfect","b":"Fail","c":"Pass","d":"It prints both Pass and Perfect"}},"mc-good-special-case-order":{"title":"Find the good examples","prompt":"Which snippets check a special case before a broader case? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Look for a narrow condition placed above a wider one.","help":{"concept":"A special case is a narrower condition, such as `score == 100`, while a broad case covers more values, such as `score >= 60`. Good ordering puts the narrower case first.","hint_1":"Check whether the first condition is a subset of a later condition or the other way around.","hint_2":"A good answer handles the exact edge case before the condition that would also include it."},"options":{"a":"if score == 100: ... elif score >= 60: ...","b":"if age >= 0: ... elif age == 0: ...","c":"if text == \"\": ... elif text != \"\": ...","d":"if number > 0: ... elif number == 1: ..."}},"mc-values-hit-first-branch":{"title":"Which values take the first branch?","prompt":"Consider this code:\n\n```python\nif n == 0:\n print(\"zero\")\nelif n <= 10:\n print(\"small\")\nelse:\n print(\"big\")\n```\n\nWhich values print `zero`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"-1","b":"0","c":"1","d":"10"}},"dr-order-score-checks":{"title":"Order the branches","prompt":"Arrange these conditions from best to worst order for a grading check where `100` should get a special message before normal passing scores.","hint":"Put the most specific condition first.","help":{"concept":"When one condition is more specific than another, the specific one should come earlier so it is not hidden by a broader match.","hint_1":"An exact equality check for `100` is narrower than a pass-range check.","hint_2":"The catch-all branch belongs last because it handles everything not matched earlier."},"tokens":{"t1":"if score == 100","t2":"elif score >= 60","t3":"else"}},"dr-order-input-validation":{"title":"Order validation logic","prompt":"Arrange these checks in a clear order for an age classifier. Invalid ages should be handled before normal ages.","hint":"Start with the impossible value range.","help":{"concept":"Validation often works best when invalid or exceptional inputs are checked first, then special valid cases, then the general case.","hint_1":"A negative age is invalid, so it should be checked before any normal age category.","hint_2":"After invalid input, place the exact edge case before the broad remaining case."},"tokens":{"t1":"if age < 0","t2":"elif age == 0","t3":"else"}},"fb-empty-string-check":{"title":"Complete the special-case check","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the code checks for an empty string first.","hint":"An empty string has no characters.","help":{"concept":"In Python, an empty string is written with two quotes and nothing between them. It is a common special case to check before other text values.","hint_1":"You need the string literal that contains zero characters.","hint_2":"Look for the choice that is just opening and closing quotes with nothing inside."},"template":"if text == [blank1]:\n print(\"Empty\")","choices":["\"\"","\" \"","None","0"]},"fb-elif-keyword":{"title":"Choose the right keyword","prompt":"Fill in the missing keyword to check a second condition only if the first one was false.","hint":"This keyword combines `else` and `if`.","help":{"concept":"Use the middle branch keyword when another condition should be checked only after earlier branches were false.","hint_1":"It is not `if`, because that would start a separate condition block.","hint_2":"It is the keyword used between `if` and `else` in a multi-branch chain."},"template":"if score == 100:\n print(\"Perfect\")\n[blank1] score >= 60:\n print(\"Pass\")","choices":["else","elif","then","loop"]},"code-invalid-before-range":{"title":"Check invalid input first","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer age from input. If the age is less than 0, print `Invalid`. Otherwise, if the age is less than 13, print `Child`. In all other cases, print `Older`.","hint":"Handle the impossible age before the normal age groups.","help":{"concept":"When one input is invalid or exceptional, checking it first keeps the rest of the branching logic simpler and clearer.","hint_1":"Read the age with `input()`, convert it to `int`, then test `age < 0` before the other conditions.","hint_2":"After the invalid check, the next branch should cover ages from 0 up to 12, and the final branch handles the rest."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Invalid, Child, or Older"},"code-perfect-before-pass":{"title":"Print a special message for 100","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one integer score. If the score is exactly 100, print `Perfect`. Otherwise, if the score is at least 60, print `Pass`. In all other cases, print `Fail`.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Perfect, Pass, or Fail"},"code-empty-yes-other":{"title":"Handle empty text first","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one line of text. If the text is an empty string, print `Empty`. Otherwise, if the text is `yes`, print `Confirmed`. In all other cases, print `Other`.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: print Empty, Confirmed, or Other"},"code-zero-before-small":{"title":"Check zero before a wider range","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer `n`. If `n` is exactly 0, print `Zero`. Otherwise, if `n` is less than or equal to 10, print `Small`. In all other cases, print `Large`.","hint":"The exact value 0 belongs to the wider `<= 10` range, so order matters.","help":{"concept":"When a special value is included inside a broader range, the exact-value check must come first or it will be hidden by the range check.","hint_1":"Read the number, then compare with `== 0` before using `<= 10`.","hint_2":"The second branch should catch values like 1 and 10, while the final branch handles numbers above 10."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Zero, Small, or Large"},"code-invalid-code-first":{"title":"Validate a code before normal cases","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one integer code. If the code is less than 0, print `Invalid`. Otherwise, if the code is 0, print `Start`. In all other cases, print `Continue`.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"code = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print Invalid, Start, or Continue"}}},"comparisons-and-truth-values":{"label":"Comparisons and Truth Values","summary":"Use comparison operators and understand True and False results.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What comparison operators do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using True and False in decisions"},"sketch2":{"title":"Truthiness of numbers, strings, and None"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-compare-equal":{"title":"Equal comparison","prompt":"Which expression checks whether `score` is equal to `10`?","hint":"Use the equality comparison operator, not assignment.","help":{"concept":"In Python, `==` compares two values, while `=` assigns a value to a variable.","hint_1":"You want an expression that asks a question about `score`, not one that changes `score`.","hint_2":"Look for the option with the double equals operator between `score` and `10`."},"options":{"a":"score = 10","b":"score == 10","c":"10 = score"}},"sc-truthy-string":{"title":"Truthy value","prompt":"Which value is truthy in Python?","hint":"Read the question and connect it to the specific lesson example.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"options":{"a":"\"\"","b":"0","c":"None","d":"\"hi\""}},"mc-true-comparisons":{"title":"Choose all true comparisons","prompt":"Which expressions evaluate to `True`? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Check each comparison one by one.","help":{"concept":"A comparison returns `True` only when the relationship between the two values is correct.","hint_1":"Test each option mentally: compare the numbers exactly as written.","hint_2":"Look for the statements where the left side really is greater, equal, or not equal in the stated way."},"options":{"a":"4 < 2","b":"6 >= 6","c":"3 != 5","d":"7 == 8"}},"mc-falsey-values":{"title":"Falsy values","prompt":"Which values are falsy in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"\"\"","c":"\"False\"","d":"None"}},"dr-check-age-order":{"title":"Order the age check","prompt":"Put these lines in the correct order to make a program that prints `adult` when `age` is at least 18.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"age = 20","t2":"if age >= 18:","t3":"print(\"adult\")"}},"dr-compare-then-print":{"title":"Build a comparison output","prompt":"Arrange the lines to print the result of checking whether `5` is less than `9`.","hint":"Create the variable first, then print it.","help":{"concept":"You can store a comparison result in a variable and then print that boolean value.","hint_1":"The comparison must happen before the program can print its result.","hint_2":"The line with `print` should come after the line that assigns the comparison result."},"tokens":{"t1":"result = 5 < 9","t2":"print(result)"}},"fb-greater-equal":{"title":"Complete the operator","prompt":"Choose the operator that makes the condition true when `age` is 18 or more.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"if age [blank1] 18:","choices":[">",">=","==","!="]},"fb-empty-string":{"title":"Fill the falsy value","prompt":"Choose the value that makes this condition false.","hint":"An empty string is falsy.","help":{"concept":"In Python, an empty string is falsy, so an `if` condition using it directly will not run the `if` block.","hint_1":"You need the string with no characters inside it.","hint_2":"Pick the option that shows quotation marks with nothing between them."},"template":"name = [blank1]","choices":["\"Ava\"","\"hello\"","\"\"","\"0\""]},"ci-print-comparisons":{"title":"Print two comparison results","prompt":"Use Python to prints the result of `8 > 3` on one line and `8 == 10` on the next line.","hint":"Use `print` with each comparison expression.","help":{"concept":"A comparison expression evaluates to `True` or `False`, and `print` shows that result in the output panel.","hint_1":"You need two separate output lines, so use two `print` calls or equivalent line-separated output.","hint_2":"One comparison should check greater than, and the other should check equality with 10."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print the result of 8 > 3\n# TODO: print the result of 8 == 10"},"ci-age-check":{"title":"Adult or minor","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer age from input. Print `adult` if the age is 18 or more. Otherwise print `minor`.","hint":"Read the task \"Adult or minor\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Adult or minor\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print adult or minor"},"ci-number-sign":{"title":"Positive, zero, or negative","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer. Print `positive` if it is greater than 0, `zero` if it is exactly 0, and `negative` otherwise.","hint":"Read the task \"Positive, zero, or negative\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Positive, zero, or negative\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print positive, zero, or negative"},"ci-name-truthy":{"title":"Check whether a name was entered","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one line of input into `name`. If `name` is non-empty, print `Hello`. Otherwise print `No name`.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"name = input()\n\n# TODO: print Hello or No name"},"ci-max-of-two":{"title":"Print the larger number","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads two integers, one per line. Print the larger value. If they are equal, print either one of them.","hint":"Compare the two numbers with `>=` or `>`.","help":{"concept":"A comparison can decide which of two values should be printed based on their size.","hint_1":"Read both integers first, then compare them.","hint_2":"One branch should print the first number when it is at least as large as the second; the other branch prints the second."},"starterCode":"a = int(input())\nb = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print the larger number"}}},"if-elif-else":{"label":"If, Elif, and Else","summary":"Control which code runs based on conditions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Choose a path with if"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use else for the other case"},"sketch2":{"title":"Check more than two cases with elif"},"sketch3":{"title":"Check special cases first"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_if_runs_true":{"title":"When does an if block run?","prompt":"In Python, when does the indented code under `if condition:` run?","hint":"Think about whether the condition evaluates to `True` or `False`.","help":{"concept":"An `if` statement controls whether its indented block runs. Python evaluates the condition first, then runs the block only for the true case.","hint_1":"The `if` block is not automatic. Python checks the condition before entering the indented lines.","hint_2":"Choose the option that says the block runs only for the true result of the condition."},"options":{"a":"It always runs","b":"It runs only when the condition is True","c":"It runs only when the condition is False","d":"It runs only when there is an else block"}},"sc_elif_role":{"title":"What is elif for?","prompt":"What is the main purpose of `elif` in Python?","hint":"It lets you check another condition after a previous one was false.","help":{"concept":"`elif` adds another branch to a conditional chain. Python reaches it only if earlier `if` or `elif` conditions were false.","hint_1":"It is used between `if` and `else` when you have another condition to test.","hint_2":"Look for the choice about checking an additional condition instead of starting a separate unrelated block."},"options":{"a":"To repeat the same block many times","b":"To check another condition if earlier ones were false","c":"To end a program immediately","d":"To print the value of a variable"}},"mc_valid_conditional_facts":{"title":"Facts about conditional chains","prompt":"Choose all true statements about `if` / `elif` / `else` chains in Python.","hint":"Think about order and how many branches run in one chain.","help":{"concept":"In a conditional chain, Python checks conditions from top to bottom and stops at the first true branch. `else` is the fallback when no earlier condition matched.","hint_1":"One important idea is that Python does not keep checking after it finds a true branch.","hint_2":"Select the statements about top-to-bottom checking and `else` as the fallback case."},"options":{"a":"Python checks the conditions from top to bottom","b":"More than one branch in the same chain can run for one input","c":"Python stops after the first true branch in the chain","d":"The else block runs when earlier conditions were false"}},"mc_truthy_values":{"title":"Truthy values","prompt":"Choose all values that are truthy in Python.","hint":"Read the question and connect it to the specific lesson example.","help":{"concept":"This question checks a specific idea from the lesson, not general test-taking strategy.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"\"hi\"","c":"5","d":"None"}},"dr_branch_order":{"title":"Order the branch checks","prompt":"Arrange these steps in the order Python follows for an `if` / `elif` / `else` chain.","hint":"Python starts at the top, checks conditions, and stops at the first match.","help":{"concept":"A conditional chain is evaluated in sequence. Python checks the first condition, then later ones only if needed, and uses `else` only when no condition matched.","hint_1":"The first action is checking the `if` condition, not jumping to `else`.","hint_2":"After a false `if`, Python may check `elif`; `else` is last if nothing matched."},"tokens":{"t1":"Check the if condition","t2":"If needed, check the elif condition","t3":"Run the first matching branch","t4":"Use else only if no earlier condition matched"}},"dr_specific_before_general":{"title":"Put conditions in a good order","prompt":"Arrange these checks from most specific to most general for a score classifier.","hint":"A special case like exactly 100 should come before a broader rule like 60 or more.","help":{"concept":"When conditions overlap, the more specific condition should come first so it is not hidden by a broader earlier condition.","hint_1":"Ask which rule matches the fewest values. That one should be first.","hint_2":"The exact score check is narrowest, the pass range is broader, and the fallback is last."},"tokens":{"t1":"score == 100","t2":"score >= 60","t3":"else"}},"fb_else_keyword":{"title":"Complete the fallback branch","prompt":"Choose the keyword that makes this code run when the `if` condition is false.","hint":"This keyword handles the remaining case after the `if` test fails.","help":{"concept":"In a two-branch conditional, the fallback branch runs only when the first condition is false.","hint_1":"It is not another condition like `elif`; it is the catch-all branch.","hint_2":"Choose the keyword used without a condition after an `if` block."},"template":"[blank1]:\n print(\"no\")","choices":["if","elif","else","print"]},"fb_comparison_operator":{"title":"Pick the correct comparison","prompt":"Fill in the operator so the condition is true when `age` is 18 or more.","hint":"Look at the blank, then choose the word or symbol that makes the idea correct.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"if age [blank1] 18:\n print(\"adult\")","choices":[">","<",">=","=="]},"code_positive_negative_zero":{"title":"Classify a number","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer. Print `positive` if the number is greater than 0, `negative` if it is less than 0, or `zero` if it is exactly 0.","hint":"Read the task \"Classify a number\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Classify a number\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print positive, negative, or zero"},"code_pass_fail":{"title":"Pass or fail","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer score. Print `pass` if the score is 60 or higher. Otherwise print `fail`.","hint":"Read the task \"Pass or fail\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Pass or fail\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print pass or fail"},"code_grade_checker":{"title":"Simple grade checker","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer score from 0 to 100. Print `A` if the score is 90 or more, `B` if it is 80 to 89, `C` if it is 70 to 79, and `F` otherwise.","hint":"Read the task \"Simple grade checker\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Simple grade checker\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print A, B, C, or F"},"code_empty_or_text":{"title":"Check for empty text","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input. If the line is an empty string, print `empty`. Otherwise print `text`.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"The exercise evaluates what the finished program does with the supplied values.","hint_1":"Trace the current values before editing. Keep the working lines and add only the behavior the prompt requests.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: print empty or text"},"code_even_odd":{"title":"Even or odd","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one integer. Print `even` if the number is divisible by 2. Otherwise print `odd`.","hint":"Use the remainder operator `%` to test divisibility by 2.","help":{"concept":"A number is even when dividing by 2 leaves remainder 0. Otherwise it is odd.","hint_1":"Use a condition based on `n % 2`.","hint_2":"The even case is the one where the remainder after division by 2 is zero."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print even or odd"}}},"indentation-and-blocks":{"label":"Indentation and Blocks","summary":"Understand why indentation controls structure in Python.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why indentation matters"},"sketch1":{"title":"Lines with the same indentation belong together"},"sketch2":{"title":"Each branch has its own block"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-indent-purpose":{"title":"What indentation does","prompt":"In Python, what does indentation mainly tell the program?","hint":"Think about which lines belong under an `if` or `else`.","help":{"concept":"Python uses indentation to define blocks of code. A block is the set of lines that belong to a statement like `if`, `elif`, or `else`.","hint_1":"Look for the choice about grouping lines under a conditional branch.","hint_2":"It is not mainly about decoration or comments. It controls structure."},"options":{"a":"Which lines belong to the same block","b":"Which variables are strings","c":"How many times a line will run","d":"Whether print adds a new line"}},"sc-outside-block":{"title":"Line outside the block","prompt":"What is true about a line that is not indented under an `if` statement?","hint":"Compare a line aligned with `if` to a line indented under it.","help":{"concept":"A line aligned with the `if` statement is outside that `if` block, so it is not controlled by the condition in the same way as indented lines are.","hint_1":"A line at the left edge is separate from the indented branch.","hint_2":"If the condition is false, the outside line can still run because it is not part of the skipped block."},"options":{"a":"It is always ignored","b":"It belongs to the `if` block","c":"It is outside the `if` block","d":"It turns the `if` into an `else`"}},"mc-same-block":{"title":"Choose all lines in the block","prompt":"Consider this code:\n\n```python\nif True:\n print(\"A\")\n print(\"B\")\nprint(\"C\")\n```\n\nWhich lines are inside the `if` block? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Only the indented lines under `if True:` belong to that block.","help":{"concept":"In Python, all lines directly under a statement and indented the same amount are part of that block.","hint_1":"Check which lines are shifted to the right under `if True:`.","hint_2":"The two `print` lines with matching indentation are grouped together; the left-aligned line is separate."},"options":{"a":"print(\"A\")","b":"print(\"B\")","c":"print(\"C\")","d":"if True:"}},"mc-branch-blocks":{"title":"Valid ideas about blocks","prompt":"Which statements about Python blocks are correct? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about indentation level and how `if`/`elif`/`else` branches are grouped.","help":{"concept":"Blocks in Python are formed by indentation. Each branch can have its own block, and matching indentation groups lines together.","hint_1":"Look for statements about same indentation and separate branch bodies.","hint_2":"Reject any choice that says indentation is only visual or optional."},"options":{"a":"Lines with the same indentation under an `if` can belong to the same block","b":"An `else` branch can have its own indented block","c":"Indentation in Python is only for readability and does not affect execution","d":"A line outside the block must be indented more than the `if` line"}},"dr-if-else-structure":{"title":"Build a simple if-else","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to form a valid Python `if`/`else` structure that prints `yes` when `x > 0` and `no` otherwise.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"if x > 0:","t2":"print(\"yes\")","t3":"else:","t4":"print(\"no\")"}},"dr-two-line-block":{"title":"Arrange a two-line block","prompt":"Arrange the tokens to make a valid program where both messages are inside the `if` block.","hint":"Both `print` lines should stay under the `if` line with the same indentation.","help":{"concept":"Multiple lines can belong to one block when they are indented equally under the same header line.","hint_1":"Put the `if` header first, then the two indented lines.","hint_2":"The two `print` lines should be consecutive and both shifted right the same amount."},"tokens":{"t1":"if score >= 50:","t2":"print(\"pass\")","t3":"print(\"good effort\")"}},"fb-indent-after-if":{"title":"Complete the block header","prompt":"Choose the missing word to complete the conditional line.","hint":"A conditional branch starts with Python's keyword for checking a condition.","help":{"concept":"A basic conditional begins with the first branch keyword, then a condition and a colon.","hint_1":"You use this keyword before a condition like `x > 3`.","hint_2":"It is the first branch keyword, not the fallback branch."},"template":"[blank1] score >= 80:","choices":["if","else","print","input"]},"fb-line-in-block":{"title":"Choose the indented line","prompt":"Pick the line that correctly fills the blank so the print statement is inside the `if` block.","hint":"The line inside the block must be indented.","help":{"concept":"A statement belongs to an `if` block only when it is indented under the `if` line.","hint_1":"Look for the choice with spaces before `print`.","hint_2":"The correct line is not left-aligned; it is shifted right to show block membership."},"template":"if ready:\n[blank1]","choices":["print(\"Go\")","if print(\"Go\")",": print(\"Go\")"]},"code-basic-if-output":{"title":"Print from an if block","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one integer. If the number is greater than 10, print `big`. Otherwise print `small`.","hint":"Read the task \"Print from an if block\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print from an if block\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print \"big\" if n > 10, otherwise print \"small\""},"code-two-lines-in-block":{"title":"Use two lines in one block","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one integer. If the number is at least 5, print `high` on one line and `checked` on the next line. Otherwise print only `low`.","hint":"Read the task \"Use two lines in one block\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Use two lines in one block\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: write the conditional output"},"code-elif-branches":{"title":"Classify with if elif else","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one integer. Print `positive` if it is greater than 0, `negative` if it is less than 0, and `zero` otherwise.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Trace the current values before editing. Keep the working lines and add only the behavior the prompt requests.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print positive, negative, or zero"},"code-special-case-first":{"title":"Check the special case first","prompt":"Use Python to reads one integer score. Print `perfect` if the score is exactly 100. Otherwise, if the score is at least 60, print `pass`. In all other cases, print `retry`.","hint":"Read the task \"Check the special case first\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Check the special case first\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\n\n# TODO: print perfect, pass, or retry"},"code-nested-if-basic":{"title":"Use an if inside another if","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads one integer age. If the age is at least 13, then check one more condition: if the age is at least 18, print `adult`; otherwise print `teen`. If the age is less than 13, print `child`.","hint":"Start with the outer age check, then place another `if` inside that block.","help":{"concept":"Nested conditionals use one indented block inside another. The inner `if` only runs when the outer condition is true.","hint_1":"First separate ages below 13 from ages 13 and above.","hint_2":"Inside the outer true branch, compare again to decide between the two older groups."},"starterCode":"age = int(input())\n\n# TODO: use a nested if to print child, teen, or adult"}}},"module-2-study-checker-project":{"label":"Module Project: Build a Study Checker","summary":"A study coach wants one checker that gets smarter step by step. Keep adding rules to the same program until it can handle missing codes, bad scores, and final status messages.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Your first rules-based client"},"project":{"title":"Study Checker Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Start the score rule"},"mp_2":{"title":"Add the join rule"},"mp_3":{"title":"Handle a missing code"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the full checker"}},"quiz":{"mp-1-check-pass-fail":{"title":"Start the score rule","prompt":"Start the study checker with one simple rule. Read one whole-number score. Print `Pass` if the score is at least 70. Otherwise print `Try again`.","hint":"Convert the input, then choose between two outputs.","help":{"concept":"The project begins with the simplest useful rule: read one score and choose one of two messages.","hint_1":"Use `int(input())` so the comparison uses numbers.","hint_2":"Only one message should print."},"starterCode":"# Read one score and print Pass or Try again.\n"},"mp-2-check-join-rule":{"title":"Add the join rule","prompt":"Keep the score-based checker idea, but add one more rule. Read `member` with `input()`. Print `Join` only when the score is at least 70 and `member` is exactly `yes`. Otherwise print `Wait`.","hint":"Use `and` so both conditions must be true.","help":{"concept":"This step extends the same checker with a second condition instead of starting a new exercise from scratch.","hint_1":"The score still matters, but now membership matters too.","hint_2":"If either part fails, the output should be `Wait`."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nif score >= 70:\n print(\"Pass\")\nelse:\n print(\"Try again\")\n\n# Keep the score rule idea.\n# Read member with input().\n# Print Join only when the score is at least 70 and member is yes.\n"},"mp-3-handle-missing-text":{"title":"Handle a missing code","prompt":"Keep the Join/Wait checker you already built. Add one more input named `code`. If `code` is an empty string, print `Missing code` before checking the normal Join/Wait rule.","hint":"Check the missing-code case first, then fall through to the earlier rule.","help":{"concept":"A connected checker grows by handling special cases before the broader rule that already works.","hint_1":"The empty string is written as `\"\"`.","hint_2":"If the code is missing, no other message should print."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nmember = input()\nif score >= 70 and member == \"yes\":\n print(\"Join\")\nelse:\n print(\"Wait\")\n\n# Keep the Join/Wait rule.\n# Read one more input named code.\n# If code is empty, print Missing code before the normal rule.\n"},"mp-4-build-final-study-checker":{"title":"Finish the full checker","prompt":"Keep the same three inputs in the same order: score, member, code. Now finish the checker with these rules:\n- `Missing code` if `code` is empty\n- `Invalid score` if the score is less than 0\n- `Join club first` if `member` is not `yes`\n- `Excellent` if the score is at least 90\n- `Passing` if the score is at least 70\n- `Needs practice` otherwise","hint":"Keep the special cases first, then end with the normal score ranges.","help":{"concept":"The final version keeps the same checker structure and adds clearer branches in the order a real program would need them.","hint_1":"Use one `if` / `elif` / `else` chain so only one result prints.","hint_2":"The missing-code and invalid-score branches should come before the status branches."},"starterCode":"score = int(input())\nmember = input()\ncode = input()\nif code == \"\":\n print(\"Missing code\")\nelif score >= 70 and member == \"yes\":\n print(\"Join\")\nelse:\n print(\"Wait\")\n\n# Keep the same inputs.\n# Add invalid-score and not-a-member checks before the normal score results.\n# Then print the final status message.\n"},"try-module-2-study-checker-project-sketch0":{"title":"Preview the checker","prompt":"Read one score. Print `Ready` if it is at least 50. Otherwise print `Keep going`.","hint":"Use `int(input())` and an `if` / `else` choice.","help":{"concept":"This quick preview shows the basic pattern behind the larger project: read a value, test a rule, and print one matching result.","hint_1":"There are only two possible outputs.","hint_2":"Compare the score to 50."},"starterCode":"# Read one score and print Ready or Keep going.\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_module_2_study_checker_project_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read one score. Print `Ready` if it is at least 50. Otherwise print `Keep going`."},"allowReveal":true}},"truthiness-and-empty-values":{"label":"Truthiness and Empty Values","summary":"Understand how empty strings, zero, and None behave in conditions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What truthy and falsy mean"},"sketch1":{"title":"How numbers and None behave"},"sketch2":{"title":"When truthiness is useful and when to be careful"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-falsy-empty-string":{"title":"Empty string in a condition","prompt":"What happens in Python when `text = \"\"` and the program checks `if text:`?","hint":"An empty string has a special truthiness value.","help":{"concept":"Python treats empty strings as falsy, so `if text:` fails when `text` is `\"\"`.","hint_1":"Ask whether `\"\"` counts as having content.","hint_2":"The condition does not enter the `if` block for an empty string."},"options":{"a":"The condition is treated as true","b":"The condition is treated as false","c":"Python raises an error","d":"Python converts it to the number 0 first"}},"sc-none-truthiness":{"title":"None in an if statement","prompt":"Which statement about `None` in a Python condition is correct?","hint":"Think about whether `None` behaves more like a present value or a missing value.","help":{"concept":"In beginner Python, `None` is a falsy value and often represents missing or not-yet-set data.","hint_1":"If `value = None`, then `if value:` will not run its main block.","hint_2":"Choose the option that says Python treats `None` like false in conditions."},"options":{"a":"`None` is always truthy","b":"`None` is falsy","c":"`None` becomes an empty string automatically","d":"`None` can only be used with numbers"}},"mc-falsy-values":{"title":"Pick the falsy values","prompt":"Which values are falsy in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"options":{"a":"0","b":"\"\"","c":"None","d":"\"hi\""}},"mc-truthy-values":{"title":"Pick the truthy values","prompt":"Which values are truthy in Python? Choose all that apply.","hint":"Non-empty text and non-zero numbers usually count as true.","help":{"concept":"A non-empty string and any non-zero number are truthy, while `0`, `\"\"`, and `None` are falsy.","hint_1":"Check which options would make `if value:` run its block.","hint_2":"One correct answer is text with characters in it, and another is a number that is not zero."},"options":{"a":"\"hello\"","b":"5","c":"0","d":"None"}},"dr-check-empty-input-order":{"title":"Order the empty-input check","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a program that reads text and prints `Empty` when the input is an empty string, otherwise prints `Has text`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"text = input()","t2":"if text:","t3":"print(\"Has text\")","t4":"else:","t5":"print(\"Empty\")"}},"dr-check-none-order":{"title":"Order the None check","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a program that prints `Missing` when `value` is `None`, otherwise prints `Present`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"value = None","t2":"if value is None:","t3":"print(\"Missing\")","t4":"else:","t5":"print(\"Present\")"}},"fb-zero-falsy":{"title":"Fill the missing value for zero","prompt":"Complete the sentence about truthiness.","hint":"Think about how Python treats zero in an `if` condition.","help":{"concept":"Python treats zero as false when it is used directly as a condition.","hint_1":"If `count = 0`, then `if count:` does not run the main block.","hint_2":"Choose the word that means Python treats the condition like false."},"template":"In Python, `0` is [blank1].","choices":["truthy","falsy","a string","None"]},"fb-nonempty-string":{"title":"Fill the missing value for text","prompt":"Complete the sentence about strings in conditions.","hint":"A string with characters in it behaves differently from `\"\"`.","help":{"concept":"Python treats a string containing at least one character as true and an empty string as false.","hint_1":"Imagine `name = \"Leo\"` inside `if name:`.","hint_2":"Choose the word that means the condition acts like true."},"template":"A non-empty string is [blank1] in Python conditions.","choices":["missing","falsy","truthy","zero"]},"code-classify-string":{"title":"Classify empty or non-empty text","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads one line of input. If the input is an empty string, print `empty`. Otherwise, print `not empty`.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Correct syntax is only the start; the resulting output must also match.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n# TODO: print \"empty\" if text is empty, otherwise print \"not empty\""},"code-classify-number":{"title":"Classify zero or non-zero","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads an integer. If the number is truthy, print `truthy number`. Otherwise, print `falsy number`.","hint":"Read the task \"Classify zero or non-zero\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Classify zero or non-zero\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"number = int(input())\n# TODO: print the correct message based on the number's truthiness"},"code-check-missing-word":{"title":"Check for a missing word marker","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one line of input. If the input is exactly `None`, print `missing`. Otherwise, print `present`.","hint":"Read the task \"Check for a missing word marker\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Check for a missing word marker\".","hint_1":"Keep the solution focused on the specific result described in the task.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"value = input()\n# TODO: if the input text is exactly \"None\", print \"missing\"; otherwise print \"present\""},"code-points-message":{"title":"Print a message for points","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads an integer called `points`. If `points` is 0, print `no points`. Otherwise, print `points recorded`.","hint":"Look for the choice that satisfies both the syntax and behavior described.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"points = int(input())\n# TODO: print the correct message"},"code-two-inputs-both-present":{"title":"Check whether both inputs have text","prompt":"Create a focused solution that reads two lines of input: `first` and `second`. If both are non-empty strings, print `both present`. Otherwise, print `missing one`.","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Connect the prompt to the Python rule introduced in this lesson, then trace how that rule affects the program state.","hint_1":"Trace the current values before editing. Keep the working lines and add only the behavior the prompt requests.","hint_2":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar."},"starterCode":"first = input()\nsecond = input()\n# TODO: print \"both present\" only when both strings are non-empty"}}}},"python-v2-3":{"accumulators-and-counters":{"label":"Accumulators and Counters","summary":"Build totals, counts, and running summaries in loops.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What accumulators and counters do"},"sketch1":{"title":"Counting only when a condition is true"},"sketch2":{"title":"Building running totals and summaries"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"ex1":{"title":"Identify the accumulator","prompt":"In this code, which variable is the accumulator?\n\n```python\nnumbers = [2, 4, 6]\ntotal = 0\nfor n in numbers:\n total = total + n\nprint(total)\n```","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior.","hint_2":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result."},"options":{"a":"numbers","b":"n","c":"total","d":"print"}},"ex2":{"title":"Choose the best starting value","prompt":"You want to count how many letters in a word are vowels. What is the best starting value for the counter variable?","hint":"A counter tracks how many matches have happened so far.","help":{"concept":"Counters usually begin at zero because before the loop starts, no matching items have been counted yet.","hint_1":"Ask what the count should be before checking any letters.","hint_2":"Before the loop runs, the number of vowels found is none."},"options":{"a":"1","b":"0","c":"\"\"","d":"True"}},"ex3":{"title":"Pick the counter patterns","prompt":"Which code lines are valid ways to increase a counter by 1? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"A counter update should use the old value and add one.","help":{"concept":"A counter update increases the current stored count by one, so the new value depends on the old value.","hint_1":"Look for assignments where the variable becomes itself plus `1`.","hint_2":"Reject lines that reset the variable or subtract instead of increasing."},"options":{"a":"count = count + 1","b":"count += 1","c":"count = 1","d":"count = count - 1"}},"ex4":{"title":"Find true statements about accumulators","prompt":"Which statements are true about accumulators in beginner Python loops? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about what an accumulator stores and how it changes during the loop.","help":{"concept":"An accumulator keeps a running result across iterations and is updated repeatedly based on each item in the loop.","hint_1":"Some accumulators add numbers, and some build strings.","hint_2":"Look for statements about starting values and repeated updates inside the loop."},"options":{"a":"An accumulator can start at 0 when building a numeric total.","b":"An accumulator can be updated inside a for loop.","c":"An accumulator must always store text, not numbers.","d":"An accumulator can build a string step by step."}},"ex5":{"title":"Order the counting steps","prompt":"Arrange these steps to count how many vowels are in a word.","hint":"Start by setting up the counter before the loop begins.","help":{"concept":"A counting loop follows a common pattern: initialize, iterate, test, then update when the condition is true.","hint_1":"The counter must exist before you can increase it.","hint_2":"The condition check happens inside the loop before the counter changes."},"tokens":{"t1":"Set `vowel_count = 0`","t2":"Loop through each character in the word","t3":"Check whether the character is a vowel","t4":"Increase `vowel_count` by 1"}},"ex6":{"title":"Order the running total logic","prompt":"Arrange these code ideas in the correct order for summing numbers in a list.","hint":"A running total starts before the loop and is printed after the loop.","help":{"concept":"To build a total, you initialize the accumulator, loop through items, update the total each time, and then use the final result after the loop ends.","hint_1":"The print step belongs at the end, after all numbers have been processed.","hint_2":"The update step must happen inside the loop, after each number is visited."},"tokens":{"t1":"Set `total = 0`","t2":"Loop through each number","t3":"Update `total` with the current number","t4":"Print `total`"}},"ex7":{"title":"Fill the counter start value","prompt":"Complete the code so the counter starts correctly.","hint":"Before the loop counts anything, the count should show no matches yet.","help":{"concept":"A counter begins at zero because zero items have been counted before the loop starts.","hint_1":"This is the usual starting value for counting occurrences.","hint_2":"Use the number that represents none counted so far."},"template":"count = [blank1]","choices":["0","1","\"\"","count"]},"ex8":{"title":"Fill the accumulator variable","prompt":"Complete the line so it adds the current number to the running total.","hint":"A running total reads its current value, combines it with the new item, and stores the result back under the same name.","help":{"concept":"An accumulator update combines the value already stored with the current item to produce the next running result.","hint_1":"The missing name is the variable that stores the running sum.","hint_2":"Use the variable that should keep growing as the loop continues."},"template":"[blank1] = total + n","choices":["n","print","total","numbers"]},"ex9":{"title":"Sum all numbers from input","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of space-separated integers, adds them all, and prints the total.\n\nExample input:\n`3 5 2`\n\nExpected output:\n`10`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the task \"Sum all numbers from input\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Sum all numbers from input\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split()\ntotal = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through parts, add each number to total\n\nprint(total)"},"ex10":{"title":"Count vowels in a word","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one word, counts how many lowercase vowels it contains, and prints the count.\n\nCount these vowels: `a`, `e`, `i`, `o`, `u`.\n\nExample input:\n`banana`\n\nExpected output:\n`3`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"Your solution must satisfy the complete input-and-output contract.","hint_1":"Check names, punctuation, and execution order rather than relying on wording that merely sounds familiar.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"word = input()\nvowel_count = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through the characters in word\n# TODO: if the character is a vowel, increase vowel_count\n\nprint(vowel_count)"},"ex11":{"title":"Add only even numbers","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of space-separated integers, adds only the even numbers, and prints the total.\n\nExample input:\n`4 7 2 9 6`\n\nExpected output:\n`12`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the task \"Add only even numbers\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Add only even numbers\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split()\neven_total = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through the parts\n# TODO: convert each part to an integer\n# TODO: if the number is even, add it to even_total\n\nprint(even_total)"},"ex12":{"title":"Count positive numbers","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of space-separated integers, counts how many are greater than zero, and prints the count.\n\nExample input:\n`-2 5 0 3 -1`\n\nExpected output:\n`2`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"parts = input().split()\ncount = 0\n\n# TODO: loop through the parts\n# TODO: count numbers greater than 0\n\nprint(count)"},"ex13":{"title":"Build a dashed word","prompt":"Use Python to reads one word and prints its characters joined with dashes after each character.\n\nExample input:\n`code`\n\nExpected output:\n`c-o-d-e-`\n\nType code in the code editor, click Run, and check the output panel.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The exercise evaluates what the finished program does with the supplied values.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"word = input()\nresult = \"\"\n\n# TODO: loop through each character in word\n# TODO: add the character and a dash to result\n\nprint(result)"}}},"break-and-continue":{"label":"Break and Continue","summary":"Control loop flow using break and continue.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Using break to stop a loop early"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using continue to skip one loop turn"},"sketch2":{"title":"Break vs continue"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-break-effect":{"title":"What break does","prompt":"Inside a `while` loop, what does `break` do?","hint":"It affects the whole loop, not just one line.","help":{"concept":"`break` immediately exits the nearest loop, even if the loop condition is still true.","hint_1":"Compare stopping the loop completely with skipping just one iteration.","hint_2":"After `break` runs, the loop does not continue to the next repetition."},"options":{"a":"It stops the loop immediately","b":"It skips only the current print statement","c":"It restarts the loop from the beginning","d":"It changes False to True"}},"sc-continue-effect":{"title":"What continue does","prompt":"Inside a loop, what does `continue` do?","hint":"It skips ahead, but the loop itself keeps going.","help":{"concept":"`continue` skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next loop iteration.","hint_1":"Think about what happens after `continue` on that one turn of the loop.","hint_2":"The loop is not finished; only the remaining statements in the current iteration are skipped."},"options":{"a":"It ends the program","b":"It exits the loop completely","c":"It skips the rest of the current iteration","d":"It repeats the same iteration forever"}},"mc-break-uses":{"title":"Good uses for break","prompt":"Which situations are good reasons to use `break` in a loop? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about cases where you want to stop looping early.","help":{"concept":"`break` is useful when a loop should end as soon as a target condition is reached.","hint_1":"Look for options where continuing the loop is unnecessary after something is found or matched.","hint_2":"If the task is complete before the loop condition naturally ends, `break` can stop extra iterations."},"options":{"a":"Stop searching after you find the target value","b":"End a loop when the user enters a quit number","c":"Skip printing one unwanted value but keep looping","d":"Automatically increase a counter by 1"}},"mc-continue-results":{"title":"Effects of continue","prompt":"Which statements about `continue` are true? Choose all correct answers.","hint":"Think about one iteration versus the whole loop.","help":{"concept":"`continue` affects only the current iteration, not the entire loop.","hint_1":"Check which options describe skipping the remaining code for one loop turn.","hint_2":"A loop with `continue` can still process later values after the skipped iteration."},"options":{"a":"It can skip printing a specific value","b":"It can move control to the next iteration","c":"It always ends the loop immediately","d":"It can be used while later iterations still run"}},"dr-break-flow":{"title":"Order of events with break","prompt":"Arrange these events in the correct order for this loop idea: the loop checks a value, finds the stop value, runs `break`, and then the loop ends.","hint":"What must happen before `break` can run?","help":{"concept":"In a loop, code first reaches the condition check inside the body, then `break` executes, then the loop exits.","hint_1":"The loop cannot end from `break` until the matching stop value is encountered.","hint_2":"Place the discovery of the stop value just before the `break` action."},"tokens":{"t1":"The loop checks the current value","t2":"The stop value is found","t3":"`break` runs","t4":"The loop ends"}},"dr-continue-flow":{"title":"Order of events with continue","prompt":"Arrange these steps for a loop iteration where `continue` is used to skip one value.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"The loop reaches a special value","t2":"`continue` runs","t3":"The remaining statements in this iteration are skipped","t4":"The next iteration begins"}},"fb-break-keyword":{"title":"Fill the loop control word","prompt":"Choose the keyword that stops the loop immediately.","hint":"This keyword exits the loop, not just one iteration.","help":{"concept":"Python uses a specific keyword to leave a loop early.","hint_1":"It is different from `continue`, which only skips one iteration.","hint_2":"The correct word is the one used when you want the loop to finish right away."},"template":"if count == 5:\n [blank1]","choices":["break","continue","while","print"]},"fb-continue-keyword":{"title":"Fill the skip keyword","prompt":"Choose the keyword that skips the rest of the current iteration.","hint":"This one keeps the loop going after the current turn.","help":{"concept":"Python has a loop-control keyword that skips the remaining statements in the current iteration and starts the next one.","hint_1":"It does not end the loop completely.","hint_2":"Use the keyword that jumps ahead to the next repetition."},"template":"if number == 3:\n [blank1]","choices":["break","continue","range","input"]},"code-break-stop-at-number":{"title":"Stop when a target appears","prompt":"Use Python to reads integers from standard input, one per line. Print each number on its own line until you read `0`. When `0` is read, stop the loop and do not print `0`.","hint":"Read the task \"Stop when a target appears\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Stop when a target appears\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"while True:\n # TODO: read a number\n # TODO: stop when the number is 0\n # TODO: print the number if it is not 0\n pass"},"code-continue-skip-multiples":{"title":"Skip multiples of 3","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints the numbers from 1 to 10, one per line, but skips numbers that are multiples of 3 using `continue`.","hint":"Read the task \"Skip multiples of 3\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Skip multiples of 3\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"for number in range(1, 11):\n # TODO: if number is a multiple of 3, skip it\n # TODO: otherwise print it\n pass"},"code-break-first-negative":{"title":"Stop at the first negative number","prompt":"Build a small Python program that reads integers from standard input, one per line. Add the numbers to a running total until a negative number appears. When a negative number is read, stop immediately and print the total without including the negative number.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"total = 0\n\nwhile True:\n # TODO: read a number\n # TODO: stop if it is negative\n # TODO: otherwise add it to total\n pass\n\nprint(total)"},"code-continue-skip-letter":{"title":"Print letters except one","prompt":"Build a small Python program that loops through the string `\"banana\"` and prints each character on its own line, but skips the character `a` using `continue`.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Use the Python statement or expression that matches the required output.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"word = \"banana\"\n\nfor ch in word:\n # TODO: skip the letter a\n # TODO: print the other characters\n pass"},"code-break-guess-game":{"title":"Mini guess loop","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that keeps reading integers from standard input until the user enters `7`. For each wrong guess, print `try again`. When the input is `7`, print `correct` and stop the loop.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"Use the code structure as evidence: identify the values created, the condition or operation applied, and the resulting behavior.","hint_1":"Preserve the working structure, then change only the line or block responsible for the required output.","hint_2":"Work through the expression or control flow before selecting the option that matches Python’s behavior."},"starterCode":"while True:\n guess = int(input())\n # TODO: if the guess is 7, print the success message and stop\n # TODO: otherwise print the retry message"}}},"for-loops-over-text":{"label":"For Loops Over Text","summary":"Loop through a string one character at a time.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A string can be looped through character by character"},"sketch1":{"title":"The loop variable changes each time"},"sketch2":{"title":"Use loops over text to count or filter"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-1":{"title":"What does the loop visit?","prompt":"In Python, what does `for ch in \"dog\":` loop over?","hint":"Think about what a string is made of.","help":{"concept":"A string is a sequence of characters, so a `for` loop over a string takes one character at a time in order.","hint_1":"The loop does not take the whole word at once.","hint_2":"For `\"dog\"`, the loop variable becomes `\"d\"`, then `\"o\"`, then `\"g\"`."},"options":{"a":"Each character in the string","b":"Each word in the string","c":"Only the first character","d":"Only the last character"}},"sc-2":{"title":"What prints?","prompt":"What is printed by this code?\n\n```python\nfor ch in \"hi\":\n print(ch)\n```","hint":"Check what `print(ch)` does on each loop.","help":{"concept":"The loop runs once for each character, and `print` outputs the current character on its own line each time.","hint_1":"The first loop uses `h`, and the second loop uses `i`.","hint_2":"There are two lines of output, one for each character in order."},"options":{"a":"hi","b":"h i on one line","c":"h on one line, then i on the next line","d":"Nothing prints"}},"mc-1":{"title":"Valid loop variable names","prompt":"Choose all variable names that could correctly be used in this loop: `for ___ in \"sun\":`","hint":"Identify the concept being tested, then compare every option with that concept.","help":{"concept":"Treat the starter and expected behavior as one contract; every required name and output should be accounted for.","hint_1":"Compare each option to the exact topic named in the question.","hint_2":"Remove options from unrelated Python areas, then choose the one that fits the question."},"options":{"a":"ch","b":"letter","c":"2char","d":"my char"}},"mc-2":{"title":"What can you do inside the loop?","prompt":"Choose all actions that make sense when looping over a string one character at a time.","hint":"Think about tasks done once for each character.","help":{"concept":"A loop over text is useful for processing each character, such as printing, counting matches, or checking conditions.","hint_1":"If the loop variable holds one character, you can compare it to a letter.","hint_2":"You can also update a counter or print the current character during each loop."},"options":{"a":"Print each character","b":"Count how many times a letter appears","c":"Compare the current character to \"a\"","d":"Install a package before the loop runs"}},"dr-1":{"title":"Build a simple text loop","prompt":"Put the code lines in the correct order to print each character in `cat`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"for ch in word:","t2":"print(ch)","t3":"word = \"cat\""}},"dr-2":{"title":"Order the counting steps","prompt":"Arrange these lines to count how many `a` characters are in `banana`.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"if ch == \"a\":","t2":"count = count + 1","t3":"for ch in text:","t4":"count = 0","t5":"text = \"banana\""}},"fb-1":{"title":"Complete the loop variable","prompt":"Fill in the missing part so the loop prints each character in the string.","hint":"Match each choice against the precise rule introduced in the lesson.","help":{"concept":"Focus on why Python reaches the result, not only on the final answer shown in the output.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"for [blank1] in \"code\":\n print(ch)","choices":["ch","in","print","\"code\""]},"fb-2":{"title":"Complete the condition","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the code counts `e` characters.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept rather than the exact missing term.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be completed with the term that fits the job being described.","hint_1":"Think about what the missing part needs to do in the statement.","hint_2":"Choose the term that best completes the meaning of the statement."},"template":"if ch == [blank1]:\n count = count + 1","choices":["\"a\"","\"e\"","e","count"]},"code-1":{"title":"Print each character on its own line","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of text from input and prints each character on its own line in the same order.","hint":"Read the task \"Print each character on its own line\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print each character on its own line\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Use the output panel to verify the exact behavior before submitting."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: loop through text and print each character on its own line"},"code-2":{"title":"Count the letter a","prompt":"Complete the program so it reads one line of text and prints how many times the character `a` appears.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"The grader checks the resulting behavior, not merely the presence of a familiar line.","hint_1":"Use the Python statement or expression that matches the required output.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\ncount = 0\n\n# TODO: count how many times 'a' appears\n\nprint(count)"},"code-3":{"title":"Print only vowels","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of text and prints only the vowels (`a`, `e`, `i`, `o`, `u`) from that text, one per line, in order.","hint":"Read the task \"Print only vowels\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print only vowels\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"text = input()\n\n# TODO: print only vowels, one per line"},"code-4":{"title":"Count uppercase letters","prompt":"Use Python to reads one line of text and prints the number of uppercase letters. Count a character if it is equal to its uppercase version and is different from its lowercase version.","hint":"Trace the relevant value or branch before deciding which option fits.","help":{"concept":"This task verifies the program behavior described in the prompt.","hint_1":"Run the starter once, compare its behavior with the prompt, and make the smallest change that satisfies every requirement.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"text = input()\ncount = 0\n\n# TODO: count uppercase letters\n\nprint(count)"},"code-5":{"title":"Build text without spaces","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that reads one line of text and prints the same text without spaces. Keep all other characters in the same order.","hint":"Use the code behavior described in the question to eliminate incompatible choices.","help":{"concept":"The task is complete when the program consistently produces the requested result.","hint_1":"Read the starter from top to bottom, identify the missing responsibility, and verify the result after your edit.","hint_2":"Trace the code or rule in the prompt, then reject choices that conflict with Python syntax or runtime behavior."},"starterCode":"text = input()\nresult = \"\"\n\n# TODO: add non-space characters to result\n\nprint(result)"}}},"loop-debugging":{"label":"Loop Debugging","summary":"Trace loop values to find repeated or skipped work.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Trace the loop state one step at a time"},"sketch1":{"title":"Spot off-by-one errors"},"sketch2":{"title":"Avoid repeated work and infinite loops"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"loop-debug-sc-1":{"title":"What causes the loop to stop?","prompt":"In a `while` loop, what makes the loop stop running?","hint":"Check what happens when the condition is no longer true.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop repeats only while its condition evaluates to true. It stops at the first check where the condition is false.","hint_1":"Think about the condition after each loop update.","hint_2":"The loop does not stop because of printing; it stops when the condition fails."},"options":{"a":"It stops when the condition becomes false.","b":"It stops after one print statement.","c":"It stops only when Python reaches the end of the program.","d":"It stops whenever the variable name changes."}},"loop-debug-sc-2":{"title":"Find the off-by-one condition","prompt":"You want to print `1`, `2`, and `3` with a loop that starts at `count = 1`. Which condition should the `while` loop use?","hint":"The loop must still run when `count` is 3.","help":{"concept":"Off-by-one errors often come from choosing `<` instead of `<=` when the last value should still be included.","hint_1":"Ask whether the condition is true at `count = 3`.","hint_2":"A strict less-than check would stop before printing the last number."},"options":{"a":"`while count < 3:`","b":"`while count <= 3:`","c":"`while count == 3:`","d":"`while count != 1:`"}},"loop-debug-mc-1":{"title":"Signs of an infinite loop","prompt":"Choose all situations that can make a `while` loop run forever.","hint":"Look for cases where the condition can stay true again and again.","help":{"concept":"Infinite loops happen when the loop condition never becomes false, often because the loop variable is not updated or is updated in the wrong direction.","hint_1":"Check whether the variable in the condition changes at all.","hint_2":"Also check whether the update moves the value toward stopping, not away from it."},"options":{"a":"The loop variable never changes inside the loop.","b":"The loop variable changes away from the stopping value.","c":"The loop prints a value each time.","d":"The loop condition eventually becomes false."}},"loop-debug-mc-2":{"title":"Useful debugging actions","prompt":"Choose all actions that help debug a `while` loop.","hint":"Think about ways to see the loop variable and condition over time.","help":{"concept":"Debugging loops is easier when you trace the changing values and compare them with the condition that controls repetition.","hint_1":"Actions that reveal each step of the counter are helpful.","hint_2":"Writing down values or printing them temporarily can show repeated or skipped work."},"options":{"a":"Trace the loop variable value on each pass.","b":"Add a temporary `print()` to show the counter.","c":"Ignore the condition and only read the final output.","d":"Check whether the update is inside the loop body."}},"loop-debug-dr-1":{"title":"Order the loop steps","prompt":"Put these steps in the correct order for one full cycle of a typical `while` loop.","hint":"A `while` loop checks before it runs the body.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop first checks its condition, then runs the body if true, then updates values, and finally returns to the condition check.","hint_1":"The condition check happens before printing or updating.","hint_2":"After the update, the loop goes back to test the condition again."},"tokens":{"t1":"Check the condition","t2":"Run the loop body","t3":"Update the loop variable","t4":"Check the condition again"}},"loop-debug-dr-2":{"title":"Trace the values","prompt":"Arrange the values of `count` in the order they are checked by this code: `count = 1` then `while count <= 3:` with `count = count + 1` inside the loop.","hint":"Arrange the pieces in the order Python uses them.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"1","t2":"2","t3":"3","t4":"4"}},"loop-debug-fb-1":{"title":"Complete the stopping condition","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the loop includes 3 as the last printed number.","hint":"Check whether the loop condition includes the final value named in the prompt instead of stopping one iteration early.","help":{"concept":"To include the last number in a `while` loop, the condition must allow that value before stopping.","hint_1":"Trace the last intended iteration and choose a boundary that still evaluates to True at that point.","hint_2":"A smaller boundary would stop too early."},"template":"while count <= [blank1]:","choices":["2","3","4","count"]},"loop-debug-fb-2":{"title":"Complete the update","prompt":"Fill in the missing code so the counter moves forward by 1 each time.","hint":"The new value should be one more than the old value.","help":{"concept":"A counter update changes the loop variable so the condition can eventually become false.","hint_1":"The right side should use the current value of `count` plus one.","hint_2":"Without increasing the counter, the loop may repeat the same work."},"template":"count = [blank1]","choices":["count","count + 1","1","count - 1"]},"loop-debug-code-1":{"title":"Fix a stuck counter loop","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints the numbers 1 through 3, one per line, using a `while` loop. The loop must update the counter so it stops correctly.","hint":"Translate the question into a Python rule before selecting an answer.","help":{"concept":"Explain the behavior to yourself in plain language before choosing or writing the Python syntax.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Evaluate each option against the exact condition, value, or output described in the question."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 1, 2, 3 using a while loop\ncount = 1"},"loop-debug-code-2":{"title":"Print from 0 to 2","prompt":"Complete the program so it uses a `while` loop to print `0`, `1`, and `2`, one per line.","hint":"Begin at 0 and stop before the value reaches 3.","help":{"concept":"The starting value and condition work together to decide exactly which numbers a loop prints.","hint_1":"A loop starting at 0 can use a less-than boundary to stop before 3.","hint_2":"Print the counter, then increase it by 1 each time."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 0, 1, 2 with a while loop\nn = 0"},"loop-debug-code-3":{"title":"Count down safely","prompt":"Create a focused solution that prints `3`, `2`, and `1`, one per line, using a `while` loop.","hint":"Read the task \"Count down safely\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Count down safely\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 3, 2, 1 using a while loop\nn = 3"},"loop-debug-code-4":{"title":"Repeat a word a set number of times","prompt":"Read one word from input. Then use a `while` loop to print that word exactly 3 times, one per line.","hint":"Read the coding task and identify what the program should print.","help":{"concept":"Your solution must satisfy the complete input-and-output contract.","hint_1":"Use the named file and expected behavior as a checklist; test one focused change before adding another.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"word = input()\n# TODO: print word exactly 3 times using a while loop"},"loop-debug-code-5":{"title":"Sum numbers from 1 to n","prompt":"Read one integer `n` from input. Use a `while` loop to add the numbers from 1 through `n`, then print the total.","hint":"Read the task \"Sum numbers from 1 to n\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Sum numbers from 1 to n\".","hint_1":"Implement the smallest program that produces the required behavior.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"n = int(input())\n# TODO: use a while loop to compute the sum from 1 to n"}}},"module-3-club-check-in-project":{"label":"Module Project: Club Check-In Tracker","summary":"A neighborhood club needs one check-in desk that can count members, recognize VIP names, skip blank entries, and stop cleanly when the session closes.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A loop-powered check-in desk"},"project":{"title":"Club Check-In Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"mp_1":{"title":"Check in three members"},"mp_2":{"title":"Count VIP members"},"mp_3":{"title":"Stop when the desk closes"},"mp_4":{"title":"Finish the club check-in tracker"}},"quiz":{"try-module-3-club-check-in-sketch0":{"title":"Open the check-in desk","prompt":"Use a `for` loop with `range(3, 0, -1)` to print `3`, `2`, and `1` on separate lines. After the loop, print `Open`.","hint":"The range needs a negative step so the values decrease.","help":{"concept":"A range can count backward when its step is negative.","hint_1":"The stop value is not included.","hint_2":"Print Open after the loop ends."},"starterCode":"# Print 3, 2, 1 with a for loop, then print Open.\n","solutionCode":"for number in range(3, 0, -1):\n print(number)\nprint(\"Open\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the requested backward range."}}},"mp-1-check-in-three-members":{"title":"Check in three members","prompt":"Read exactly three member names. After each input, print `Checked in: <name>`. Use a `for` loop with `range(3)` so the same check-in logic handles every member.","hint":"Use one loop for the repeated check-in action.","help":{"concept":"A for loop is a good fit when the number of repetitions is known before the loop begins.","hint_1":"Call input() inside the range(3) loop.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"# Read exactly three names and print one check-in line for each.\n","solutionCode":"for _ in range(3):\n name = input()\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}},"mp-2-count-vip-members":{"title":"Count VIP members","prompt":"Keep the three check-in lines from the previous step. Add `vip_count`, increase it when a name starts with `VIP-`, and print `VIP check-ins: <count>` after the loop.","hint":"Keep the working loop and add one focused counter.","help":{"concept":"A counter stores a summary that grows as the loop discovers matching values.","hint_1":"Test startswith(\"VIP-\") before increasing vip_count.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"vip_count = 0\nfor _ in range(3):\n name = input()\n # Keep the check-in line, then count names that start with VIP-.\n\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","solutionCode":"vip_count = 0\nfor _ in range(3):\n name = input()\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n if name.startswith(\"VIP-\"):\n vip_count += 1\n\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}},"mp-3-stop-on-done":{"title":"Stop when the desk closes","prompt":"Change the tracker so it can accept any number of names. Use `while True`, stop when the input is exactly `done`, and print the final total after the loop.","hint":"Check the sentinel before counting the name.","help":{"concept":"A sentinel value such as done gives a while loop a deliberate stopping point.","hint_1":"Use break only for the done value.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"check_in_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n # Stop when name is done. Otherwise count and print the check-in.\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {check_in_count}\")\n","solutionCode":"check_in_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n if name == \"done\":\n break\n check_in_count += 1\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {check_in_count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."},"1":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}},"mp-4-finish-club-check-in":{"title":"Finish the club check-in tracker","prompt":"Finish the club check-in tracker. Read names until `done`. Skip an empty input with `continue`, print one line for every accepted name, track the total, track names beginning with `VIP-`, and print both counts after the loop.","hint":"Order the special cases before the normal counting work.","help":{"concept":"The final tracker combines a sentinel, a skipped special case, and two independent counters.","hint_1":"Use continue for the empty string so it is not printed or counted.","hint_2":"Run both the normal and edge-case inputs before moving to the next step."},"starterCode":"total = 0\nvip_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n # done ends the session; an empty name should be skipped.\n # Count every accepted name and names that start with VIP-.\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {total}\")\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","solutionCode":"total = 0\nvip_count = 0\nwhile True:\n name = input()\n if name == \"done\":\n break\n if name == \"\":\n continue\n total += 1\n if name.startswith(\"VIP-\"):\n vip_count += 1\n print(f\"Checked in: {name}\")\n\nprint(f\"Total check-ins: {total}\")\nprint(f\"VIP check-ins: {vip_count}\")\n","sourceChecks":{"0":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."},"1":{"message":"Use the required loop-control pattern."}}}},"tryIt":{"try_module_3_club_check_in_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Use a `for` loop with `range(3, 0, -1)` to print `3`, `2`, and `1` on separate lines. After the loop, print `Open`."},"allowReveal":true}},"range-and-counting":{"label":"Range and Counting Patterns","summary":"Use range to repeat code a controlled number of times.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Counting with range()"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using start and stop values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Skipping numbers with a step"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc-range-five-values":{"title":"What does range(5) produce?","prompt":"Which list matches the values from `range(5)` in a `for` loop?","hint":"Think about where `range(5)` starts and whether 5 itself is included.","help":{"concept":"`range(stop)` starts at 0 and counts up to, but does not include, the stop value.","hint_1":"List the numbers a loop variable would take: begin at 0 and keep going while the value is still less than 5.","hint_2":"The last value is one less than 5, not 5 itself."},"options":{"a":"0, 1, 2, 3, 4","b":"1, 2, 3, 4, 5","c":"0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5","d":"5"}},"sc-range-start-stop":{"title":"Which loop prints 1 to 5?","prompt":"Choose the loop that prints the numbers `1` through `5`, each on its own line.","hint":"The stop value in `range(start, stop)` is not printed.","help":{"concept":"With `range(start, stop)`, Python includes the start value and excludes the stop value.","hint_1":"To end with 5, the stop value must be one more than 5.","hint_2":"Look for the option that starts at 1 and stops before 6."},"options":{"a":"for n in range(1, 5): print(n)","b":"for n in range(1, 6): print(n)","c":"for n in range(0, 5): print(n)","d":"for n in range(5): print(n)"}},"mc-true-about-range":{"title":"Facts about range()","prompt":"Choose all true statements about Python `range()`.","hint":"Check which statements match start, stop, and step behavior.","help":{"concept":"`range()` can take stop only, or start and stop, or start, stop, and step. The stop value is excluded.","hint_1":"Test each statement against examples like `range(5)` and `range(2, 8, 2)`.","hint_2":"True statements will mention starting at 0 by default, excluding the stop value, or using a step to skip numbers."},"options":{"a":"`range(5)` starts at 0 by default.","b":"The stop value is included in the loop.","c":"`range(2, 8, 2)` can count by twos.","d":"`range()` can help control how many times a loop runs."}},"mc-even-loop-options":{"title":"Loops that print even numbers under 10","prompt":"Choose all loops that print `0, 2, 4, 6, 8` on separate lines.","hint":"Look for loops that start at 0 and move by 2, or loops that filter even values correctly.","help":{"concept":"There can be more than one correct way to produce the same counting pattern in a loop.","hint_1":"One correct pattern uses `range(0, 10, 2)`. Another can loop through 0 to 9 and print only even numbers.","hint_2":"Reject any option that includes 10, skips 0, or prints odd numbers too."},"options":{"a":"for n in range(0, 10, 2): print(n)","b":"for n in range(10):\n if n % 2 == 0:\n print(n)","c":"for n in range(2, 10, 2): print(n)","d":"for n in range(0, 11, 2): print(n)"}},"dr-build-basic-range-loop":{"title":"Build a counting loop","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to make a loop that prints `0` to `4`.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Arrange the pieces according to the structure of the statement.","hint_1":"Think about which part must come first.","hint_2":"Put the pieces in the order that makes the statement valid."},"tokens":{"t1":"for","t2":"n","t3":"in","t4":"range(5):","t5":"print(n)"}},"dr-build-step-range":{"title":"Build a step pattern","prompt":"Put the tokens in order to make a loop that prints even numbers under 10.","hint":"Focus on the logical order of the parts.","help":{"concept":"Arrange the pieces according to the structure of the statement.","hint_1":"Use the lesson rule as evidence and eliminate any choice that would produce a different result.","hint_2":"Put the pieces in the order that makes the statement valid."},"tokens":{"t1":"for","t2":"num","t3":"in","t4":"range(0, 10, 2):","t5":"print(num)"}},"fb-stop-not-included":{"title":"Complete the stop value idea","prompt":"Fill in the missing word to complete the rule about `range()`.","hint":"The stop number is the boundary, not a printed value.","help":{"concept":"In Python `range()`, the stop value marks where counting ends, but that exact value is left out.","hint_1":"If you use `range(1, 6)`, the loop prints up to 5.","hint_2":"The missing word describes that the stop value is left out."},"template":"In `range(start, stop)`, the stop value is [blank1].","choices":["included","excluded","doubled","repeated"]},"fb-step-even-pattern":{"title":"Complete the step value","prompt":"Fill in the missing value so the loop counts by twos.","hint":"The third `range()` number controls how much the value changes each time.","help":{"concept":"The step in `range(start, stop, step)` sets the jump size between loop values.","hint_1":"Compare the gap between neighboring values. The step must add the same even amount on every iteration.","hint_2":"The missing value is the amount added after each loop."},"template":"for n in range(0, 10, [blank1]):","choices":["1","2","5","10"]},"ci-print-zero-to-four":{"title":"Print 0 to 4","prompt":"Use Python to uses a `for` loop with `range()` to print the numbers `0` through `4`, each on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print 0 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print 0 to 4\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Test the change in the runner and correct any mismatch before checking the answer."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-print-one-to-five":{"title":"Print 1 to 5","prompt":"Create a focused solution that uses `range()` to print the numbers `1` through `5`, each on its own line.","hint":"Use both a start value and a stop value.","help":{"concept":"With `range(start, stop)`, the loop begins at the start value and stops before the stop value.","hint_1":"To print 1 through 5, start at 1 and choose a stop value just after 5.","hint_2":"Your loop body only needs to print the loop variable."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-even-under-ten":{"title":"Print even numbers under 10","prompt":"Build a small Python program that uses `range()` with a step to print the even numbers under `10`, each on its own line.","hint":"Start at 0 and jump by 2.","help":{"concept":"The third value in `range(start, stop, step)` controls the counting pattern.","hint_1":"Use a loop header that begins at 0 and stops before 10.","hint_2":"A step of 2 creates the even-number pattern."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-countdown-three-to-one":{"title":"Print a short countdown","prompt":"Use Python to prints `3`, `2`, and `1` on separate lines using `range()`.","hint":"Use a negative step so the numbers go down.","help":{"concept":"`range()` can count backward when the step is negative.","hint_1":"Start at 3 and move down by 1 each time.","hint_2":"The stop value should be just below the last number you want to print."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"},"ci-print-squares-one-to-four":{"title":"Print squares from 1 to 4","prompt":"Complete the program so it uses a `for` loop with `range()` to print the square of each number from `1` to `4`. The output should be `1`, `4`, `9`, and `16` on separate lines.","hint":"Read the task \"Print squares from 1 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print squares from 1 to 4\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Confirm the program output matches the contract rather than relying on visual inspection of the code alone."},"starterCode":"# Write your code below"}}},"while-loop-basics":{"label":"While Loop Basics","summary":"Repeat code until a condition becomes false.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a while loop does"},"sketch1":{"title":"Conditions and loop state"},"sketch2":{"title":"How to stop a while loop safely"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"}},"quiz":{"sc_while_meaning":{"title":"Meaning of a while loop","prompt":"What does a `while` loop do in Python?","hint":"Think about code that repeats only while a condition stays true.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop checks a condition before each repetition and keeps running the indented block while that condition is `True`.","hint_1":"Look for the choice that mentions repeating based on a condition, not a fixed number of times only.","hint_2":"A `while` loop can stop as soon as its condition becomes `False`."},"options":{"a":"It repeats code while a condition is true.","b":"It runs code exactly one time.","c":"It stores text inside a variable.","d":"It skips all indented code."}},"sc_infinite_loop_cause":{"title":"Cause of an infinite loop","prompt":"Why can this loop run forever?\n\n```python\nx = 1\nwhile x < 5:\n print(x)\n```","hint":"Check whether the value used in the condition ever changes.","help":{"concept":"A `while` loop needs some changing state so the condition can eventually become `False`.","hint_1":"The condition uses `x < 5`. Ask whether `x` is updated inside the loop body.","hint_2":"If the loop variable never changes, the condition can stay true forever."},"options":{"a":"Because `print(x)` makes the loop restart forever.","b":"Because `x` is too small to print.","c":"Because `x` never changes inside the loop.","d":"Because `while` loops always run forever."}},"mc_parts_of_safe_while":{"title":"Parts of a safe while loop","prompt":"Choose all parts that help a `while` loop stop correctly.","hint":"Think about what the loop checks and what changes each time.","help":{"concept":"A safe `while` loop needs a condition and a loop variable or state update that moves the program toward making that condition false.","hint_1":"One correct idea is the condition itself. Another is changing a value inside the loop.","hint_2":"Look for choices about checking a condition and updating the variable used by that condition."},"options":{"a":"A condition that can become false","b":"An update to the loop variable inside the loop","c":"A random comment above the loop","d":"A variable name written in all capital letters"}},"mc_true_about_counter_loop":{"title":"Tracing a counter loop","prompt":"Consider this code:\n\n```python\ncount = 2\nwhile count <= 4:\n print(count)\n count = count + 1\n```\n\nChoose all true statements.","hint":"Trace the values of `count`: start value, printed values, and stopping point.","help":{"concept":"To trace a `while` loop, follow the loop variable through each repetition and check the condition before each run.","hint_1":"The loop starts at `2` and increases by `1` each time while the value is at most `4`.","hint_2":"The printed values are the values before the increment, and the loop stops after the variable grows past the limit."},"options":{"a":"The loop prints 2, 3, and 4.","b":"The loop runs 3 times.","c":"The final value of `count` after the loop is 5.","d":"The loop prints 5."}},"dr_trace_simple_loop":{"title":"Order the loop steps","prompt":"Put these events in the correct order for this code:\n\n```python\nn = 1\nwhile n <= 2:\n print(n)\n n = n + 1\n```\n\nStart from the first thing that happens.","hint":"A `while` loop checks the condition before running the body each time.","help":{"concept":"Execution order in a `while` loop is: set starting value, check condition, run body, update state, then check again.","hint_1":"The variable is assigned before the loop can test anything.","hint_2":"After printing, the loop updates `n`, then the condition is checked again."},"tokens":{"t1":"Set `n` to 1","t2":"Check whether `n <= 2`","t3":"Print `n`","t4":"Increase `n` by 1"}},"dr_build_countdown":{"title":"Build a countdown loop","prompt":"Arrange these lines to make a loop that prints 3, 2, 1.","hint":"Start with the variable, then the `while` line, then the indented body.","help":{"concept":"A working `while` loop needs initialization first, then the loop header, then indented statements inside the loop body.","hint_1":"The starting value should be set before the loop begins.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, print the current value before decreasing it."},"tokens":{"t1":"n = 3","t2":"while n >= 1:","t3":"print(n)","t4":"n = n - 1"}},"fb_condition_operator":{"title":"Choose the comparison","prompt":"Fill in the blank to keep the loop running while `count` is less than 5.","hint":"You need the operator that means 'less than'.","help":{"concept":"The loop condition uses a comparison operator to decide whether the loop should continue.","hint_1":"The phrase 'less than 5' matches a symbol used in comparisons.","hint_2":"Choose the symbol that is true for 1, 2, 3, and 4 when compared with 5."},"template":"while count [blank1] 5:","choices":["<",">","==","="]},"fb_update_counter":{"title":"Complete the counter update","prompt":"Fill in the blank so the loop variable increases by 1 each time.","hint":"The new value should be the old value plus 1.","help":{"concept":"Counter loops often update the loop variable by adding 1 so the condition can eventually become false.","hint_1":"The right side should use the current value of `count` and add one more.","hint_2":"Choose the expression that keeps counting upward one step at a time."},"template":"count = [blank1]","choices":["count + 1","count < 1","print(count)","while count"]},"code_print_1_to_5":{"title":"Print numbers 1 to 5","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that uses a `while` loop to print the numbers 1 through 5, each on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print numbers 1 to 5\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print numbers 1 to 5\".","hint_1":"Use the named values and operations to generate the requested result.","hint_2":"Run once with the supplied input and check punctuation, spacing, and order."},"starterCode":"n = 1\n# TODO: use a while loop to print 1 to 5"},"code_print_0_to_2":{"title":"Print 0, 1, 2","prompt":"Use Python to uses a `while` loop to print `0`, `1`, and `2`, each on its own line.","hint":"Read the task \"Print 0, 1, 2\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Print 0, 1, 2\".","hint_1":"Complete the starter so the output follows the prompt exactly.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print 0, 1, and 2 using a while loop"},"code_countdown_3_to_1":{"title":"Countdown from 3","prompt":"Complete the program so it uses a `while` loop to print `3`, `2`, and `1`, each on its own line.","hint":"This time the counter should go down, not up.","help":{"concept":"A countdown loop starts at a larger number and decreases the counter until the condition becomes false.","hint_1":"Start with `3` and use a condition that still allows `1` to be printed.","hint_2":"After printing the current number, subtract 1 from the counter."},"starterCode":"n = 3\n# TODO: print 3, 2, 1 with a while loop"},"code_repeat_word_3_times":{"title":"Repeat a word three times","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that prints the word `Go` exactly 3 times, each on its own line, using a `while` loop.","hint":"Read the task \"Repeat a word three times\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Repeat a word three times\".","hint_1":"Translate the output contract into the necessary Python statements.","hint_2":"Run the code and compare each printed line with the expected result."},"starterCode":"# TODO: print Go three times using a while loop"},"code_sum_1_to_4":{"title":"Add numbers from 1 to 4","prompt":"In `main.py`, write code that uses a `while` loop to add the numbers 1 through 4 and then prints the total.","hint":"Read the task \"Add numbers from 1 to 4\" and identify the required result.","help":{"concept":"This coding exercise checks whether your code produces the requested result for: \"Add numbers from 1 to 4\".","hint_1":"Build the requested behavior without printing extra labels or lines.","hint_2":"Execute the starter after your edit and inspect both values and line order."},"starterCode":"total = 0\nn = 1\n# TODO: use a while loop to add 1 through 4 and print total"}}}},"python-v2-4":{"mini-gradebook-capstone":{"label":"Final Project: Build a Mini Gradebook","summary":"Finish the course with a longer gradebook capstone that grows step by step from basic report lines into a complete final summary.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Plan the gradebook"},"project":{"title":"Mini Gradebook Builder"}},"projectSteps":{"cp_1":{"title":"Read the gradebook header"},"cp_2":{"title":"Add the score total"},"cp_3":{"title":"Track the highest score"},"cp_4":{"title":"Calculate the average"},"cp_5":{"title":"Choose the status line"},"cp_6":{"title":"Build the final gradebook report"}},"quiz":{"capstone-mini-gradebook":{"title":"Build the final gradebook report","prompt":"Start from the working gradebook preview you just built. Keep the loop, highest-score tracking, average calculation, and status logic, but replace the preview-style version with the final exact report.\n\nInput format:\n1. Student name\n2. Number of scores\n3. That many score values, one per line\n\nFinal required output:\nStudent: <name>\nScores entered: <count>\nHighest score: <highest>\nAverage: <average>\nStatus: <status>","hint":"The last step is a cleanup step: keep the calculations, remove the preview Total line, and print only the final report order.","help":{"concept":"A smooth capstone ends by polishing a working program instead of starting over. Keep the same logic and shape the output into the final handoff format.","hint_1":"Read the scores with `for i in range(count)`, update `total` and `highest`, then compute `average = total / count`.","hint_2":"Print the final lines in the exact order shown, and choose the status with `if` / `elif` / `else`."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n if score > highest:\n highest = score\n\naverage = total / count\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\nprint(f\"Highest score: {highest}\")\nprint(f\"Average: {average:.1f}\")\n\nif average >= 90:\n print(\"Status: excellent\")\nelif average >= 70:\n print(\"Status: passing\")\nelse:\n print(\"Status: needs practice\")\n\n# Replace the preview-style version with the final report.\n# Remove the Total line and keep only the required final output order.\n"},"try-mini-gradebook-capstone-sketch0":{"title":"Print the first gradebook line","prompt":"Start the capstone with one tiny report preview. Read a student name and print `Student: <name>`.","hint":"Use `input()` for the name, then print the labeled line with an f-string.","help":{"concept":"The capstone grows one report line at a time, so the first preview only needs the student label.","hint_1":"Store the name from `input()` in `student`.","hint_2":"Print `f\"Student: {student}\"`."},"starterCode":"student = input()\n\n# Print the first report line as Student: <name>\n"},"cp-1-read-gradebook-header":{"title":"Read the gradebook header","prompt":"A tutor wants the gradebook report to start with the student name and the score count. Read `student` and `count`, then print the first two report lines.","hint":"This step only builds the report header: read the two inputs and label them clearly.","help":{"concept":"A report often starts with identifying information before any calculations happen.","hint_1":"Use `student = input()` and `count = int(input())`.","hint_2":"Print `Student: ...` and `Scores entered: ...` with f-strings."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\n# Start the gradebook report.\n# Print the student line and the scores-entered line.\n"},"cp-2-add-score-total":{"title":"Add the score total","prompt":"Keep the working header lines. Now read exactly `count` scores with a `for` loop, add them into `total`, and print a preview line showing the total.","hint":"Let the loop do the repeated input work, and update `total` each time through.","help":{"concept":"An accumulator starts at 0 and grows a little each time the loop reads a new value.","hint_1":"Start with `total = 0` before the loop.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, use `total = total + score`, then print `Total: ...` after the loop."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n # Add each score to total.\n\n# Print a preview line: Total: <total>\n"},"cp-3-track-highest-score":{"title":"Track the highest score","prompt":"Keep the header and total logic working. Now add `highest` so the program remembers the biggest score seen so far, then print that new preview line too.","hint":"Only replace `highest` when the current score is bigger than the old one.","help":{"concept":"A running maximum keeps the best value found so far as the loop moves through the input.","hint_1":"Start with `highest = 0` before the loop.","hint_2":"Inside the loop, use `if score > highest:` before updating `highest`."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n # Keep total working, then update highest when this score is bigger.\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\n# Print Highest score: <highest>\n"},"cp-4-calculate-average":{"title":"Calculate the average","prompt":"Keep the running total and highest score. After the loop, calculate the average and add the formatted average line to the preview report.","hint":"Do the division after the loop, then print the result with one digit after the decimal point.","help":{"concept":"The loop collects the information first, and the average is computed once the total and count are both ready.","hint_1":"Use `average = total / count` after the loop finishes.","hint_2":"Print `Average: ...` with `:.1f` inside an f-string."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n if score > highest:\n highest = score\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\nprint(f\"Highest score: {highest}\")\n\n# Calculate average after the loop.\n# Print Average: <average> with one digit after the decimal point.\n"},"cp-5-choose-status":{"title":"Choose the status line","prompt":"Keep the working preview report, then add the final status line: `excellent` for averages at least 90, `passing` for averages at least 70, and `needs practice` otherwise.","hint":"Use an `if` / `elif` / `else` chain after the average is ready.","help":{"concept":"Once a program has the final score summary, conditionals can turn it into a simple human-friendly judgment.","hint_1":"Check `average >= 90` first.","hint_2":"Use `elif average >= 70` for the middle case, and `else` for the remaining case."},"starterCode":"student = input()\ncount = int(input())\n\nprint(f\"Student: {student}\")\nprint(f\"Scores entered: {count}\")\n\ntotal = 0\nhighest = 0\nfor i in range(count):\n score = int(input())\n total = total + score\n if score > highest:\n highest = score\n\naverage = total / count\n\nprint(f\"Total: {total}\")\nprint(f\"Highest score: {highest}\")\nprint(f\"Average: {average:.1f}\")\n\n# Add the status line.\n# Print excellent for averages 90+, passing for 70+, and needs practice otherwise.\n"}},"tryIt":{"try_mini_gradebook_capstone_sketch0":{"title":"Try it yourself","prompt":"Read one student name and print the first report line as `Student: <name>`."},"allowReveal":true}}}},"python":{"python-0":{"comments_intro":{"label":"Comments: Notes to Humans (Python Ignores Them)","summary":"Use comments to explain intent, label steps, and temporarily disable code while debugging.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Comments Matter"},"sketch1":{"title":"Single-Line and Multi-Line Comments"},"sketch2":{"title":"Using Comments While Debugging"},"sketch3":{"title":"Good Comments vs Weak Comments"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: comments"}}},"computer_intro":{"label":"The Input → Processing → Output Model","summary":"Understand how computers take input, process it, and produce output in everyday examples.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"IPO Model"},"sketch1":{"title":"Following Instructions"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: IPO model"}}},"first-program":{"label":"Your First Python Program","summary":"Writing and running your first Python script.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Introduction to Python"},"sketch1":{"title":"Running Your Python Script"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"q5":{"title":"Write a simple Python program"}},"quiz":{"q1":{"title":"Complete the print statement","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the print statement that outputs 'Hello, World!'","hint":"Focus on the missing concept or keyword.","help":{"concept":"This task checks the key idea behind complete the print statement.","hint_1":"Look for the word or phrase that best matches the lesson concept.","hint_2":"Compare the blank with the meaning of each choice, not just the wording."},"template":"print('______')","choices":["Hello, World!","Hello World!","Hello, World"]},"q2":{"title":"Identify the correct command to run a Python script","prompt":"Fill in the blank with the correct command to run a Python script.","hint":"Focus on the missing concept or keyword.","help":{"concept":"This task checks the key idea behind identify the correct command to run a python script.","hint_1":"Look for the word or phrase that best matches the lesson concept.","hint_2":"Compare the blank with the meaning of each choice, not just the wording."},"template":"To run a Python script, type: python ______","choices":["script.py","your_script.py","my_script.py"]},"q3":{"title":"What does print() do?","prompt":"What is the purpose of `print()` in Python?","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"It stores data in a variable.","b":"It displays output to the screen.","c":"It creates a new command-like tool.","d":"It ends the program."}},"q4":{"title":"Which of the following are valid ways to run a Python script?","prompt":"Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about different environments where Python can be executed.","help":{"concept":"Python scripts can be run in various environments, including command line and IDEs.","hint_1":"You can use an IDE or the command line.","hint_2":"Consider how you would execute a script in different setups."},"options":{"a":"Using an IDE","b":"Running from the command line","c":"Sending it via email","d":"Using an online interpreter"}},"q5":{"title":"Print an exact message","prompt":"Write a Python program that prints exactly:\nStay curious.","hint":"Use one print statement with the exact text from the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can write a simple Python program that prints exact text.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"print('')"}}},"programming_intro":{"label":"Programming Languages: Talking to Computers","summary":"Learn what a programming language is, why computers need precise instructions, and why Python is a great first language.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What Is a Programming Language?"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz: Programming Languages"}}},"setting-up-environment":{"label":"Setting Up the Environment","summary":"Optional local setup for learners who want Python on their own computer.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Installing Python"},"sketch1":{"title":"Setting Up Your IDE"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"python_ide_setup":{"title":"Create a Simple Python Script"}},"quiz":{"python-installation-quiz":{"title":"Completing the Installation","prompt":"To ensure Python is 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Select all that apply.","hint":"Look for environments specifically designed for Python development.","help":{"concept":"Popular IDEs for Python include those that provide features like code completion and debugging.","hint_1":"One of them is known for its powerful features and is developed by JetBrains.","hint_2":"Another is a simple text editor that supports Python syntax highlighting."},"options":{"a":"PyCharm","b":"Visual Studio Code","c":"Notepad","d":"Eclipse"}},"python-ide-setup":{"title":"Create a Simple Python Script","prompt":"Create a Python script that prints 'Hello, World!' to the console.","hint":"Use a print statement with the exact text from the prompt.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can create a simple Python script that prints text.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"print('Hello, World!')"}}},"syntax_intro":{"label":"Syntax: Rules Computers Require","summary":"Learn what syntax means and why breaking syntax causes errors like SyntaxError.","cards":{"sketch":{"title":"What Is Syntax?"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: syntax"}}},"what-is-python":{"label":"What is Python?","summary":"An introduction to Python and its uses.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Introduction to Python"},"sketch1":{"title":"Applications of Python"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"5":{"title":"Read and print a learning message"}},"quiz":{"1":{"title":"Complete the Python print statement","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the print statement in Python.","hint":"What do you want to display?","help":{"concept":"The `print()` tool in Python displays text in the console.","hint_1":"Think about what you want to show on the screen.","hint_2":"Remember to use quotes around your text."},"template":"print('___')","choices":["Hello, World!","Python is great!","My name is Zoe."]},"2":{"title":"Identify a use of Python","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"What do data scientists do with data?","help":{"concept":"Data scientists analyze data to extract insights and make decisions.","hint_1":"Consider what you do with data.","hint_2":"Think about the process of examining data."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["analyzing","printing","drawing"]},"3":{"title":"What is Python primarily used for?","prompt":"Select the primary use of Python.","hint":"Think about the most common applications.","help":{"concept":"Python is versatile and used in many fields, but it has a primary focus.","hint_1":"Consider programming and scripting.","hint_2":"What language is often recommended for beginners?"},"options":{"a":"Game Development","b":"Web Development","c":"Data Analysis","d":"Mobile App Development"}},"4":{"title":"Select applications of Python","prompt":"Which of the following are applications of Python? Select all that apply.","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"Web Development","b":"Data Science","c":"Machine Learning","d":"Graphic Design"}},"5":{"title":"Read and print a learning message","prompt":"Read ONE input called `language`.\n\nPrint exactly:\nI am learning <language>.","hint":"Read the input into a variable, then use an f-string to print the sentence.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can read one input and include it in printed output.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"language = input()\n# Print the learning message here"}}},"editor_workspace_overview":{"label":"Understanding the editor, Run button, and terminal","summary":"A quick tour of the workspace, then a short hands-on exercise to run code and verify output in the terminal.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Workspace overview"},"sketch1":{"title":"Run your first edits"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: the workspace"}}}},"python-1":{"data_types_intro":{"label":"Data Types and Conversion: What’s in the Box?","summary":"Learn core Python types, see how `input()` returns text, and convert values into the form you need.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What a Data Type Tells You"},"sketch1":{"title":"Five Common Types"},"sketch2":{"title":"Why Types Change the Result"},"sketch3":{"title":"Input and Type Conversion"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Convert → Compute → Format"}},"projectSteps":{"convert_next_year":{"title":"Convert age and compute next year"},"tip_total":{"title":"Compute tip and total"},"c_to_f":{"title":"Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit"}}},"errors_intro":{"label":"Common Errors and Debugging: Read the Message, Fix the Code","summary":"Recognize NameError, TypeError, and ValueError, then practice simple ways to inspect values and fix code.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Error Messages Matter"},"sketch1":{"title":"NameError: Missing Names"},"sketch2":{"title":"TypeError and ValueError"},"sketch3":{"title":"A Simple Debug Flow"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Identify → Fix → Validate"}},"projectSteps":{"identify_error":{"title":"Identify the error type"},"fix_type_mismatch":{"title":"Fix a type mismatch"},"avoid_valueerror":{"title":"Avoid ValueError with simple validation"}}},"formatted-output":{"label":"Formatted Output","summary":"Displaying output in a user-friendly way.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Understanding Formatted Output"},"sketch1":{"title":"Using Format Specifiers"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"5":{"title":"Create a formatted output"}},"quiz":{"1":{"title":"Complete the formatted string","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the formatted string: `My favorite color is {____}.`","hint":"Think of a color you like.","help":{"concept":"You can use formatted strings to insert variables into text.","hint_1":"Consider common colors.","hint_2":"It should be a single word."},"template":"My favorite color is {color}.","choices":["blue","green","red","yellow"]},"2":{"title":"Format a number","prompt":"Fill in the blank to format the number correctly: `The price is ${____:.2f}.`","hint":"Think of a price you would pay.","help":{"concept":"You can format numbers to control decimal places.","hint_1":"It should be a numerical value.","hint_2":"Make sure to include cents."},"template":"The price is ${price:.2f}.","choices":["10","10.5","10.99","11.50"]},"3":{"title":"What does f-string stand for?","prompt":"What does the 'f' in f-string represent?","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"formatted","b":"function","c":"float","d":"fixed"}},"4":{"title":"Which of the following are valid format specifiers?","prompt":"Select all that apply.","hint":"Focus on the concept being tested.","help":{"concept":"Think about the idea the question is checking, not the exact answer wording.","hint_1":"Eliminate options that do not match the concept being tested.","hint_2":"Choose the option or options that best fit the task described."},"options":{"a":"{:.2f}","b":"{:d}","c":"{:s}","d":"{:.3f}"}},"5":{"title":"Format a name and age","prompt":"Read TWO inputs:\n1) name\n2) age\n\nPrint exactly:\n{name} is {age} years old.","hint":"Read the name and age first, then use an f-string for the exact sentence.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can combine input values into a formatted string.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"name = input()\nage = input()\n# Print the formatted sentence here"}}},"input_output_patterns":{"label":"Input and Output Patterns: Real Mini-Programs","summary":"Combine `input()`, conversion, operators, and f-strings in small programs such as age-next-year, tip total, and temperature conversion.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"The Main Program Pattern"},"sketch1":{"title":"Input Starts as Text"},"sketch2":{"title":"Convert and Compute"},"sketch3":{"title":"Show the Result Clearly"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Ask → Convert → Compute → Show"}},"projectSteps":{"age_next_year":{"title":"Age next year"},"tip_calc":{"title":"Tip calculator"},"temp_convert":{"title":"Temperature converter (C → F)"}}},"operators_expressions":{"label":"Operators and Expressions: The Calculator Inside Your Code","summary":"Use math and comparison operators to compute results and produce `True` or `False` decisions with expressions.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Operators, Expressions, and Results"},"sketch1":{"title":"Math Operators in Action"},"sketch2":{"title":"Comparisons and Type Differences"},"sketch3":{"title":"A Small Checkout Example"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Compute → Check → Output"}},"projectSteps":{"precedence":{"title":"Operator precedence"},"mod_even_odd":{"title":"Modulo for even and odd"},"checkout":{"title":"Build a small checkout"}}},"operators-and-expressions":{"label":"Operators and Expressions","summary":"Using operators to manipulate data.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Understanding Operators"},"sketch1":{"title":"Creating Expressions"},"quiz":{"title":"Quiz"},"project":{"title":"Practice"}},"projectSteps":{"5":{"title":"Calculate the Area of a Rectangle"}},"quiz":{"1":{"title":"Fill in the Blank: Basic Addition","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"Think about the symbol that combines two numbers.","help":{"concept":"In Python, the addition operator is represented by a specific symbol that combines two values.","hint_1":"It's a common operator used in math.","hint_2":"This operator is also used in many programming languages."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["+","-","*","/"]},"2":{"title":"Fill in the Blank: Expression Evaluation","prompt":"Choose the best value for the first missing blank in the statement.","hint":"Calculate the sum first, then multiply.","help":{"concept":"To evaluate an expression, follow the order of operations: parentheses first, then multiplication.","hint_1":"What do you get when you add 4 and 6?","hint_2":"After adding, multiply the result by 2."},"template":"The first missing value is [blank1].","choices":["10","20","12","8"]},"3":{"title":"Identifying Operators","prompt":"Which of the following is a comparison operator in Python?","hint":"This operator checks if two values are equal.","help":{"concept":"Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result.","hint_1":"It's not the addition or subtraction operator.","hint_2":"This operator is often used in conditional statements."},"options":{"a":"==","b":"+","c":"-","d":"*"}},"4":{"title":"Identifying Arithmetic Operators","prompt":"Select all the arithmetic operators in Python.","hint":"These operators perform mathematical calculations.","help":{"concept":"Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.","hint_1":"Think about addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.","hint_2":"There are four basic arithmetic operations."},"options":{"a":"+","b":"-","c":"*","d":"==","e":"/"}},"5":{"title":"Calculate the Area of a Rectangle","prompt":"Write a function `calculate_area(width, height)` that returns `width * height`.\n\nThen read TWO integer inputs:\n1) width\n2) height\n\nCall the function and print ONLY the returned area.","hint":"Define the function first, then read the two integer inputs and print the function result.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can write a function, call it with input values, and print the result.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"def calculate_area(width, height):\n # Return the area here\n pass\n\nwidth = int(input())\nheight = int(input())\n\nprint(calculate_area(width, height))"}}},"string_basics":{"label":"String Basics: Working With Text","summary":"Learn how strings work, how to format output, how indexing and slicing read text, and how methods like `lower()`, `strip()`, and `replace()` clean it.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What Strings Are"},"sketch1":{"title":"Printing Text and Variables"},"sketch2":{"title":"Indexing and Slicing"},"sketch3":{"title":"String Methods and Clean Input"},"project":{"title":"Project: Clean text and build output"}},"projectSteps":{"concat_vs_comma":{"title":"Concatenation vs commas"},"fstring_greeting":{"title":"Use an f-string for a clean sentence"},"username_generator":{"title":"Build a username generator"}}},"variables_intro":{"label":"Variables: Labeled Boxes That Hold Values","summary":"Understand variables as labeled boxes, assign values with '=', and practice updating values with real-world mini tasks.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Variables: Labels for Stored Data"},"sketch1":{"title":"Creating Variables and Showing Values"},"sketch2":{"title":"Updating Variables"},"sketch3":{"title":"Variable Names and the Main Idea"},"project":{"title":"Project: Store → Swap → Total"}},"projectSteps":{"boxes_print":{"title":"Store inputs in variables and print cleanly"},"swap_values":{"title":"Swap two values (real-world correction)"},"running_total":{"title":"Compute a running total (3-day steps)"}}}},"python-2":{"conditionals_basics":{"label":"Conditionals: Teaching Your Program to Make Decisions","summary":"Use `if`, `elif`, and `else` with comparisons and boolean logic to control program flow, including truthy and falsy checks.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Programs Need Decisions"},"sketch1":{"title":"if and else"},"sketch2":{"title":"elif and Boolean Logic"},"sketch3":{"title":"Truthy and Falsy Values"},"project":{"title":"Project: Gate → Discount → Login"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: conditionals"}},"projectSteps":{"age_gate":{"title":"Age gate"},"member_discount":{"title":"Member discount"},"password_check":{"title":"Password check"}}},"functions_basics":{"label":"Functions: Small Tools You Can Reuse","summary":"Create reusable functions with parameters and return values, and learn a simple scope rule that keeps code clean.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Functions Help"},"sketch1":{"title":"def and Function Calls"},"sketch2":{"title":"Parameters, Arguments, and return"},"sketch3":{"title":"Scope and Reuse"},"project":{"title":"Project: Reusable helpers"},"quiz":{"title":"Quick check: return vs print"}},"projectSteps":{"total_with_tip":{"title":"Build `total_with_tip(bill, pct)`"},"shipping_cost":{"title":"Build `shipping_cost(total)`"},"sum_list":{"title":"Build `sum_list(xs)`"}}},"if-statements":{"label":"If Statements","summary":"Using if statements to control program flow.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Understanding If Statements"},"sketch1":{"title":"Nested If 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[blank1].","choices":["%","/","=="]},"q3":{"title":"What Does This Code Print?","prompt":"What will the following code print?\n\n```python\nx = 10\nif x > 5:\n print('Greater')\nelse:\n print('Smaller')\n```","hint":"Focus on the main concept being tested and eliminate choices that describe something different.","help":{"concept":"Choose the option that matches the core idea described in the question without relying on repeated wording from the answer choices.","hint_1":"Rule out options that describe a different role, behavior, or concept than the question is testing.","hint_2":"Pick the option that best matches the concept, not the one that simply repeats familiar wording."},"options":{"a":"Greater","b":"Smaller","c":"Nothing"}},"q4":{"title":"Select All Valid If Statements","prompt":"Which of the following are valid if statements?","hint":"Look for proper syntax.","help":{"concept":"An if statement must start with 'if' followed by a condition.","hint_1":"Check for correct use of colons and indentation.","hint_2":"Remember the structure of an if statement."},"options":{"a":"if x > 10:","b":"if (x < 5)","c":"if x == 0:","d":"if x = 1:"}},"q5":{"title":"Implement an If Statement","prompt":"Read ONE integer.\n\nIf it is greater than 0, print exactly:\nPositive\n\nIf it is less than 0, print exactly:\nNegative\n\nOtherwise, print exactly:\nZero","hint":"Compare the number to 0 and use if, elif, and else.","help":{"concept":"This task checks whether you can choose the correct branch with an if/elif/else statement.","hint_1":"Write the required Python steps first, then run the program with the sample input.","hint_2":"Make sure your final print output matches the prompt exactly."},"starterCode":"number = int(input())\n# Add your if statements here"}}},"lists_basics":{"label":"Lists: Store Many Values","summary":"Create lists, access items by index, add or remove values, and loop through lists to compute totals and averages.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"What Lists Are"},"sketch1":{"title":"Indexing and Length"},"sketch2":{"title":"Changing a List"},"sketch3":{"title":"Looping Through Lists"},"project":{"title":"Project: Sum, max, and names lists"}},"projectSteps":{"sum_avg_3":{"title":"3 prices → sum and average"},"max_of_4":{"title":"4 numbers → max"},"names_2":{"title":"2 names → list and indexed print"}}},"loops_basics":{"label":"Loops: Repeat Until It Works","summary":"Learn `while` loops for repeated checking, `for` loops with `range`, and loop control with `break` and `continue` through small programs.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Why Loops Matter"},"sketch1":{"title":"while Loops"},"sketch2":{"title":"break and continue"},"sketch3":{"title":"for Loops and range"},"quiz":{"title":"Project: Guess, validate, and command loops"}},"projectSteps":{"guess_until_7":{"title":"Guess until the secret is correct"},"validate_1_10":{"title":"Keep asking until the input is 1..10"},"echo_until_quit":{"title":"Echo commands until quit"}}}}},"multi-table-sql":{"multi-table-sql-module-0-join-foundations":{"inner-join-with-on":{"label":"INNER JOIN with ON","summary":"Connect matching rows with one explicit relationship condition.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"See What an INNER JOIN Keeps"},"sketch1":{"title":"Write the Relationship in ON"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_inner_join_with_on_sketch0":{"title":"Try INNER JOIN with Enrollment Records","prompt":"Write a query that lists each enrollment id beside the grade level of the student who owns it. Return `enrollments.id, students.grade_level` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`.","hint":"Start from `enrollments.student_id` and follow it to the matching student row.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `enrollments.id, students.grade_level` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT enrollments.id, students.grade_level\nFROM enrollments\nINNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;"},"try_inner_join_with_on_sketch1":{"title":"Try INNER JOIN from Departments to Courses","prompt":"Write a query that lists each department name beside the id of a course in that department. Return `departments.name, courses.id` from `departments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`.","hint":"Follow the relationship from `departments.id` to the foreign key stored in `courses`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `departments.name, courses.id` from `departments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name, courses.id\nFROM departments\nINNER JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id;"}},"practice":{"sc-primary-foreign-keys":{"title":"Understanding Primary and Foreign Keys","prompt":"Which of the following best describes the relationship between a primary key and a foreign key?","hint":"Think about how primary keys and foreign keys connect tables.","help":{"concept":"Primary keys uniquely identify rows in a table, while foreign keys link to primary keys in another table.","hint_1":"A primary key is unique to its table.","hint_2":"A foreign key references a primary key in another table."},"options":{"a":"A primary key is used to link two tables together.","b":"A foreign key is used to uniquely identify each row in a table.","c":"A primary key is a unique identifier for a table, and a foreign key links to it from another table.","d":"A foreign key is a unique identifier for a table, and a primary key links to it from another table."}},"mc-inner-join-usage":{"title":"Using INNER JOIN","prompt":"Which of the following statements about INNER JOIN are true? Select all that apply.","hint":"Follow the declared key pair in the `ON` clause.","help":{"concept":"INNER JOIN keeps rows only when the `ON` comparison finds a match on both sides.","hint_1":"Choose the foreign key that points to the related table's primary key.","hint_2":"Check that the requested columns come from the two joined tables and that unmatched rows may disappear."},"options":{"a":"INNER JOIN returns all rows from both tables.","b":"INNER JOIN returns only rows with matching values in both tables.","c":"INNER JOIN can be used without an ON condition.","d":"INNER JOIN requires a condition to match rows."}},"dr-inner-join-order":{"title":"Order of INNER JOIN Components","prompt":"Arrange the components of an INNER JOIN query in the correct order.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"SELECT clause","t2":"FROM clause","t3":"INNER JOIN clause","t4":"ON condition"}},"fbc-qualified-columns":{"title":"Qualified Columns in Joins","prompt":"In a multi-table query, it's important to use qualified column names to avoid ambiguity. Complete the following statement: `SELECT [blank1] FROM students INNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;`","hint":"Use the table name to qualify the column.","help":{"concept":"Qualified column names specify the table each column belongs to.","hint_1":"Use the table name followed by a dot and the column name.","hint_2":"For example, `the blank` specifies the `name` column from the `students` table."},"template":"SELECT [blank1] FROM students INNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;","choices":["students.name","name","enrollments.course_id","course_id"]},"sc-table-aliases":{"title":"Using Table Aliases","prompt":"Why are table aliases useful in SQL queries?","hint":"Think about how aliases can simplify queries.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases provide a shorthand for table names, making queries easier to read and write.","hint_1":"Aliases can reduce the length of table names in queries.","hint_2":"They help avoid repetitive long table names."},"options":{"a":"They allow for shorter, more readable queries.","b":"They are required for all SQL queries.","c":"They replace the need for ON conditions.","d":"They automatically optimize query performance."}},"mc-qualified-columns":{"title":"Importance of Qualified Columns","prompt":"Why is it important to use qualified column names in multi-table queries? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how qualified names affect query clarity and correctness.","help":{"concept":"Qualified column names prevent ambiguity and ensure correct data retrieval.","hint_1":"They specify which table a column belongs to.","hint_2":"They prevent errors when tables have columns with the same name."},"options":{"a":"To prevent ambiguity when tables have columns with the same name.","b":"To ensure the query runs faster.","c":"To specify which table a column belongs to.","d":"To automatically join tables without an ON condition."}}}},"module-0-student-enrollment-roster":{"label":"Module 0 Project: Student Enrollment Activity Roster","summary":"Build a qualified and readable student-enrollment roster through five cumulative join steps.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A Roster That Can Be Trusted"},"project":{"title":"Student Enrollment Activity Roster"}},"projectSteps":{"step1":{"title":"Connect Students to Enrollment Records"},"step2":{"title":"Step 2: Give Duplicate IDs Clear Output Headings"},"step3":{"title":"Step 3: Shorten the Query with Table Aliases"},"step4":{"title":"Focus on Upper Grade Levels"},"step5":{"title":"Order the Roster Predictably"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"step1":{"title":"Connect Students to Enrollment Records","prompt":"Begin the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster. Return `students.id, students.name, enrollments.id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`.","hint":"This is the first project step. Build a clean starting version, then run it before moving on.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `students.id, students.name, enrollments.id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT \n students.id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;"},"step2":{"title":"Step 2: Give Duplicate IDs Clear Output Headings","prompt":"Extend the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster with the next approved requirement. Return `students.id AS student_id, students.name, enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`.","hint":"Change only the naming requirement for this step; keep the relationship and selected data intact.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `students.id AS student_id, students.name, enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, enrollments.course_id, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n students.id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 2: Qualify Every Shared Identifier\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the same rows and qualify every selected id column with its table name or alias\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n students.id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 2: Qualify Every Shared Identifier\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the same rows and qualify every selected id column with its table name or alias\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n"}}},"step3":{"title":"Step 3: Shorten the Query with Table Aliases","prompt":"Extend the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster with the next approved requirement. Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`.","hint":"Change only the naming requirement for this step; keep the relationship and selected data intact.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Readable Table and Column Aliases\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use concise table aliases and rename the displayed identifiers as student_id, enrollment_id, and course_id\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n students.id AS student_id, \n students.name, \n enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, \n enrollments.course_id, \n enrollments.term \nFROM students \nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Readable Table and Column Aliases\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use concise table aliases and rename the displayed identifiers as student_id, enrollment_id, and course_id\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n"}}},"step4":{"title":"Focus on Upper Grade Levels","prompt":"Extend the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster with the next approved requirement. Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n-- Project step 4: Focus on Upper Grade Levels\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the complete joined roster and include only students in grade level 10 or higher\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id;\n-- Project step 4: Focus on Upper Grade Levels\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Keep the complete joined roster and include only students in grade level 10 or higher\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n"}}},"step5":{"title":"Order the Roster Predictably","prompt":"Complete the Module 0 Student Enrollment Roster. Return `s.id AS student_id, s.name, e.id AS enrollment_id, e.course_id AS course_id, e.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`. Sort the final result by `s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `s.grade_level >= 10`. Sort the final result by `s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n-- Project step 5: Order the Roster Predictably\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Sort by student name ascending, then course_id ascending, while preserving the complete query\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10 \nORDER BY s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10;\n-- Project step 5: Order the Roster Predictably\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Sort by student name ascending, then course_id ascending, while preserving the complete query\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT \n s.id AS student_id, \n s.name, \n e.id AS enrollment_id, \n e.course_id AS course_id, \n e.term \nFROM students AS s \nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e ON s.id = e.student_id \nWHERE s.grade_level >= 10 \nORDER BY s.name ASC, e.course_id ASC;\n"}}}}}},"qualifying-columns-across-tables":{"label":"Qualifying Columns Across Tables","summary":"Use table-qualified column references so SQL and readers know which source each value comes from.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Give Every Column an Address"},"sketch1":{"title":"Separate Source Names from Output Names"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_qualifying_columns_across_tables_sketch0":{"title":"Disambiguate Enrollment and Student Columns","prompt":"Return `enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, students.name AS student_name, enrollments.term` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`.","hint":"Start from `enrollments`, then follow `student_id` to `students.id`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Return a readable enrollment-to-student result\n","solutionCode":"SELECT enrollments.id AS enrollment_id,\n students.name AS student_name,\n enrollments.term\nFROM enrollments\nINNER JOIN students\n ON enrollments.student_id = students.id\nORDER BY enrollments.id;\n"},"try_qualifying_columns_across_tables_sketch1":{"title":"Disambiguate Course and Department Columns","prompt":"Return `courses.id AS course_id, courses.title AS course_title, departments.name AS department_name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `courses.id`.","hint":"The relationship is `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `courses.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Return a readable course-to-department result\n","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.id AS course_id,\n courses.title AS course_title,\n departments.name AS department_name\nFROM courses\nINNER JOIN departments\n ON courses.department_id = departments.id\nORDER BY courses.id;\n"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of Qualifying Columns","prompt":"Why is it important to qualify column names in SQL queries involving multiple tables?","hint":"Think about how SQL distinguishes between columns with the same name in different tables.","help":{"concept":"Qualifying columns helps SQL distinguish between columns with the same name in different tables.","hint_1":"Consider what happens if two tables have a column with the same name.","hint_2":"Qualifying columns prevents ambiguity in SQL queries."},"options":{"a":"To prevent ambiguity when columns have the same name in different tables.","b":"To make the query run faster.","c":"To reduce the size of the database.","d":"To ensure the database schema is correct."}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Using Table Aliases","prompt":"What is the main benefit of using table aliases in SQL queries?","hint":"Consider how aliases affect the readability and length of SQL queries.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases provide shorthand references for table names, making queries more readable.","hint_1":"Aliases help shorten the query without losing clarity.","hint_2":"Using aliases can make complex queries easier to manage."},"options":{"a":"They make queries shorter and easier to read.","b":"They increase the execution speed of queries.","c":"They allow for more tables to be joined.","d":"They ensure data integrity."}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Identifying Qualified Columns","prompt":"Which of the following are examples of qualified column names? Select all that apply.","hint":"Qualified column names include the table name as a prefix.","help":{"concept":"Qualified column names include the table name to avoid ambiguity.","hint_1":"Look for column names that are prefixed with a table name.","hint_2":"Qualified columns are written as `table.column`."},"options":{"a":"students.id","b":"id","c":"enrollments.student_id","d":"student_id"}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Benefits of Using Aliases","prompt":"What are the benefits of using table aliases in SQL queries? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about how aliases affect query readability and management.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases simplify queries by providing shorthand references for table names.","hint_1":"Aliases can make complex queries easier to read and write.","hint_2":"They help manage queries with multiple tables."},"options":{"a":"Simplifies query writing","b":"Improves query readability","c":"Increases query execution speed","d":"Ensures data accuracy"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of SQL Clauses","prompt":"Arrange the SQL clauses in the correct order for a basic SELECT query.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"SELECT clause","t2":"FROM clause","t3":"JOIN clause","t4":"ON condition","t5":"WHERE clause"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Aliases Syntax","prompt":"Fill in the blank: To create an alias for a table in SQL, use the keyword `[blank1]`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"To create an alias for a table in SQL, use the keyword `[blank1]`.","choices":["AS","IS","IN","ON"]}}},"reading-keys-and-relationships":{"label":"Reading Keys and Relationships","summary":"Trace documented primary-key and foreign-key pairs before writing a join.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Meet the Tables Before the Join"},"sketch1":{"title":"Read the Database as a Map"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"practice":{"quiz-1":{"title":"Find the Student Identifier","prompt":"Which column uniquely identifies one row in the `students` table?","hint":"Look for the column declared as the table's primary key.","help":{"concept":"A primary key uniquely identifies one row in its own table.","hint_1":"Names and grade levels can repeat, but a primary-key value cannot.","hint_2":"Use the schema browser and find the key marker on `students`."},"options":{"a":"name","b":"grade_level","c":"id","d":"student_id"}},"quiz-2":{"title":"Follow the Student Relationship","prompt":"Which documented key pair connects an enrollment row to its student?","hint":"Start with the foreign key stored on `enrollments`.","help":{"concept":"A child table stores a foreign key that points to the parent's primary key.","hint_1":"The enrollment row stores the student's identifier in `student_id`.","hint_2":"Match that foreign key to the unique identifier on `students`."},"options":{"a":"enrollments.id → students.id","b":"enrollments.student_id → students.id","c":"enrollments.course_id → students.id","d":"students.grade_level → enrollments.student_id"}},"quiz-3":{"title":"Choose Valid Relationship Paths","prompt":"Which key pairs are documented relationships in the school schema? Select all that apply.","hint":"Use the foreign-key arrows in the ERD, not columns that merely share a type or name.","help":{"concept":"A valid relationship compares a declared foreign key with the referenced primary key.","hint_1":"Check the arrows leaving `courses` and `enrollments`.","hint_2":"Reject any pair that connects unrelated `id` columns."},"options":{"a":"courses.department_id → departments.id","b":"enrollments.course_id → courses.id","c":"students.id → departments.id","d":"enrollments.student_id → students.id"}},"quiz-4":{"title":"Recognize a Foreign Key","prompt":"Which statements describe a foreign key? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about where the value is stored and what table it points toward.","help":{"concept":"A foreign key records the identity of a related parent row.","hint_1":"The value may repeat because many child rows can point to one parent.","hint_2":"It must reference the key on the related table, not just a similarly named column."},"options":{"a":"It points to a key in a related table.","b":"Its values may repeat across child rows.","c":"It always uniquely identifies its own table row.","d":"It defines a path the join can follow."}},"quiz-5":{"title":"Trace a Relationship Safely","prompt":"Arrange the steps for deciding how two requested tables are related before writing SQL.","hint":"Start with the requested output, then verify the exact key path in the schema.","help":{"concept":"Join planning begins with the requested tables and ends with a verified foreign-key path.","hint_1":"Do not compare columns until you know which tables supply the requested fields.","hint_2":"The last check is confirming that the foreign key points to the intended primary key."},"tokens":{"t1":"Identify the tables that contain the requested fields","t2":"Find the primary key on the parent table","t3":"Find the matching foreign key on the related table","t4":"Verify the relationship arrow in the ERD"}},"quiz-6":{"title":"Complete the Course Relationship","prompt":"Complete the documented relationship from enrollments to courses.","hint":"The foreign key `course_id` points to the course table's unique identifier.","help":{"concept":"`enrollments.course_id` stores the identifier of the related course row.","hint_1":"Look for the primary key on `courses`.","hint_2":"Choose the column that uniquely identifies one course."},"template":"`enrollments.course_id` references `courses.[blank1]`.","choices":["id","title","department_id","name"]}}},"table-aliases-for-join-queries":{"label":"Table Aliases for Join Queries","summary":"Shorten table references while preserving a visible relationship path.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Shorten Table Names Without Losing Meaning"},"sketch1":{"title":"Choose Aliases a Reader Can Follow"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_table_aliases_for_join_queries_sketch0":{"title":"Shorten a Course-to-Department Join","prompt":"Use `c` and `d` as table aliases to return each course title with its department name. Return `c.title AS course_title, d.name AS department_name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `c.department_id = d.id`. Sort the final result by `c.title`.","hint":"Declare each alias beside its table, then use the same aliases in `SELECT` and `ON`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `c.department_id = d.id`. Sort the final result by `c.title`."},"starterCode":"-- Use short, consistent aliases for two related tables\n","solutionCode":"SELECT c.title AS course_title,\n d.name AS department_name\nFROM courses AS c\nINNER JOIN departments AS d\n ON c.department_id = d.id\nORDER BY c.title;\n"},"try_table_aliases_for_join_queries_sketch1":{"title":"Keep Student and Enrollment Aliases Consistent","prompt":"Use `s` and `e` as aliases to return student name, enrollment term, and course id. Return `s.name AS student_name, e.term AS enrollment_term, e.course_id` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Sort the final result by `s.name, e.course_id`.","hint":"Every qualified column should begin with either `s.` or `e.` after the aliases are declared.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `s.id = e.student_id`. Sort the final result by `s.name, e.course_id`."},"starterCode":"-- Build a concise two-table student enrollment query\n","solutionCode":"SELECT s.name AS student_name,\n e.term AS enrollment_term,\n e.course_id\nFROM students AS s\nINNER JOIN enrollments AS e\n ON s.id = e.student_id\nORDER BY s.name, e.course_id;\n"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of Table Aliases","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of using table aliases in SQL queries?","hint":"Think about how aliases affect the readability of queries.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases are used to simplify and clarify SQL queries.","hint_1":"Aliases make queries shorter and easier to read.","hint_2":"They help avoid repeating long table names."},"options":{"a":"To make queries run faster","b":"To simplify and clarify queries","c":"To change the data in the tables","d":"To create new tables"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Using Aliases with JOIN","prompt":"When using table aliases in a JOIN query, what must you ensure?","hint":"Consider how aliases relate to column references.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases must be used consistently in the query to avoid ambiguity.","hint_1":"Ensure that aliases are used for all table references.","hint_2":"Aliases should be used to qualify column names."},"options":{"a":"Aliases must be unique within the query","b":"Aliases must match the table names exactly","c":"Aliases can be used interchangeably","d":"Aliases are optional and can be omitted"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Benefits of Table Aliases","prompt":"Which of the following are benefits of using table aliases in SQL queries? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about how aliases improve query readability and maintenance.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases improve readability and maintainability of SQL queries.","hint_1":"Aliases make queries shorter and easier to read.","hint_2":"They help avoid confusion when multiple tables are involved."},"options":{"a":"Improves query readability","b":"Reduces typing effort","c":"Increases query execution speed","d":"Helps avoid column name conflicts"}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Table Aliases in Complex Queries","prompt":"In complex SQL queries involving multiple joins, why are table aliases particularly useful? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how aliases affect query complexity and clarity.","help":{"concept":"Table aliases help manage complexity and improve clarity in SQL queries.","hint_1":"Aliases reduce the need to repeat long table names.","hint_2":"They make it easier to read and understand the query structure."},"options":{"a":"They make the query more readable","b":"They allow for shorter column references","c":"They are required for all SQL queries","d":"They simplify the query structure"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of Operations in a JOIN Query","prompt":"Arrange the steps in the correct order for executing a JOIN query with table aliases.","hint":"Consider the logical flow of a JOIN query.","help":{"concept":"Executing a JOIN query involves selecting columns, joining tables, and applying conditions.","hint_1":"Start with selecting columns from the tables.","hint_2":"Join the tables using the ON condition."},"tokens":{"t1":"SELECT columns","t2":"FROM tables with aliases","t3":"JOIN tables using ON","t4":"Apply WHERE conditions"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"Alias Syntax","prompt":"In SQL, the syntax to create an alias for a table is `FROM table_name AS [blank1]`.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"FROM table_name AS [blank1]","choices":["alias","AS","WITH","BY"]}}}},"multi-table-sql-module-1-relationship-paths":{"avoiding-cartesian-and-wrong-key-joins":{"label":"Avoiding Cartesian and Wrong-Key Joins","summary":"Diagnose results that multiply unexpectedly or match unrelated identifiers.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Spot a Cartesian Explosion"},"sketch1":{"title":"Follow Keys, Not Matching Numbers"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_avoiding_cartesian_and_wrong_key_joins_sketch0":{"title":"Try a Connected Grade-Level Course List","prompt":"List each enrolled student grade level beside the matching course title without creating a Cartesian product. Return `students.grade_level, courses.title` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`.","hint":"The bridge table supplies the two key comparisons that prevent unrelated combinations.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`."},"starterCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title\nFROM students\n-- Complete the JOINs here\n;","solutionCode":"SELECT students.grade_level,\n courses.title\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nORDER BY students.grade_level, courses.title;"},"try_avoiding_cartesian_and_wrong_key_joins_sketch1":{"title":"Repair a Wrong-Key Enrollment Audit","prompt":"Start from `enrollments` and return enrollment id, student name, and course title. Return `e.id AS enrollment_id, s.name AS student_name, c.title AS course_title` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `e.student_id = s.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `e.course_id = c.id`. Sort the final result by `e.id`.","hint":"`student_id` points to `students.id`; `course_id` points to `courses.id`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `e.course_id = c.id`. Sort the final result by `e.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Repair the key path for an enrollment audit\n","solutionCode":"SELECT e.id AS enrollment_id,\n s.name AS student_name,\n c.title AS course_title\nFROM enrollments AS e\nINNER JOIN students AS s\n ON e.student_id = s.id\nINNER JOIN courses AS c\n ON e.course_id = c.id\nORDER BY e.id;\n"}},"practice":{"quiz1":{"title":"Understanding Cartesian Products","prompt":"What is a Cartesian product in SQL?","hint":"Think about what happens when two tables are joined without an ON condition.","help":{"concept":"A Cartesian product results from joining tables without a condition.","hint_1":"Consider the result of joining every row from one table with every row from another.","hint_2":"It's the result of a join without specifying how the tables relate."},"options":{"a":"A join that multiplies rows from two tables without a condition","b":"A join that correctly matches rows based on a condition","c":"A join that filters rows based on a condition","d":"A join that combines rows from two tables with a condition"}},"quiz2":{"title":"Identifying Wrong-Key Joins","prompt":"What is a wrong-key join in SQL?","hint":"Consider what happens when tables are joined on unrelated columns.","help":{"concept":"A wrong-key join uses incorrect columns for joining tables.","hint_1":"Think about joining tables on columns that don't represent their relationship.","hint_2":"It's when tables are joined on columns that don't match their intended relationship."},"options":{"a":"A join using unrelated columns","b":"A join using correct foreign keys","c":"A join using primary keys","d":"A join using a bridge table"}},"quiz3":{"title":"Avoiding Cartesian Products","prompt":"Which of the following strategies help avoid Cartesian products? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how you can ensure tables are joined correctly.","help":{"concept":"Avoid Cartesian products by using proper join conditions.","hint_1":"Use ON conditions to specify how tables relate.","hint_2":"Ensure every join has a condition that matches related columns."},"options":{"a":"Use proper ON conditions in joins","b":"Join tables without any conditions","c":"Use WHERE clauses to filter results","d":"Join tables using a bridge table"}},"quiz4":{"title":"Order of Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to correctly join `students` and `courses` using the `enrollments` table.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"Join students to enrollments","t2":"Join enrollments to courses","t3":"Select student names and course titles"}},"quiz5":{"title":"Correct Join Condition","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the correct join condition: `JOIN enrollments ON students.id = [blank1]`","hint":"Identify the correct column in `enrollments` that relates to `students`.","help":{"concept":"Use the correct foreign key to join tables.","hint_1":"The column in `enrollments` that relates to `students` is a foreign key.","hint_2":"It's the column that references `students.id`."},"template":"JOIN enrollments ON students.id = [blank1]","choices":["enrollments.student_id","enrollments.course_id","students.name","courses.id"]},"quiz6":{"title":"Bridge Table Join","prompt":"Fill in the blank to complete the join using a bridge table: `JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = [blank1]`","hint":"Identify the correct column in `courses` that relates to `enrollments`.","help":{"concept":"Use the correct foreign key to join tables through a bridge table.","hint_1":"The column in `courses` that relates to `enrollments` is a primary key.","hint_2":"It's the column that `enrollments.course_id` references."},"template":"JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = [blank1]","choices":["courses.id","courses.title","enrollments.student_id","students.id"]}}},"extending-a-join-path":{"label":"Extending a Join Path","summary":"Learn to extend a join path by adding one related table at a time without rewriting the query from scratch.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Build a Join Path One Link at a Time"},"sketch1":{"title":"Add a Table Without Changing the Meaning"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_extending_a_join_path_sketch0":{"title":"Try Extending the Path to a Department ID","prompt":"Extend the student-to-course join path so each row also includes the id of the department that owns the course. Return `students.name, courses.title, departments.id AS department_id` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","hint":"Continue from `courses.department_id` to the matching department row.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title\nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nJOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\n-- Add the departments table join here","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name,\n courses.title,\n departments.id AS department_id\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nINNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;"},"try_extending_a_join_path_sketch1":{"title":"Try It: Include Term Information","prompt":"Modify the query to also include the term information for each enrollment. Return `students.name, courses.title, departments.name AS department_name, enrollments.term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","hint":"Add one verified relationship at a time.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title, departments.name AS department_name\nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nJOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nJOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id\n-- Add term information to the SELECT clause","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name, courses.title, departments.name AS department_name, enrollments.term\nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nJOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nJOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Understanding Many-to-Many Relationships","prompt":"Which table acts as a bridge in a many-to-many relationship between students and courses?","hint":"Add one verified relationship at a time.","help":{"concept":"A longer join should extend an already-correct path by one documented relationship.","hint_1":"Keep the existing student-enrollment-course joins unchanged.","hint_2":"Add departments only through `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"options":{"a":"students","b":"courses","c":"enrollments","d":"departments"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Identifying Join Conditions","prompt":"What is the correct join condition to connect the `courses` table to the `departments` table?","hint":"Add one verified relationship at a time.","help":{"concept":"A longer join should extend an already-correct path by one documented relationship.","hint_1":"Keep the existing student-enrollment-course joins unchanged.","hint_2":"Add departments only through `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"options":{"a":"courses.id = departments.id","b":"courses.department_id = departments.id","c":"courses.id = departments.department_id","d":"courses.department_id = departments.department_id"}},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Characteristics of a Bridge Table","prompt":"Select all characteristics of a bridge table in a many-to-many relationship.","hint":"Consider what makes a bridge table unique in its role.","help":{"concept":"Bridge tables connect two tables in a many-to-many relationship.","hint_1":"Bridge tables contain foreign keys referencing both related tables.","hint_2":"They do not contain primary keys from the related tables themselves."},"options":{"a":"Contains foreign keys to both related tables","b":"Directly contains data from both related tables","c":"Facilitates many-to-many relationships","d":"Contains primary keys from related tables"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to correctly join the `students`, `enrollments`, `courses`, and `departments` tables.","hint":"Read each piece and arrange them in the order the statement should be understood.","help":{"concept":"The pieces should form a valid statement in a logical order.","hint_1":"Start with the piece that introduces the idea or action.","hint_2":"Place dependent pieces after the part they describe or complete."},"tokens":{"t1":"students","t2":"enrollments","t3":"courses","t4":"departments"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Join Syntax","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `students` and `enrollments` on the correct condition: `JOIN enrollments ON [blank1]`.","hint":"Identify the foreign key relationship between `students` and `enrollments`.","help":{"concept":"The join condition should match the foreign key in `enrollments` to the primary key in `students`.","hint_1":"The `enrollments` table references `students` using `student_id`.","hint_2":"The correct condition is `the blank`."},"template":"JOIN enrollments ON [blank1]","choices":["students.id = enrollments.student_id","students.student_id = enrollments.id","enrollments.id = students.student_id","enrollments.student_id = students.id"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Adding a Column to SELECT","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to add the `term` column from `enrollments` to the SELECT clause: `SELECT students.name, courses.title, [blank1]`.","hint":"The `term` column is directly available from the `enrollments` table.","help":{"concept":"Include additional columns in the SELECT clause to retrieve more data.","hint_1":"The `term` column provides information about the enrollment period.","hint_2":"Add `the blank` to the SELECT clause."},"template":"SELECT students.name, courses.title, [blank1]","choices":["enrollments.term","courses.term","students.term","departments.term"]}}},"joining-through-a-bridge-table":{"label":"Joining Through a Bridge Table","summary":"Connect two entity tables through the enrollment records that relate them.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Cross the Enrollment Bridge"},"sketch1":{"title":"Carry the Path One Table Farther"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_joining_through_a_bridge_table_sketch0":{"title":"Try the Bridge with Enrollment Terms","prompt":"Use `enrollments` as the bridge to list each student name, course title, and enrollment term. Return `students.name AS student_name, courses.title AS course_title, enrollments.term AS enrollment_term` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.name, courses.title`.","hint":"Follow both foreign keys in the bridge, then include one value stored on the bridge row itself.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `students.name, courses.title`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name AS student_name,\n courses.title AS course_title,\n enrollments.term AS enrollment_term\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nORDER BY students.name, courses.title;"},"try_joining_through_a_bridge_table_sketch1":{"title":"Try a Four-Table Path for Grade Levels","prompt":"Follow the full relationship path to list each student grade level, course title, and department name for every enrollment. Return `students.grade_level, courses.title AS course_title, departments.name AS department_name` from `students` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`.","hint":"Keep `enrollments` between students and courses, then extend from courses to departments.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Sort the final result by `students.grade_level, courses.title`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.grade_level,\n courses.title AS course_title,\n departments.name AS department_name\nFROM students\nINNER JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nINNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id\nORDER BY students.grade_level, courses.title;"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of a Bridge Table","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of a bridge table in a database?","hint":"Think about how bridge tables connect other tables.","help":{"concept":"Bridge tables connect two tables that have a many-to-many relationship.","hint_1":"Bridge tables help in linking two tables indirectly.","hint_2":"They are used to manage many-to-many relationships."},"options":{"a":"To store redundant data","b":"To connect two tables with a many-to-many relationship","c":"To enforce data integrity","d":"To improve query performance"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Identifying Bridge Tables","prompt":"Which table acts as a bridge table between `students` and `courses` in the school database?","hint":"Follow both sides of the enrollment bridge.","help":{"concept":"The `enrollments` bridge connects students to courses through two separate key relationships.","hint_1":"Join students to enrollments first, then enrollments to courses.","hint_2":"Use one `ON` clause for each foreign-key arrow and keep one row per enrollment."},"options":{"a":"students","b":"courses","c":"enrollments","d":"departments"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Join Syntax","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `students` and `enrollments` on `student_id`.","hint":"Use the correct SQL syntax for joining tables.","help":{"concept":"The `ON` clause specifies the condition for joining tables.","hint_1":"The `ON` clause follows the `JOIN` keyword.","hint_2":"Use `the blank`."},"template":"SELECT * FROM students JOIN enrollments ON [blank1];","choices":["students.id = enrollments.student_id","students.name = enrollments.student_id","students.id = enrollments.course_id","students.name = enrollments.course_id"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Extending a Query","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `courses` and `departments` on `department_id`.","hint":"Use the correct SQL syntax for joining tables.","help":{"concept":"The `ON` clause specifies the condition for joining tables.","hint_1":"The `ON` clause follows the `JOIN` keyword.","hint_2":"Use `the blank`."},"template":"SELECT * FROM courses JOIN departments ON [blank1];","choices":["courses.department_id = departments.id","courses.id = departments.department_id","courses.title = departments.id","courses.id = departments.name"]},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Characteristics of Bridge Tables","prompt":"Which of the following are characteristics of a bridge table? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider the role of bridge tables in managing relationships.","help":{"concept":"Bridge tables manage many-to-many relationships by linking two tables.","hint_1":"They contain foreign keys to both related tables.","hint_2":"They do not store redundant data but facilitate connections."},"options":{"a":"Contains foreign keys to related tables","b":"Stores redundant data","c":"Facilitates many-to-many relationships","d":"Improves query performance by itself"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of SQL Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to join `students`, `enrollments`, and `courses` in the correct order.","hint":"Start with the table that contains the primary key.","help":{"concept":"The order of joins should follow the relationship path from primary to foreign keys.","hint_1":"Begin with `students` and join through `enrollments`.","hint_2":"Finish by joining `courses`."},"tokens":{"t1":"JOIN students to enrollments on student_id","t2":"JOIN enrollments to courses on course_id","t3":"SELECT columns from students, enrollments, and courses"}}}},"module-1-course-enrollment-directory":{"label":"Module 1 Project: Course Enrollment Directory","summary":"Build a department-to-student enrollment directory through five cumulative multi-table steps.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"A Directory Built Across Four Tables"},"project":{"title":"Course Enrollment Directory Project"}},"projectSteps":{"step_1":{"title":"Connect Courses to Departments"},"step_2":{"title":"Add Enrollment Records"},"step_3":{"title":"Add Student Details"},"step_4":{"title":"Clarify the Directory Output"},"step_5":{"title":"Sort the Directory for Review"}},"moduleProject":{"steps":{"step_1":{"title":"Connect Courses to Departments","prompt":"Begin the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory. Return `courses.title, departments.name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`.","hint":"This is the first project step. Build a clean starting version, then run it before moving on.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Return `courses.title, departments.name` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;"},"step_2":{"title":"Add Enrollment Records","prompt":"Extend the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory with the next approved requirement. Return `courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;\n-- Project step 2: Add Enrollment Records\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include enrollments so each result row represents one enrollment in a course\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id;\n-- Project step 2: Add Enrollment Records\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include enrollments so each result row represents one enrollment in a course\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n"}}},"step_3":{"title":"Add Student Details","prompt":"Extend the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory with the next approved requirement. Return `courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Student Details\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include student details such as name and grade level\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id;\n-- Project step 3: Add Student Details\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Extend the query to include student details such as name and grade level\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n"}}},"step_4":{"title":"Clarify the Directory Output","prompt":"Extend the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory with the next approved requirement. Return `departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 4: Clarify the Directory Output\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use exact aliases for department, course, student, grade_level, and term without changing the row grain\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT courses.title, departments.name, students.name, students.grade_level, enrollments.term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 4: Clarify the Directory Output\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Use exact aliases for department, course, student, grade_level, and term without changing the row grain\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n"}}},"step_5":{"title":"Sort the Directory for Review","prompt":"Complete the Module 1 Course Enrollment Directory. Return `departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term` from `courses` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `departments` on `courses.department_id = departments.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `department ASC, course ASC, student ASC`.","hint":"Begin with the working code from the previous step. Keep that code, follow the new comments, and add only the next focused behavior.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `department ASC, course ASC, student ASC`."},"starterCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 5: Sort the Directory for Review\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Order the results by department, course, and student in ascending order for a clear review\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id ORDER BY department ASC, course ASC, student ASC;\n","starterFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id;\n-- Project step 5: Sort the Directory for Review\n-- Keep the working code above from the previous step.\n-- Next, Order the results by department, course, and student in ascending order for a clear review\n-- Add only the focused change for this step inside the existing work.\n"}},"solutionFiles":{"main_py":{"content":"SELECT departments.name AS department, courses.title AS course, students.name AS student, students.grade_level AS grade_level, enrollments.term AS term FROM courses INNER JOIN departments ON courses.department_id = departments.id INNER JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id INNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id ORDER BY department ASC, course ASC, student ASC;\n"}}}}}},"one-to-many-and-many-to-many-results":{"label":"One-to-Many and Many-to-Many Results","summary":"Predict why one parent row may appear several times after joining to related detail rows.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Read Repeated Rows Correctly"},"sketch1":{"title":"Recognize a Many-to-Many Result"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_one_to_many_and_many_to_many_results_sketch0":{"title":"Try One Row per Course ID","prompt":"Return one row per course with the course id and its department name. Return `courses.id AS course_id, departments.name AS department_name` from `departments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`.","hint":"The many side is `courses`, so one output row should represent one course.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \nFROM departments\nJOIN courses ON ;","solutionCode":"SELECT courses.id AS course_id,\n departments.name AS department_name\nFROM departments\nINNER JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id\nORDER BY departments.id, courses.id;"},"try_one_to_many_and_many_to_many_results_sketch1":{"title":"Try One Row per Enrollment","prompt":"Return one row per enrollment with the enrollment id, student grade level, and course title. Return `enrollments.id AS enrollment_id, students.grade_level, courses.title AS course_title` from `enrollments` in that column order. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`.","hint":"Use the bridge row as the grain and include its id in the result.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a INNER JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Sort the final result by `enrollments.id`."},"starterCode":"SELECT \nFROM students\nJOIN enrollments ON \nJOIN courses ON ;","solutionCode":"SELECT enrollments.id AS enrollment_id,\n students.grade_level,\n courses.title AS course_title\nFROM enrollments\nINNER JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id\nINNER JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nORDER BY enrollments.id;"}},"practice":{"single-choice-1":{"title":"Understanding One-to-Many Relationships","prompt":"In a one-to-many relationship, how many records in the second table can be associated with a single record in the first table?","hint":"Ask what one output row represents.","help":{"concept":"Relationship shape explains why a parent may repeat and what one joined result row represents.","hint_1":"Identify the detail or bridge row that can repeat for one parent.","hint_2":"State the result grain in plain language before deciding whether repeated rows are correct."},"options":{"a":"One","b":"Many","c":"None","d":"Exactly two"}},"single-choice-2":{"title":"Identifying Bridge Tables","prompt":"Which table acts as a bridge between students and courses in a many-to-many relationship?","hint":"Ask what one output row represents.","help":{"concept":"Relationship shape explains why a parent may repeat and what one joined result row represents.","hint_1":"Identify the detail or bridge row that can repeat for one parent.","hint_2":"State the result grain in plain language before deciding whether repeated rows are correct."},"options":{"a":"students","b":"courses","c":"enrollments","d":"departments"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"SQL Join Syntax","prompt":"Complete the SQL statement to join `students` and `enrollments` on the student ID.","hint":"Use the correct SQL syntax for joining tables.","help":{"concept":"The `ON` clause specifies the condition for joining tables.","hint_1":"The `ON` clause should match the primary key of one table to the foreign key of another.","hint_2":"Ensure the column names are correctly qualified with table names."},"template":"SELECT * FROM students JOIN enrollments ON students.id = [blank1];","choices":["enrollments.student_id","students.student_id","enrollments.id","students.id"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Name the Result Grain","prompt":"After joining departments to courses without grouping, what does one result row represent?","hint":"Read the selected detail table and identify which row can repeat for one department.","help":{"concept":"Result grain describes what one output row represents; it is not determined by a relationship label alone.","hint_1":"A department can own several course rows.","hint_2":"The ungrouped joined result has one row for each matching course."},"template":"One result row represents [blank1] together with its department.","choices":["one course","one department total","one student","one database"]},"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Characteristics of Many-to-Many Relationships","prompt":"Select all characteristics of a many-to-many relationship.","hint":"Consider how many-to-many relationships are structured.","help":{"concept":"Many-to-many relationships involve a bridge table to connect two tables.","hint_1":"Think about the role of the bridge table.","hint_2":"Consider how each table can relate to multiple records in the other."},"options":{"a":"Requires a bridge table","b":"Each record in one table can relate to multiple records in the other","c":"Directly connects two tables without intermediaries","d":"Involves only two tables"}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Order of SQL Join Operations","prompt":"Arrange the steps to perform a join between `students` and `courses` using `enrollments`.","hint":"Think about the sequence of joining tables in a many-to-many relationship.","help":{"concept":"Joining tables in a many-to-many relationship involves using a bridge table.","hint_1":"Start by joining the first table to the bridge table.","hint_2":"Then join the bridge table to the second table."},"tokens":{"t1":"Join students to enrollments","t2":"Join enrollments to courses","t3":"Select columns from students and courses"}}}}},"multi-table-sql-module-2-outer-joins-and-accurate-counts":{"counting-related-rows-without-inflation":{"label":"Counting Related Rows Without Inflation","summary":"Learn to count matched rows and unique entities accurately in SQL without allowing join multiplication to distort reports.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Count the Related Row, Not the Placeholder"},"sketch1":{"title":"Count Entities Once at the Intended Grain"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_counting_related_rows_without_inflation_sketch0":{"title":"Try Counting Enrollments per Student","prompt":"List every student and the number of enrollment rows they have. Calculate and return `students.name, COUNT(enrollments.id) AS enrollment_count` from `students`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`.","hint":"Count a nullable identifier from the right table, not `COUNT(*)`.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name,\n COUNT(enrollments.id) AS enrollment_count\nFROM students\nLEFT JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nGROUP BY students.id, students.name\nORDER BY students.id;"},"try_counting_related_rows_without_inflation_sketch1":{"title":"Try Counting Department Breadth per Student","prompt":"List every student and the number of distinct departments represented by their enrolled courses. Calculate and return `students.name, COUNT(DISTINCT courses.department_id) AS department_count` from `students`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `enrollments.course_id = courses.id`. Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`.","hint":"Follow enrollments to courses, then count unique department ids at the student grain.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Produce one result row per `students.id, students.name`. Sort the final result by `students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name,\n COUNT(DISTINCT courses.department_id) AS department_count\nFROM students\nLEFT JOIN enrollments ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\nLEFT JOIN courses ON enrollments.course_id = courses.id\nGROUP BY students.id, students.name\nORDER BY students.id;"}},"practice":{"quiz1":{"title":"Purpose of COUNT with LEFT JOIN","prompt":"What is the purpose of using COUNT(column) with a LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Consider how COUNT(column) handles NULL values.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(column) with LEFT JOIN counts non-NULL values, preserving unmatched rows.","hint_1":"COUNT(column) ignores NULLs, which are common in LEFT JOIN results.","hint_2":"Using COUNT(column) ensures unmatched rows are counted as zero."},"options":{"a":"To count all rows, including NULLs","b":"To count only non-NULL values","c":"To count NULL values only","d":"To ignore all rows"}},"quiz2":{"title":"Benefits of COUNT(DISTINCT)","prompt":"What are the benefits of using COUNT(DISTINCT column) in SQL? Select all that apply.","hint":"Think about how COUNT(DISTINCT) affects duplicate values.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(DISTINCT) counts unique values, reducing duplicates.","hint_1":"It helps in counting unique entities in a dataset.","hint_2":"It prevents duplicate values from inflating counts."},"options":{"a":"Counts all values, including duplicates","b":"Counts only unique values","c":"Reduces duplicate inflation","d":"Ignores NULL values"}},"quiz3":{"title":"Plan a Join-Aware Count","prompt":"Arrange the checks for building a grouped count that preserves empty groups and avoids duplicate inflation.","hint":"Define the metric and result grain before choosing the count expression.","help":{"concept":"A trustworthy joined count begins with the reporting grain and the entity being counted.","hint_1":"Preserve the requested groups before adding detail tables.","hint_2":"Use a right-side identifier for related rows and `DISTINCT` when the metric is unique entities."},"tokens":{"t1":"State what one result row represents","t2":"Choose the starting table whose groups must remain","t3":"Follow the documented relationship path","t4":"Count the identifier that matches the requested metric","t5":"Verify zero groups and repeated entities in the result"}},"quiz4":{"title":"COUNT with NULL Handling","prompt":"In a LEFT JOIN, using COUNT(column) will count only the [blank1] values.","hint":"Consider what COUNT(column) does with NULLs.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(column) counts the blank values in a result set.","hint_1":"COUNT(column) ignores NULLs, focusing on actual data.","hint_2":"NULLs are not counted by COUNT(column)."},"template":"In a LEFT JOIN, using COUNT(column) will count only the [blank1] values.","choices":["non-NULL","NULL","all","zero"]},"quiz5":{"title":"Purpose of COUNT(DISTINCT)","prompt":"The purpose of COUNT(DISTINCT column) is to count [blank1] values.","hint":"Think about how COUNT(DISTINCT) handles duplicates.","help":{"concept":"COUNT(DISTINCT) counts the blank values, excluding duplicates.","hint_1":"It focuses on the blank entries in a dataset.","hint_2":"Duplicates are not counted by COUNT(DISTINCT)."},"template":"The purpose of COUNT(DISTINCT column) is to count [blank1] values.","choices":["unique","duplicate","all","NULL"]},"quiz6":{"title":"Understanding Report Grain","prompt":"Why is it important to state the grouped result grain before choosing a count expression? Select all that apply.","hint":"Consider how the result grain affects the interpretation of counts.","help":{"concept":"The result grain defines what each row represents, affecting count accuracy.","hint_1":"The grain determines the level of detail in the report.","hint_2":"Choosing the wrong grain can lead to misleading counts."},"options":{"a":"To ensure accurate counts","b":"To define the level of detail","c":"To ignore unmatched rows","d":"To simplify the query"}}}},"filtering-left-joins-with-on-and-where":{"label":"Filtering LEFT JOINs with ON and WHERE","summary":"Place right-table conditions according to whether unmatched left rows must survive.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Know When the Filter Runs"},"sketch1":{"title":"Move One Condition and Watch the Result Change"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_filtering_left_joins_with_on_and_where_sketch0":{"title":"Preserve Every Department While Limiting Matches","prompt":"Return every department, but match only courses whose title contains `History`. Return `d.name AS department_name, c.title AS history_course` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `d.id = c.department_id AND c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`.","hint":"Add the title condition after the key comparison inside the `ON` clause.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `d.id = c.department_id AND c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Keep every department while matching only History courses\n","solutionCode":"SELECT d.name AS department_name,\n c.title AS history_course\nFROM departments AS d\nLEFT JOIN courses AS c\n ON d.id = c.department_id\n AND c.title LIKE '%History%'\nORDER BY d.name;\n"},"try_filtering_left_joins_with_on_and_where_sketch1":{"title":"Move the Same Condition to WHERE","prompt":"Return `d.name AS department_name, c.title AS history_course` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `d.id = c.department_id`. Keep only rows where `c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`.","hint":"Keep the key comparison in `ON`; move only the title condition below the join.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `c.title LIKE '%History%'`. Sort the final result by `d.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Move the same right-table filter to WHERE\n","solutionCode":"SELECT d.name AS department_name,\n c.title AS history_course\nFROM departments AS d\nLEFT JOIN courses AS c\n ON d.id = c.department_id\nWHERE c.title LIKE '%History%'\nORDER BY d.name;\n"}},"practice":{"multi-choice-1":{"title":"What Does LEFT JOIN Preserve?","prompt":"Which statement correctly describes the preserved side of a LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Decide whether unmatched left rows must survive.","help":{"concept":"A right-table condition in `ON` limits matches; the same condition in `WHERE` can remove unmatched left rows.","hint_1":"Decide whether the report must preserve left rows with no qualifying match.","hint_2":"Compare the row count when the same right-table condition moves from `ON` to `WHERE`."},"options":{"a":"LEFT JOIN returns only matched rows from both tables.","b":"LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"LEFT JOIN excludes unmatched rows from the left table.","d":"LEFT JOIN is the same as INNER JOIN."}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"What Can a WHERE Filter Remove?","prompt":"What happens when `WHERE` requires a value from the nullable right side of a LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Think about how WHERE affects unmatched rows in a LEFT JOIN.","help":{"concept":"Placing a condition in WHERE can filter out unmatched rows from the left table.","hint_1":"WHERE filters the entire result set, potentially excluding unmatched rows.","hint_2":"A WHERE condition can remove rows where the right table columns are NULL."},"options":{"a":"It filters the entire result set, potentially excluding unmatched rows.","b":"It only affects the matched rows from the right table.","c":"It has no effect on the result set.","d":"It ensures all unmatched rows are included."}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"Choose Where the Right-Table Filter Belongs","prompt":"Arrange the reasoning steps for deciding whether a right-table condition belongs in `ON` or `WHERE`.","hint":"Decide first whether unmatched left rows must remain.","help":{"concept":"Filter placement follows the report requirement, not a memorized clause order.","hint_1":"Start by identifying the preserved table and the rows the report must keep.","hint_2":"Use `ON` to limit matches; use `WHERE` to filter the finished result."},"tokens":{"t1":"Identify which table's rows must be preserved","t2":"Decide whether unmatched left rows must remain","t3":"Put a match-limiting right-table condition in ON","t4":"Put a final-result filter in WHERE"}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Clause","prompt":"In a LEFT JOIN, the condition that specifies how the tables are related is placed in the [blank1] clause.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"In a LEFT JOIN, the condition that specifies how the tables are related is placed in the [blank1] clause.","choices":["ON","WHERE","SELECT","FROM"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Effect of WHERE Clause","prompt":"Placing a condition in the WHERE clause of a LEFT JOIN can unintentionally remove [blank1] rows.","hint":"Consider what happens to the blank rows when a WHERE condition is applied.","help":{"concept":"A WHERE condition can filter out the blank rows from the left table.","hint_1":"WHERE conditions can exclude rows where the right table columns are NULL.","hint_2":"the blank rows from the left table can be removed by a WHERE condition."},"template":"Placing a condition in the WHERE clause of a LEFT JOIN can unintentionally remove [blank1] rows.","choices":["unmatched","matched","all","none"]},"single-choice-1":{"title":"Purpose of LEFT JOIN","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of using a LEFT JOIN in SQL?","hint":"Think about what LEFT JOIN achieves compared to other types of joins.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN is used to include all rows from the left table, regardless of matches in the right table.","hint_1":"LEFT JOIN ensures all rows from the left table are included.","hint_2":"LEFT JOIN is useful for preserving unmatched rows from the left table."},"options":{"a":"To include only matched rows from both tables.","b":"To include all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"To exclude unmatched rows from the left table.","d":"To perform a full outer join."}}}},"finding-missing-relationships":{"label":"Finding Missing Relationships","summary":"Use LEFT JOIN plus a right-side IS NULL check to locate missing related records.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Turn NULL into Evidence"},"sketch1":{"title":"Use the Anti-Join Pattern Deliberately"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_finding_missing_relationships_sketch0":{"title":"Try a Filtered Anti-Join","prompt":"Find every department that does not offer a course whose title contains `History`. Return `departments.name` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id AND courses.title LIKE '%History%'`. Keep only rows where `courses.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `departments.name`.","hint":"Filter the optional course relationship before checking whether a match exists.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `courses.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `departments.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name\nFROM departments\nLEFT JOIN courses\n ON departments.id = courses.department_id\n AND courses.title LIKE '%History%'\nWHERE courses.id IS NULL\nORDER BY departments.name;"},"try_finding_missing_relationships_sketch1":{"title":"Try Finding Students Missing One Course","prompt":"Find students who are not enrolled in Biology, whose course id is `1`. Return `students.name` from `students` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `students.id = enrollments.student_id AND enrollments.course_id = 1`. Keep only rows where `enrollments.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `students.id`.","hint":"The question is about one specific relationship, so limit the optional enrollment match in the ON clause.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Keep only rows where `enrollments.id IS NULL`. Sort the final result by `students.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT students.name\nFROM students\nLEFT JOIN enrollments\n ON students.id = enrollments.student_id\n AND enrollments.course_id = 1\nWHERE enrollments.id IS NULL\nORDER BY students.id;"}},"practice":{"multi-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Characteristics","prompt":"Which of the following statements are true about LEFT JOIN?","hint":"Preserve the audited table, then check the right-side key for NULL.","help":{"concept":"The anti-join pattern preserves left rows, then selects those whose right-side identifier is NULL.","hint_1":"Start from the entities you want to audit for missing relationships.","hint_2":"Check a non-nullable key from the right table with `IS NULL` after the LEFT JOIN."},"options":{"a":"LEFT JOIN returns only matched rows from both tables.","b":"LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"LEFT JOIN fills unmatched right table rows with NULLs.","d":"LEFT JOIN excludes unmatched rows from the left table."}},"multi-choice-2":{"title":"Anti-Join Pattern","prompt":"What is the purpose of using an anti-join pattern in SQL?","hint":"Think about what an anti-join pattern helps you find.","help":{"concept":"An anti-join pattern is used to find rows in one table that do not have corresponding rows in another table.","hint_1":"Anti-join helps identify missing relationships.","hint_2":"It finds rows in the left table without matches in the right table."},"options":{"a":"To find matching rows between two tables.","b":"To find rows in one table without corresponding rows in another table.","c":"To update rows in a table based on another table.","d":"To delete rows from a table."}},"fill-blank-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Result","prompt":"In a LEFT JOIN, unmatched rows from the right table are filled with [blank1].","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"In a LEFT JOIN, unmatched rows from the right table are filled with [blank1].","choices":["NULL","0","empty string","default value"]},"fill-blank-choice-2":{"title":"Anti-Join Check","prompt":"To perform an anti-join, you check for [blank1] in the right table's columns.","hint":"Read the sentence around the blank and decide what role the missing word plays.","help":{"concept":"The blank should be filled with the term that makes the statement accurate.","hint_1":"Look at the words before and after the blank to infer what kind of term is needed.","hint_2":"Pick the choice that completes the statement with the clearest meaning."},"template":"To perform an anti-join, you check for [blank1] in the right table's columns.","choices":["NULL","duplicates","primary keys","foreign keys"]},"single-choice-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Purpose","prompt":"What is the primary purpose of a LEFT JOIN in SQL?","hint":"Consider what a LEFT JOIN allows you to do with unmatched rows.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN allows you to include all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right table.","hint_1":"LEFT JOIN preserves all rows from the left table.","hint_2":"It helps identify missing relationships by including unmatched rows."},"options":{"a":"To combine only matching rows from two tables.","b":"To include all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","c":"To exclude unmatched rows from both tables.","d":"To update rows in the left table based on the right table."}},"drag-reorder-1":{"title":"LEFT JOIN Process","prompt":"Arrange the steps to perform a LEFT JOIN to find missing relationships.","hint":"Think about the sequence of operations in a LEFT JOIN.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN involves joining tables and checking for NULLs to find missing relationships.","hint_1":"Start with the LEFT JOIN operation.","hint_2":"End with checking for NULLs in the right table."},"tokens":{"t1":"Perform LEFT JOIN","t2":"Specify ON condition","t3":"Check for NULL in right table","t4":"Select columns from left table"}}}},"left-join-preserves-unmatched-rows":{"label":"LEFT JOIN Preserves Unmatched Rows","summary":"Learn how LEFT JOIN can be used to preserve all rows from a starting table, even when there are no matching records in the joined table.","cards":{"sketch0":{"title":"Choose Which Rows Must Survive"},"sketch1":{"title":"Preserve the Starting Entity Across a Longer Path"},"quiz":{"title":"Practice"}},"tryIt":{"allowReveal":true,"try_left_join_preserves_unmatched_rows_sketch0":{"title":"Try LEFT JOIN with Every Department","prompt":"List every department beside a related course id. Return `departments.name, courses.id` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`.","hint":"Place the table that must be preserved on the left side of the join.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, courses.id`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name, courses.id\nFROM departments\nLEFT JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id\nORDER BY departments.id, courses.id;"},"try_left_join_preserves_unmatched_rows_sketch1":{"title":"Try Preserving Departments through a Longer Path","prompt":"List every department with the names of students enrolled in its courses. Return `departments.name AS department_name, students.name AS student_name` from `departments` in that column order. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `courses` on `departments.id = courses.department_id`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `enrollments` on `courses.id = enrollments.course_id`. Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, students.name`.","hint":"Keep every join after `departments` as a LEFT JOIN so a missing row does not break the path.","help":{"concept":"Read the brief as a result contract: identify the source table or join path, the result columns, the row condition or grouping rule, and any required ordering.","hint_1":"Build the result one clause at a time and run it after each meaningful change.","hint_2":"Use a LEFT JOIN to connect `students` on `enrollments.student_id = students.id`. Sort the final result by `departments.id, students.name`."},"starterCode":"-- Write your SQL answer below","solutionCode":"SELECT departments.name AS department_name,\n students.name AS student_name\nFROM departments\nLEFT JOIN courses ON departments.id = courses.department_id\nLEFT JOIN enrollments ON courses.id = enrollments.course_id\nLEFT JOIN students ON enrollments.student_id = students.id\nORDER BY departments.id, students.name;"}},"practice":{"multi-choice-1":{"title":"Understanding LEFT JOIN","prompt":"Which of the following statements about LEFT JOIN is true?","hint":"Consider how LEFT JOIN handles unmatched rows.","help":{"concept":"LEFT JOIN includes all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.","hint_1":"LEFT JOIN will include unmatched rows from the left table with NULLs for the right table columns.","hint_2":"LEFT JOIN is useful for preserving all rows from the left table."},"options":{"a":"LEFT JOIN only includes rows with matches in both tables.","b":"LEFT JOIN includes all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the right tabl</article></body></html>